Research Article PARAMETRIC EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF MINDLIN PLATES RESTING ON WINKLER FOUNDATION WITH SECOND ORDER FINITE ELEMENT

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1 Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), 218, Sgma Journal of Engneerng and Natural Scences Sgma Mühendslk ve Fen Blmler Dergs Research Artcle PARAMETRIC EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF MINDLIN PLATES RESTING ON WINKLER FOUNDATION WITH SECOND ORDER FINITE ELEMENT Yaprak Itır ÖZDEMİR* Department of Cvl Engneerng, Karadenz Techncal Unversty, TRABZON; ORCID: Receved: Accepted: ABSTRACT The purpose of ths paper s to study free vbraton analyss of thck plates restng on Wnkler foundaton usng Mndln s theory wth shear lockng free fourth order fnte element, to determne the effects of the thckness/span rato, the aspect rato, subgrade reacton modulus and the boundary condtons on the frequency paramerets of thck plates subjected to free vbraton. In the analyss, fnte element method s used for spatal ntegraton. Fnte element formulaton of the equatons of the thck plate theory s derved by usng second order dsplacement shape functons. A computer program usng fnte element method s coded n C++ to analyze the plates free, clamped or smply supported along all four edges. In the analyss, 8-noded fnte element s used. Graphs are presented that should help engneers n the desgn of thck plates subjected to earthquake exctatons. It s concluded that 8-noded fnte element can be effectvely used n the free vbraton analyss of thck plates. It s also concluded that, n general, the changes n the thckness/span rato are more effectve on the maxmum responses consdered n ths study than the changes n the aspect rato Keywords: Free vbraton parametrc analyss, thck plate, mndln s theory, second order fnte element, wnkler foundaton. 1. INTRODUCTION Plates are structural elements whch are commonly used n the buldng ndustry. A plate s consdered to be a thn plate f the rato of the plate thckness to the smaller span length s less than 1/2; t s consdered to be a thck plate f ths rato s larger than 1/2 [1]. The dynamc behavor of thn plates has been nvestgated by many researchers [2-17]. There are also many references on the behavor of the thck plates subjected to dfferent loads. The studes made on the behavor of the thck plates are based on the Ressner-Mndln plate theory [18, 19, 2, 21]. Ths theory requres only C contnuty for the fnte elements n the analyss of thn and thck plates. Therefore, t appears as an alternatve to the thn plate theory whch also requres C 1 contnuty. Ths requrement n the thn plate theory s solved easly f Mndln theory s used n the analyss of thn plates. Despte the smple formulaton of ths theory, dscretzaton of the plate by means of the fnte element comes out to be an mportant parameter. In many cases, numercal soluton can have lack of convergence, whch s known as shear-lockng. Shear lockng can be avoded by ncreasng the mesh sze,.e. usng fner mesh, but f the * Correspondng Author: e-mal: yaprakozdemr@hotmal.com, tel: (462)

2 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 thckness/span rato s to o small, convergence may not be acheved even f the fner mesh s used for the low order dsplacement shape functons. In order to avod shear lockng problem, the dfferent methods and technques, such as reduced and selectve reduced ntegraton, the substtute shear stran method, etc., are used by several researchers [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The same problem can also be prevented by usng hgher order dsplacement shape functon [27, 28]. Wanj and Cheung [29] proposed a new quadrlateral thn/thck plate element based on the Mndln-Ressner theory. Soh et al. [3] mproved a new element ARS-Q12 whch s a smple quadrlateral 12 DOF plate bendng element based on Ressner-Mndln theory for analyss of thck and thn plates. Brezz and Marn [31] developped a lockng free nonconformng element for the Ressner-Mndln plate usng dscontnuous Galarkn technques. Belounar and Guenfound [32] mproved a nev rectangular fnte element based on the stran approach and the Ressner-Mndln theory s presented for the analyss of plates n bendng ether thck or thn. Vbraton analyss made by Senjanovc et al. [33], n the paper the modfed Mndln theory s used for the constructon of the dynamc stffness matrx, the flexblty matrx, and the transfer matrx of a thck plate smply supported at two opposte edges. They presented natural frequences and modes of panel Mndln plates. S et al. [16] studed vbraton analyss of rectangular plates wth one or more guded edges va bcubc B-splne method, Cen et al. [34] developped a new hgh performance quadrlateral element for analyss of thck and thn plates. Ths dstngushng character of the new element s that all formulatons are expressed n the quadrlateral area co-ordnate system. Shen et al. [35] studed free and forced vbraton of Ressner-Mndln plates wth free edges restng on elastc foundatons. Woo et al. [36] found accurate natural frequences and mode shapes of skew plates wth and wthout cutouts by p- verson fnte element method usng ntegrals of Legendre polynomal for p=1-14. Qan et al. [37] studed free and forced vbratons of thck rectangular plates usng hgher-order shear and normal deformable plate theory and meshless Petrov-Galarkn method. Özdemr and Ayvaz [38] studed shear lockng free earthquake analyss of thck and thn plates usng Mndln s theory. GuangPeng et al. [39] studed free vbraton analyss of plates on Wnkler elastc foundaton by boundary element method. Fallah et. al. [4] analyzed free vbraton of moderately thck rectangular FG plates on elastc foundaton wth varous combnatons of smply supported and clamed boundary condtons. Governng equatons of moton were obtaned based on the Mndln plate theory. Jahrom et al. [41] analyzed free vbraton analyss of Mndln plates partally restng on Pasternak foundaton. The governng equatons whch consst of a system of partal dfferental equatons are obtaned based on the frst-order shear deformaton theory. Özgan and Daloğlu [42] studed free vbraton analyss of thck plates on elastc foundatons usng modfed Vlasov model wth hgher order fnte elements, also same wrters [43] studed the effects of varous parameters such as the aspect rato, subgrade reacton modulus and thckness/span rato on the frequency parameters of thck plates restng on Wnkler elastc foundatons. The purpose of ths paper s to study free vbraton analyss of thck plates restng on Wnkler foundaton usng Mndln s theory wth second order fnte element, to determne the effects of the thckness/span rato, the aspect rato, subgrade reacton modulus and the boundary condtons on the frequency paramerets of thck plates subjected to free vbraton. A computer program usng fnte element method s coded n C++ to analyze the plates free, clamped or smply supported along all four edges. In the program, the fnte element method s used for spatal ntegraton. Fnte element formulaton of the equatons of the thck plate theory s derved by usng hgher order dsplacement shape functons. In the analyss, 8-noded fnte element s used to construct the stffness and mass matrces of the thck and thn plates [27]. 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL The governng equaton for a flexural plate (Fg. 1) subjected to free vbraton wthout dampng can be gven as 192

3 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 Mw K w (1) where [K] and [M] are the stffness matrx and the mass matrx of the plate, respectvely, w and w are the lateral dsplacement and the second dervatve of the lateral dsplacement of the plate wth respect to tme, respectvely., z y x b t w x y k w a Fgure 1. The sample plate used n ths study The total stran energy of plate-sol-structure system (see Fg. 1) can be wrtten as; П= П p + П s + V (2) where П p s the stran energy n the plate, T x y x y x y x y p = 1 E d A 2 x y y x x y y x A T k w w w w + x y E x y d A 2 x y x y - (3) A where П s s the stran energy stored n the sol, H 1 s = jj (4) 2 and V s the potental energy of the external loadng; V=- A q wda (5) In ths equaton E and E are the elastcty matrx and these matrces are gven below at Eq. (17), q shows appled dstrbuted load Evaluaton of the stffness matrx The total stran energy of the plate-sol system accordng to Eq. (2) s; 193

4 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 T U e = 1 x y x y x y x y E d A 2 x y y x x y y x + A T k w w w w x y E x y d A 2 x y x y + A 1 T w x,y w x,y d A 2 (6) A At ths equaton the frst and second part gves the conventonal element stffness matrx of the plate, [k e p ], dfferentaton of the thrd ntegral wth respect to the nodal parameters yelds a matrx, [k e w ], whch accounts for the axal stran effect n the sol. Thus the total energy of the plate-sol system can be wrtten as; 1 T e e U e = w e k p k w w e d A (7) 2 where w w... w T e 1 y1 x1 n yn xn (8) Assumng that n the plate of Fg. 1 u and v are proportonal to z and that w s the ndependent of z [21], one can wrte the plate dsplacement at an arbtrary x, y, z n terms of the two slopes and a dsplacement as follows; u ={w, v, u}={w (x,y,t), zφ y (x,y,t), -zφ x (x,y,t)} (9) where w s average dsplacement of the plate, and φ x and φ y are the bendng slopes n the x and y drectons, respectvely. The nodal dsplacements for 8-noded fnte element (MT8) (Fg. 2) can be wrtten as follows; w= 8 w 8 y= z h y, u=-zφ x = z h x ,...,8 for 8 - noded element, (1) The dsplacement functon chosen for ths element s; w c1 c2r c3s c4r c5rs c6s c7r s c8rs (11) From ths assumpton, t s possble to derve the dsplacement shape functon to be [38]; h [h1, h 2, h3,h 4, h5, h6, h7,h8] (12) 194

5 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 w x y 4 7 z 3 y 4 7 s r 6 x w [B] Fgure noded fnte element(second order),used n ths study [47]. Then, the stran-dsplacement matrx [B] for ths element can be wrtten as follows [44]: h x h y h y h x ,...,8 for 8 - noded element (13) h h - x h y - h x21 The stffness matrx for MT8 element can be obtaned by the followng equaton [44]: 1 1 K 1 J drds (14) 1 A T T B DB da. B DB whch must be evaluated numercally [26]. As seen from Eq. (14), n order to obtan the stffness matrx, the stran-dsplacement matrx, [B], and the flexural rgdty matrx, [D], of the element need to be constructed The flexural rgdty matrx, [D], can be obtaned by the followng equaton. Ek [D] E γ. (15) In ths equaton, [ E k ] s of sze 3x3 and [ E ] s of sze 2x2. [ E k ], and [ E ] can be wrtten as follows [45, 47]: 195

6 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , E [ E k ]= t ; [ E ]= k t (16) E where E, υ, and t are modulus of the elastcty, Posson s rato, and the thckness of the plate, respectvely, k s a constant to account for the actual non-unformty of the shearng stresses. By assemblng the element stffness matrces obtaned, the system stffness matrx s obtaned Evaluaton of the mass matrx M The formula for the consstent mass matrx of the plate may be wrtten as H T H d. (17) In ths equaton, s the mass densty matrx of the form [46]: m1 m 2, (18) m3 where m 1 = p t, m 2 =m 3 = 1 3 p t, and p s the mass denstes of the plate. and H can be 12 wrtten as follows, H dh / dx dh / dy h (19) It should be noted that the rotaton nerta terms are not taken nto account. By assemblng the element mass matrces obtaned, the system mass matrx s obtaned Evaluaton of frequency of plate The formulaton of lateral dsplacement, w, can be gven as moton s snusodal; w= W sn ωt (2) Here ω s the crcular frequency. Substtuton of Eq. (2) and ts second dervaton nto Eq. (1) gves expresson as; [K- ω 2 M] {W}= (21) Eq. (21) s obtaned to calculate the crcular frequency, ω, of the plate. Then natural frequency can be calculated wth the formulaton below; f= ω /2π (22) 196

7 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 3.1. Data for numercal examples In the lght of the results gven n references [27, 28, 38], the aspect ratos, b/a, of the plate are taken to be 1, 1.5, and 2.. The thckness/span ratos, t/a, are taken as.1,.5,.1,.2, and.3 for each aspect rato. The shorter span length of the plate s kept constant to be 1 m. The mass densty, Posson s rato, and the modulus of elastcty of the plate are taken to be 2.5 kn s 2 /m 2,.2, and 2.7x1 7 kn/m 2. Shear factor k s taken to be 5/6. The subgrade reacton modulus of the Wnkler-type foundaton s taken to be 5 and 5 kn/m 3. For the sake of accuracy n the results, rather than startng wth a set of a fnte element mesh sze, the mesh sze requred to obtan the desred accuracy were determned before presentng any results. Ths analyss was performed separately for the mesh sze. It was concluded that the results have acceptable error when equally spaced 4x4 mesh sze for 17-noded elements are used for a 1 m x 1 m plate. Length of the elements n the x and y drectons are kept constant for dfferent aspect ratos as n the case of square plate. In order to llustrate that the mesh densty used n ths paper s enough to obtan correct results, the frst sx frequency parameters of the thck plate wth b/a=1 and t/a=.5 s presented n Table 1 by comparng wth the result obtaned SAP2 program and the results Özgan and Daloğlu [215]. In ths study Özgan and Daloğlu used 4-noded and 8-noded quadrlateral fnte element wth 1x1 and 5x5 mesh sze. It should be noted that the results presented for MT8 element are obtaned by usng equally spaced 2x2, 4x4 and 8x8 mesh szes. As seen from Table 1, the results obtaned by usng 8-noded quadrlateral fnte element have excellent agreement wth the results obtaned by Özgan and Daloğlu [215] and SAP2 even f 2x2 mesh sze s used for MT8 element Results The frst sx frequency parameters of thck plate restng on Wnkler foundaton wth free edges are compared wth the same thck plate modeled by Ozgan and Daloğlu (21) and SAP2 program and t s presented n Table1. The subgrade reacton modulus of the Wnklertype foundaton for ths example s taken to be 5 kn/m 3. Ths thck plate s modeled wth MT8 element 8x8 mesh sze for b/a=1., t/a=.5 ratos. As seen from Tables 1, the values of the frequency parameters of these analyses are so close even f ths study mesh sze s so poor. And also SAP2 analyss made by frst order fnte element, wrter s use second order fnte element as before explaned. Then wrters enlarged parameters of aspect rato, b/a, thckness/span rato, t/a, for help the researchers. The frst sx frequency parameters of thck plates restng on Wnkler foundaton consdered for dfferent aspect rato, b/a, thckness/smaller span rato, t/a, are presented n Table 2 for the wth free edges, n Table 3 for thck clamped plates. In order to see the effects of the changes n these parameters better on the frst sx frequency parameters, they are also presented n Fgs 3-4 for the thck free plates, n Fgs 5-6 for the thck clamped plates. 197

8 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 Table 1. The frst fve natural frequency parameters of plates for b/a=.1 and t/a=.5. λ =ω 2 Ozgan and Daloğlu, 215 PBQ8(FI) MT8 (4 element) Ths Study MT8 (16 element) MT8 (64 element) SAP As seen from Tables 2, and Fgs. 3, except the value of t/a.5,the values of the frst sx frequency parameters for a constant value of t/a decreases as the aspect rato, b/a, ncreases. For t/a.5 the results are the opposte. Table 2. Effects of aspect rato and thckness/span rato on the frst sx frequency parameters of the thck free plates restng on elastc foundaton. a)subgrade reacton modulus k=5 λ = ω 2 k b/a t/a λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ b)subgrade reacton modulus k=5 λ = ω 2 k b/a t/a λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ

9 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 Table 3. Effects of aspect rato and thckness/span rato on the frst sx frequency parameters of the thck clamped plates restng on elastc foundaton. a)subgrade reacton modulus k=5 λ = ω 2 k b/a t/a λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ b)subgrade reacton modulus k=5 λ = ω 2 k b/a t/a λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ As also seen from Tables 2, and Fg.. 3, the values of the frst three frequency parameters for a constant value of b/a decrease as the thckness/span rato, b/a, ncreases up to the 3 rd frequency parameters, but after the 3 rd frequency parameters, the values of the frequency parameters for a constant value of b/a ncrease as the thckness/span rato, t/a, ncreases. The decreases n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of b/a for a constant t/a rato gets less for larger values of b/a up to the 3 rd frequency parameters. After the 3 rd frequency parameters, the decrase n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of b/a for a constant t/a rato gets also less for larger values of b/a. The changes n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of b/a for a constant t/a rato s larger for the smaller values of the b/a ratos. Also, the changes n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of b/a for a constant t/a rato s s less than that n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng ncreasng t/a ratos for a constant valueof b/a. These observatons ndcate that the effects of the change n the t/a rato on the frequency parameter of the plate are generally larger than those of the change n the b/a ratos consdered n ths study. 199

10 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 Fgure 3. Effects of aspect rato and thckness/span rato on the frst sx frequency parameters of the thck free plates wth subgrade reacton modulus k=5. As also seen from Tables 3, and Fgure. 4, the curves for a constant value of b/a rato are farly gettng closer to each other as the value of t/a ncreases up to the 3rd frequency parameters. 2

11 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 Ths shows that the curves of the frequency parameters wll almost concde wth each other when the value of the rato of t/a ncreases more. Fgure 4. Effects of aspect rato and thckness/span rato on the frst sx frequency parameters of the thck free plates wth subgrade reacton modulus k=5. 21

12 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 After the 3 rd frequency parameters, the curves for a constant value of t/a rato are farly gettng closer to each other as the value of b/a ncreases. Ths also shows that the curves of the frequency parameters wll almost concde wth each other when the value of the rato of b/a ncreases more. In other words, up to the 3 rd ferquency parameters, the ncrease n the t/a rato wll not affect the frequency parameters after a determned value of t/a. After the 3 rd ferquency parameters, the ncrease n the b/a rato wll not affect the frequency parameters after a determned value of b/a. As seen from Tables 2, and 3, and Fgures. 3, and 4, the values of the frequency parameters for a constant value of t/a decrease as the aspect rato, b/a, ncreases. Ths behavor s understandable n that a thck plate wth a larger aspect rato becomes more flexble and has smaller frequency parameters. The decreases n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of b/a rato gets less for a constant value of t/a. As seen from Tables 3, and Fgures. 4,, the values of the frequency parameters for a constant value of b/a ncrease as the thckness/span rato, t/a, ncreases. Ths behavor s also understandable n that a thck plate wth a larger thckness/span rato becomes more rgd and has larger frequency parameters. The ncreases n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng value of t/a rato gets larger for a constant value of b/a. The frst mode shape ( 1 = ) The second mode shape ( 2 = ) The thrd mode shape ( 3 = ) The fourth mode shape ( 4 = ) The ffth mode shape ( 5 = ) Fgure 5. The frst sx mode shapes of the thck free plates for b/a=1. and t/a=.5 wth subgrade reacton modulus k=5. It should be noted that the ncrease n the frequency parameters wth ncreasng t/a ratos for a constant value of b/a rato gets larger for larger values of the frequency parameters. 22 The sxth mode shape ( 6 = )

13 Parametrc Egenvalue Analyss of Mndln Plates / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , 218 These observatons ndcate that the effects of the change n the t/a rato on the frequency parameter of the thck plates clamped along all four edges are always larger than those of the change n the aspect rato. The frst mode shape ( 1 = ) The second mode shape ( 2 = ) The thrd mode shape ( 3 = ) The fourth mode shape ( 4 = ) The ffth mode shape ( 5 = ) The sxth mode shape ( 6 = ) Fgure 6. The frst sx mode shapes of the thck clamped plates for b/a=1. and t/a=.5 wth subgrade reacton modulus k=5. As also seen from Fgure 4, the curves for a constant value of the aspect rato, b/a are farly gettng closer to each other as the value of t/a decreases. Ths shows that the curves of the frequency parameters wll almost concde wth each other when the value of the thckness/span rato, t/a, decreases more. In other words, the decrease n the thckness/span rato wll not affect the frequency parameters after a determned value of t/a. In ths study, the mode shapes of the thck plates are also obtaned for all parameters consdered. Snce presentaton of all of these mode shapes would take up excessve space, only the mode shapes correspondng to the sx lowest frequency parameters of the thck plate free, clamped along all four edges for b/a = 1 and t/a =.5 are presented. These mode shapes are gven n Fgures 5, and 6, respectvely. In order to make the vsblty better, the mode shapes are plotted wth exaggerated ampltudes. As seen from these fgures, the number of half wave ncreases as the mode number ncreases. It should be noted that appearances of the mode shapes not gven here for the thck plates clamped along all four edges are smlar to those of the mode shapes presented here. 23

14 Y.I. Özdemr / Sgma J Eng & Nat Sc 36 (1), , CONCLUSIONS The purpose of ths paper was to study parametrc free vbraton analyss of thck plates usng hgher order fnte elements wth Mndln s theory and to determne the effects of the thckness/span rato, the aspect rato and the boundary condtons on the lnear responses of thck plates subjected to vbraton. As a result, free vbraton analyze of the thck plates were done by usng p verson serendpty element, and the coded program on the purpose s effectvely used. In addton, the followng conclusons can also be drawn from the results obtaned n ths study. The frequency parameters ncreases wth ncreasng b/a rato for a constant value of t/a up to the 3 rd ferquency parameters, but after that the frequency parameters decrases wth ncreasng b/a rato for a constant value of t/a. The frequency parameters decreases wth ncreasng t/a rato for a constant value of b/a up to the 3 rd ferquency parameters, but after that the frequency parameters ncreases wth ncreasng t/a rato for a constant value of b/a. The effects of the change n the t/a rato on the frequency parameter of the thck plate are generally larger than those of the change n the b/a ratos consdered n ths study. REFERENCES [1] Ugural A.C. (1981), Stresses n Plates and Shells, McGraw-Hll., New York. [2] Lessa A. W. The free vbraton of rectangular plates. J Sound Vb 1973; 31 (3): [3] Lessa A.W. Recent research n plate vbratons, : classcal theory. The Shock and Vbraton, Dgest 1977; 9 (1): [4] Lessa A.W. Recent research n plate vbratons, : complcatngeffects. The Shock and Vbraton, Dgest 1977; 9 (11): [5] Lessa A.W. Plate vbraton research, : classcal theory. The Shock and Vbraton Dgest 1981; 13 (9): [6] Lessa A.W. Plate vbraton research, : complcatngeffects. The Shock and Vbraton Dgest 1981; 13 (1): [7] Lessa A.W. Plate vbraton research, part I: classcal theory. The Shock and Vbraton Dgest 1987; 19 (2): [8] Lessa A.W. Plate vbraton research, part II: complcatngeffects. The Shock and Vbraton Dgest 1987; 19 (3): [9] Provdaks C. P., Beskos D. E. Free and forced vbratons of plates by boundary elements. Comput Meth Appl Mech Eng 1989;, 74: [1] Provdaks C. P., Beskos D. E. Free and forced vbratons of plates by boundary and nteror elements. Int J Numer Meth Eng 1989; 28: [11] Warburton G. B. The vbraton of rectangular plates. Proceedng of the İnsttude of Mechancal Engneers 1954; 168: [12] Caldersmth G. W. Vbratons of orthotropc rectangular plates. ACUSTICA 1984; 56: [13] Grce R. M., Pnnngton R. J. Analyss of the flexural vbraton of a thn-plate box usng a combnaton of fnte element analyss and analytcal mpedances. J Sound Vb 22; 249(3): [14] Sakata T., Hosokawa K. Vbratons of clamped orthotropc rectangular plates. J Sound Vb 1988; 125 (3): [15] Lok T. S., Cheng Q. H. Free and forced vbraton of smply supported, orthotropc sandwch panel. Comput. Struct 21; 79(3): [16] S W.J., Lam K. Y., Gang S. W. Vbraton analyss of rectangular plates wth one or more guded edges va bcubc B-splne method. Shock Vb 25; 12(5). 24

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