Energy and Exergy Analyses on Water based Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector with Spiral Flow Absorber
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1 Energy n Exergy Anlyses on Wter bse Photovolti Therml (T) Colletor wi Spirl Flow Absorber 1 AHMAD FUDHOLI, 1 ADNAN IBRAHIM, 1 MOHD YUSOF OTHMAN, 1 MOHD HAFIDZ RUSLAN, 2 HUSSEIN A. KAZEM, 1 AZAMI ZAHARIM, 1 KAMARUZZAMAN SOPIAN 1 Solr Energy Reserh Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebngsn Mlysi 436 UKM Bngi, Selngor MALAYSIA.fuholi@gmil.om, nn@vlsi.eng.ukm.my, myho@ukm.my, ksop@vlsi.eng.ukm.my 2 Renewble Energy n Sustble Tehnology Reserh Group Fulty of Engeerg-Sohr University Sultnte of Omn Abstrt: The performne of wter bse T olletor n be epite by e ombtion of effiieny expression. It omprise of e effiieny n erml effiieny. The totl of e bo effiienies, whih is known s T effiieny ws use to evlute e overll performne of e system. Bse on e testg performe on e olletor, it ws prove t bo effiienies rese when e mss flow rte rese. Therefore, e totl effiieny (T effiieny) n primry-energy svg effiieny rese onurrently when e mss flow rte rese. The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber proue T effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition of 8W/m 2. On e oer hn, e T exergy effiieny is between 25% n 42% wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W n eletril exergy of 63 to 69 W. The entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Keywors: Energy nlysis, exergy nlysis, photovolti erml (T) olletor, spirl flow bsorber 1. Introution Mny reserhes towrs e solr energy our ll over e wor to e onern of globl risis on oil n gs pries. Aorg to some experts, oil hs rey strte to pek. Gs n ol reserves re bigger n oil, will ten to be progressively reple by e former, whih shoul ttenute prie explosion. Nevereless is proess will push energy pries higher, until sustble soures reple epeneny on fossil fuels s mjor soure of energy. The sustble energy suh s solr energy hs been ientifie s one of e promisg soure of energy to reple e epeneny on fossil fuels. Solr energy is len energy whih hs e potentil to meet signifint proportionl of e worl s energy nees. It n be broly lssifie to two systems; photovolti () energy system whih onverts solr energy to eletril energy, n erml energy system whih onverts solr energy to erml energy [1,2]. The spirtion of ombg photovolti () n solr erml olletor to provie eletril n het energy is not new, however it is n re t hs reeive only limite ttention. Wi onern growg over energy soures n eir usge, photovolti erml (T) hs beome n re whih is reeivg muh more ttention. T solr olletors onvert solr rition iretly to bo eletril n erml energies. A T olletor bsilly ombes e funtions of flt plte solr olletor n ose of photovolti () pnel. The reserh on T strte urg e mi-197s, wi e fous on T olletors, n e m im wi rese of e effiieny. Domesti pplition ws regre s e m mrket. Initilly e fous ws ISBN:
2 on glze olletors, bo ir bse n wter bse. Due to ese problems, e ost for omplete system of T is reibly high n unfforble to e ustril n resientil owners. One of e most ttrtive pplition of T ir or wter bse olletors re builg tegrte photovolti erml (BIT) whih hs unergone rpi evelopments reent yers, however T ir bse system hve been more evelope. T system is promisg system to generte bo energies ue to its higher relibility system wi lower environment impt. Generlly, T wter olletor system onsists of e moule, bsorber olletor e forme of tubes, e glss over (trnsprent) n sulte onter. It is expete t over e next few yers, ere will be rpi grow BIT publitions n prouts [3-5]. Reently, performne nlysis hs been rrie out exergy nlysis on T olletor. The m objetives of is pper is energy n exergy nlyses of wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber, n vestigte e effets of mss flow rte on energy n exergy effiieny. 2. Experimentl Proeure Fig. 1 shows e Spirl flow bsorber of wter bse T olletor. Fig.2 shows e experiment setup of wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. A stnr moule represente s flt plte sgle glzg sheet of polyrystlle silion hs been lmte n bone wi hightemperture silione hesive n selnt. The bsorber olletor, onsist of sgle unilterl hnnel for e wter to flow is serte unerne e stnr photovolti () moule. The size of e T olletor is.65 wie n 1 m long. An oor testg fility n n experimentl setup of e T olletor were onstrute. The simultor ws use 23 hlogen lmps, eh wi rte of W. The T olletor hs been expose to e solr rition of 8 W/m 2. When e lo is pplie to e olletors, e hnges of urrent n voltge re reore for eh solr rition selete. For mss flow rte, urg is testg, e mss flow rte of.11 to.41 kg/s re set n ny hnges to e olletor ue to ese mss flow rtes re reore. Dt ollete n store e ADAM Dt Aquisition System for every 1 mute n lter use to lulte e n erml effiieny for e olletor. The wter let n outlet for is testg re ontrol n irlg bk to e storge tnk to form lose-loop system. Fig. 1. Spirl flow bsorber Fig.2 The shemti igrm of experimentl setup 3. Energy Anlysis The performne of wter bse T olletor n be epite by e ombtion of effiieny expression [7]. It omprise of e erml effiieny ( ) n e eletril effiieny ( ). These effiienies usully lue e rtio of e useful erml g n eletril g of e system to e ient solr irrition on e olletor s gp wi speifi time or perio. The totl of e effiienies, whih is known s totl effiieny or T effiieny ( T ) is use to evlute e overll performne of e system [6-8]: = + (1) T Consierg t eletril energy is highgre form of energy g, primry energy svg effiieny is propose s noer performne evlution meo to reognize e energy gre ifferene between eletriity n erml, whih is given by: [6-8] E f T = + (2) p Where ( p ) is e eletri-power genertion effiieny of e onventionl power plnt, its vlue n be tken s 38%. The evlution ISBN:
3 itor of primry-energy svg effiieny onerns bo of e qulity n quntity of e energy t e T system onverts solr energy too. The erml effiieny of e olletor is expresse s [9] Ti T = FR ( τα ) FRU L (3) GT Eletril effiieny of e moule ( ), whih is funtion of moule temperture given by [1] = r ( 1 β ( T Tr )) (4) where r is referene effiieny of moule ( r =.12), β is temperture oeffiient ( β =.45 o C), T is ell temperture n Tr is referene temperture. 3. Exergy Anlysis Exergy nlysis is useful meo to estblish strtegies for e esign n opertion of mny ustril proesses where e optiml use of energy is onsiere n importnt issue [11]. This formtion is effetive etermg e plnt n e opertion ost, e energy onservtion, e fuel verstility n e pollutnt. In e reent yers, exergy nlysis hs been wiely use for e performne evlution of erml systems. If e effets ue to e keti n potentil energy hnges re neglete, e generl exergy blne n be expresse rte form s given [12,13] or Exo = Ex Ex (5) ( Ex + Ex ) = Ex Ex (6) where 4 4 T 1 T Ex = + A NI 1 (7) 3 T 3 s Ts T Ex = Qu 1 (8) To Ex = A N I (9) Where T Ex = Ex + Ex (1) Ex is put exergy (rition exergy), Ex is output exergy, Ex is erml exergy, o ExT is photovolti erml exergy, olletor re, A is N is olletors number, I is solr rition, T is mbient temperture n T s is sun temperture ( T s =5777K). The exergy estrution ( E x ) or irreversibility my be expresse s Ex = T S (11) The exergy effiieny ( ex ) of e seon lw effiieny my be expresse s Ex ex = 1 (12) Ex 4. Results n observtions Tble 1 shows e summrize of omprison present stuy wi oer bsorber olletor esigns [14-19]. The performne stuy to evlute n unerstn e tegrtion of n erml system hs been onute [15]. They hve ompre e onventionl solr wter heter e T system knows s tegrte photovolti/erml system (I/TS). They onlue t e solr T olletor me from orrugte polyrbonte moule proue goo erml effiieny. They suggeste t furer improvement oul be hieve by proper sultion for e T esign. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 9% wi 38% erml effiieny totl effiieny (T effiieny) of 47%. An experiment of T olletor system for omesti pplition Ch hs been onute [16,17]. In is experiment, n lumium-lloy flt box wi squre or retngulr shpe hnnel hs been esigne n onstrute. The test results shows high effiieny on ombe system hieve wi primry energy svg (42) for ily exposure pprohes 65% t zero reue temperture opertion. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 11% wi 51% erml effiieny totl effiieny (T effiieny) of 62%. Similr experiment hs been performe usg n lumium-lloy flt box, wi squre or retngulr shpe hnnel togeer wi polyrystlle silione ells utilize wter s oolnt for oolg purposes [18]. They onlue t e erml effiieny rehe roun 4% when e itil temperture e system is sme s e ily men mbient temperture. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 9.87 wi 4% erml effiieny totl effiieny of 49.87%. Anoer experiment on nturl irultion hybri T wter hetg system hs been stuie [19]. In is experiment, sensitivity stuy of e system hs been performe n prove t by ombg e system, e stlltion re proue more energy per unit surfe re n one moule n one hot wter system. They mnge gen ISBN:
4 to hieve e effiieny of 1.15% wi 45% erml effiieny totl effiieny of 55.15%. Referrg to [14], T wter bse olletor n hieve mximum eletril effiieny of roun 9.5% n erml effiieny of bout %. Tble1. The omprison energy nlysis of present stuy wi oer bsorber olletor esigns [14-19] Performne =9.5%, =%, T =59.5% =9%, =38%, T =47% T = 65% t o C opertion temperture =11%, =51%, T =62% f =64.9% =9.87%, =4%, T =49.87% =1.15%, =45%, T =55.15% = 13.8%, =55%, T =68.8% f =79-91% Ref. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Present stuy Fig. 3 show, erml, T n primryenergy svg effiienies for wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber uner mss flow rte rngg from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition t 8 W/m 2. The olletor were proue T effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s. Fig. 4 shows e vrition of exergies n entropy genertion of e wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. In Fig.4 lerly shows t erml n T exergy rese s e mss flow rte reses, n exergy show very slow rese. The T exergy is between 12 W n 25 W wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W, n eletril exergy of 63 to 67W. On e oer, entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Fig. 5 shows e vrition of effiieny n outlet temperture of e wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. The energy n exergy effiieny of T olletor rese s e mss flow rte reses. The T exergy is between 12 W n 25 W wi erml exergy effiieny of 57 to 138 W, n eletril exergy effiieny of 25 to 42%. On e oer, outlet temperture of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The outlet temperture is between 52 n 65 o C. Effiieny (%) Therml T Mss flow rte (kg/s) Primry-energy svg Fig. 3. Chnges of effiienies for Spirl flow bsorber over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 Exergy (W) Mss flow rte (kg/s) Therml exergy Eletril exergy T exergy Entropy genertion Fig. 4. Chnges of exergies n entropy genertion over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 Effiieny (%) Mss flow rte (kg/s) T energy effiieny T exergy effiieny temperture Outlet temperture Fig. 5. Chnges of energy n exergy effiienies n outlet temperture over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 4. Conlusion The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber, hve been vestigte. The effiienies hve been obte. The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber proue T energy effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition of 8W/m 2. On e oer hn, e T exergy effiieny is Entropy genertion Temperture ( o C) ISBN:
5 between 25% n 42% wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W n eletril exergy of 63 to 69 W. The entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Aknowlegements The uors woul like to nk e Mistry of Siene, Tehnology n Innovtion Mlysi for fung is reserh (Sienefun SF39) n e Solr Energy Reserh Institute (SERI), University Kebngsn Mlysi for provig e lbortory filities n tehnil support. Referenes [1] A. Ibrhim, M.Y. Omn, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, A. Zhrim, K. Sop, Experimentl stuies on wter bse photovolti erml olletor (T), WSEAS, Selete Topi System Siene n Simultion Engeerg, ISSN:1792-7X,pp [2] A. Ibrhim, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, M.Y. Omn, A. Zhrim, K. Sop, Preitg e hrteristis of speil esigne photovolti erml olletor bsorber (T). Pro. of e 3 r WSEAS Int. Conf. on Renewble Energy Soures, ISSN:179-95,pp [3] K. Toufek, M. Hi, A. Mlek, Design n moelg of photovolti erml olletor for omesti ir hetg n eletriity proution, Energy n Builgs 59 (213) [4] R. Dghigh, A. Ibrhim, G.L. J, M.H. Rusln, K. Sop, Preitg e performne of morphous n rystlle silion bse photovolti solr erml olletors, Energy Conversion n Mngement 52 (211) [5] A. Ibrhim, M.Y. Omn, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, K. Sop, Reent vnes flt plte photovolti/erml (/T) solr olletors, Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 15 (211) [6] W. He, Y. Zhng, J. Ji, Comprtive experiment stuy on photovolti n erml solr system uner nturl irultion of wter, Applie Therml Engeerg 31 (211) [7] X. Zhng, X. Zho, S. Smi, J. Xu, X. Yu, Review of R&D progress n prtil pplition of e solr photovolti/erml (/T) tehnologies, Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 16 (212) [8] E. Rziemsk, Performne nlysis of photovolti-erml tegrte system, Interntionl Journl of Photoenergy (29)1-6. [9] G. Voks, N. Christnonis, F. Skitties, Hybri photovolti-erml system for omesti hetg n oolg- eoretil pproh, Solr Energy 8 (5) (26) [1] A. Tiwri, M.S. Soh, Performne evlution of hybri pv/erml wter/ir hetg system: prmetri stuy, Renewble Energy 31 (15) (26) [11] A. Ur, M. Inlli, Therml n exergy nlysis of solr ir olletors wi pssive ugmenttion tehniques. Interntionl Communitions Het n Mss Trnsfer 26;33: [12] A. Tiwri, S. Dubey, G.S. Sunhu, M.S. Soh, S.I. Anwr, Exergy nlysis of tegrte photovolti erml solr wter heter uner onstnt flow rte n onstnt olletion temperture moes. Applie Energy 29;86: [13] S. Dubey, G.N. Tiwri, Anlysis of /T flt plte wter olletors onnete series. Solr Energy 29;83: [14] X. Zhng, X. Zho, S. Smi, J. Xu, X. Yu, Review of R&D progress n prtil pplition of e solr photovolti/erml (/T) tehnologies. Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 212;16: [15] B.J. Hung, T.H. L, W.C. Hung, F.S. Sun, Performne evlution of solr photovolti/erml systems. Solr Energy 21;7(5): [16] T.T. Chow, J. Ji, W. He, Photovolti erml olletor system for omesti pplition. Proeegs of Solr Wor Congress ISEC (ISES 25). [17] T.T. Chow, J. Ji, W. He, Photovoltierml olletor system for omesti pplition. Journl of Solr Energy Engeerg 27;129(2): [18] W. He, T.T. Chow, J. Ji, J.P. Lu, G. Pei, L.S. Chn, Hybri photovolti n erml solrolletor esigne for nturl irultion of wter. Applie Energy 26;83(3): [19] J. Ji, J.P. Lu, T.T. Chow, W. He, G. Pei, A sensitivity stuy of hybri photovolti/erml wter-hetg system wi nturl irultion. Applie Energy 27;84(2): ISBN:
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