ESM: S1: Table of colour patterns and ecological traits, their definitions, measures used and possible values

Transcription

1 ESM: S1: Table of colour patterns and ecological traits, their definitions, measures used and possible values Morphology Ecology Social behavior Trait Definition Measures Values Spot Roughly circular marking, a distinct colour from the surrounding skin Size of spot relative to fish s total eye size. Size of spot relative to fish s pupil Larger =1 Equal or smaller =0 Position on fish s body (3 possible locations) 0 = Anterior or mid 1 = posterior Eyespot Spot with a concentric coloured outer ring (i.e. an ocellated spot). Total size (pupil + ocellus) relative to fish s real eye Larger =1 Equal or smaller =0 Eyespot pupil Circular mark at the centre of the eyespot Pupil size relative to fish s real pupil Larger =1 Equal or smaller =0 Eye stripe Marking that contrasts in colour to the surrounding skin and touches the eye, extending at least halfway across the face. Size is no wider than Presence or absence 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) twice the diameter of the eye and not narrower than the pupil. Adjacent eye stripe High contrast stripe that is immediately adjacent to the eye stripe. Colour is distinct from the eye stripe and surrounding skin. Presence or absence 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) Patterns consisting of two or more (to exclude species with only eye stripes) bands positioned along the body. Stripes extend at least halfway along the body and are a different colour to the surrounding skin. Presence or absence Total number 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) Counts Body stripes Vertical: Run dorsal to ventral Total number Counts Horizontal: run anterior to posterior Total number Counts Diagonal: e.g. run ventral anterior to dorsal posterior, includes complex Total number Counts patterns such as chevrons and whorls. Plain Uniform patch of colour (without markings) on >50% of the body. Presence or absence 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) Body length Total body length Maximum Measured in mm Dietary complexity Range of food types eaten Total number of different food types present 1-10 within the diet of a species Obligate corallivory Species whose diet contains >80% hard or soft corals Yes or No Yes (1) or no (0). Habitat depth Species depth Maximum recorded Measured in meters Habitat diversity Number of different habitat types occupied Total number 1-6 Visual habitat complexity Visual heterogeneity of the species habitat Total visual complexity divided by number of habitats occupied 0-5 Reef habitat type Shallow coastal (including estuaries, inner reefs and reef flats) or Presence or absence 0 = shallow coastal offshore, outer reefs (including seaward reefs, reef slopes and drop-offs) 1 = offshore, outer Grouping tendency Solitary, occurs in pairs or small (<15 fish) or large (>15 fish) groups. Grouping or non-grouping 0 = Solitary or in pairs 1 = Small or large groups Sociability index Social tendency of species Total social score divided by number of social categories each species is found in 0-3

2 ESM: S2 Raw colour pattern and ecological data Table 1. Raw data used in phylogenetic analyses for discrete and continuous butterflyfish colour pattern traits. Eye band Contrasting Adjacent stripe Spot Eyespot Total spot size Spot (centre) colour Spot centre size Anterior spot Mid spot Species Hemitaurichthys_thompsoni Hemitaurichthys_polylepis Hemitaurichthys_zoster Johnrandallia_nigrirostris Heniochus_chrysostomus Heniochus_monoceros Heniochus_acuminatus Heniochus_diphreutes Heniochus_singularius Heniochus_varius Heniochus_pleurotaenia Forcipiger_longirostris Forcipiger_flavissimus Chelmon_muelleri Chelmon_marginalis Chelmon_rostratus Chelmonops_curiosus Chelmonops_truncatus Coradion_chrysozonus Coradion_altivelis Coradion_melanopus Amphichaetodon_melbae Amphichaetodon_howensis Prognathodes_aya Prognathodes_marcellae Posterior spot Plain Mottled Vertical bars Horizontal bars Diagonal bars Vertical stripes Horizontal stripes Diagonal stripes Bars or stripes Total vertical bars/stripes Total horizontal bars/stripes Total diagonal bars/stripes Total bars/stripes

3 Prognathodes_aculeatus Chaetodon_selene Chaetodon_ocellicaudus Chaetodon_melannotus Chaetodon_striatus Chaetodon_capistratus Chaetodon_humeralis Chaetodon_ocellatus Chaetodon_ephippium Chaetodon_semeion Chaetodon_mesoleucos Chaetodon_rafflesii Chaetodon_vagabundus Chaetodon_decussatus Chaetodon_auriga Chaetodon_lineolatus Chaetodon_falcula Chaetodon_ulietensis Chaetodon_oxycephalus Chaetodon_semilarvatus Chaetodon_auripes Chaetodon_collare Chaetodon_fasciatus Chaetodon_lunula Chaetodon_adiergastos Chaetodon_flavirostris Chaetodon_baronessa Chaetodon_larvatus Chaetodon_trifascialis Parachaetodon_ocellatus Chaetodon_rainfordi Chaetodon_aureofasciatus Chaetodon_octofasciatus Chaetodon_bennetti Chaetodon_plebeius

4 Chaetodon_speculum Chaetodon_zanzibarensis Chaetodon_tricinctus Chaetodon_ornatissimus Chaetodon_meyeri Chaetodon_reticulatus Chaetodon_trifasciatus Chaetodon_austriacus Chaetodon_lunulatus Chaetodon_kleinii Chaetodon_trichrous Chaetodon_interruptus Chaetodon_unimaculatus Chaetodon_paucifasciatus Chaetodon_xanthurus Chaetodon_mertensii Chaetodon_madagaskariensis Chaetodon_burgessi Chaetodon_fremblii Chaetodon_tinkeri Chaetodon_argentatus Chaetodon_sedentarius Chaetodon_sanctaehelenae Chaetodon_dolosus Chaetodon_miliaris Chaetodon_guentheri Chaetodon_multicinctus Chaetodon_pelewensis Chaetodon_guttatissimus Chaetodon_punctatofasciatus Chaetodon_blackburnii Chaetodon_quadrimaculatus Chaetodon_citrinellus Chaetodon_robustus Chaetodon_hoefleri

5 Table 2. Maximum total body length, habitat depth, presence in habitats ranging from 0 (open water) to 5 (live coral) and resulting measures of habitat diversity and visual complexity. Species Max TL (cm) Max. depth (m) Open water (0) Sand, mud or silt (1) Algae (2) Seagrass/sea weed (3) Rock and dead coral (4) Live coral (5) Habitat diversity Habitat complexity Hemitaurichthys_thompsoni Hemitaurichthys_polylepis Hemitaurichthys_zoster Johnrandallia_nigrirostris Heniochus_chrysostomus Heniochus_monoceros Heniochus_acuminatus Heniochus_diphreutes Heniochus_singularius Heniochus_varius Heniochus_pleurotaenia Forcipiger_longirostris Forcipiger_flavissimus Chelmon_muelleri Chelmon_marginalis Chelmon_rostratus Chelmonops_curiosus Chelmonops_truncatus Coradion_chrysozonus Coradion_altivelis Coradion_melanopus Amphichaetodon_melbae Amphichaetodon_howensis Prognathodes_aya Prognathodes_marcellae

6 Prognathodes_aculeatus Chaetodon_selene Chaetodon_ocellicaudus Chaetodon_melannotus Chaetodon_striatus Chaetodon_capistratus Chaetodon_humeralis Chaetodon_ocellatus Chaetodon_ephippium Chaetodon_semeion Chaetodon_mesoleucos Chaetodon_rafflesii Chaetodon_vagabundus Chaetodon_decussatus Chaetodon_auriga Chaetodon_lineolatus Chaetodon_falcula Chaetodon_ulietensis Chaetodon_oxycephalus Chaetodon_semilarvatus Chaetodon_auripes Chaetodon_collare Chaetodon_fasciatus Chaetodon_lunula Chaetodon_adiergastos Chaetodon_flavirostris Chaetodon_baronessa Chaetodon_larvatus Chaetodon_trifascialis Parachaetodon_ocellatus Chaetodon_rainfordi Chaetodon_aureofasciatus Chaetodon_octofasciatus Chaetodon_bennetti Chaetodon_plebeius

7 Chaetodon_speculum Chaetodon_zanzibarensis Chaetodon_tricinctus Chaetodon_ornatissimus Chaetodon_meyeri Chaetodon_reticulatus Chaetodon_trifasciatus Chaetodon_austriacus Chaetodon_lunulatus Chaetodon_kleinii Chaetodon_trichrous Chaetodon_interruptus Chaetodon_unimaculatus Chaetodon_paucifasciatus Chaetodon_xanthurus Chaetodon_mertensii Chaetodon_madagaskariensis Chaetodon_burgessi Chaetodon_fremblii Chaetodon_tinkeri Chaetodon_argentatus Chaetodon_sedentarius Chaetodon_sanctaehelenae Chaetodon_dolosus Chaetodon_miliaris Chaetodon_guentheri Chaetodon_multicinctus Chaetodon_pelewensis Chaetodon_guttatissimus Chaetodon_punctatofasciatus Chaetodon_blackburnii Chaetodon_quadrimaculatus Chaetodon_citrinellus Chaetodon_robustus Chaetodon_hoefleri

8 Table 3. Species food preferences and dietary complexity Species Algae Eggs Hard coral Soft coral Mucous Zooplankton Sponges Small benthic invertebrates Echinoderms Parasite cleaning Dietary complexity Refs. Hemitaurichthys_thompsoni 1 1 1, 2,6 Hemitaurichthys_polylepis 1 1 1, 2,6 Hemitaurichthys_zoster Johnrandallia_nigrirostris Heniochus_chrysostomus , 2 Heniochus_monoceros 1 1 Heniochus_acuminatus ,6 Heniochus_diphreutes 1 1 Heniochus_singularius , 2, 6 Heniochus_varius Heniochus_pleurotaenia Forcipiger_longirostris 1 1 2,6 Forcipiger_flavissimus Chelmon_muelleri 1 1 2,6 Chelmon_marginalis Chelmon_rostratus Chelmonops_curiosus Chelmonops_truncatus , 2 Coradion_chrysozonus 1 1 1, 2 Coradion_altivelis Coradion_melanopus 1 1 Amphichaetodon_melbae Amphichaetodon_howensis , 2 Prognathodes_aya 1 1 Prognathodes_marcellae Prognathodes_aculeatus 1 1 1

9 Chaetodon_selene 1 1 Chaetodon_ocellicaudus Chaetodon_melannotus , 4, 5, 6 Chaetodon_striatus , 4 Chaetodon_capistratus , 4 Chaetodon_humeralis Chaetodon_ocellatus ,4 Chaetodon_ephippium , 4, 5, 6 Chaetodon_semeion Chaetodon_mesoleucos Chaetodon_rafflesii Chaetodon_vagabundus , 5 Chaetodon_decussatus Chaetodon_auriga , 5 Chaetodon_lineolatus , 6 Chaetodon_falcula Chaetodon_ulietensis , 5 Chaetodon_oxycephalus Chaetodon_semilarvatus Chaetodon_auripes Chaetodon_collare Chaetodon_fasciatus Chaetodon_lunula , 4, 5, 6 Chaetodon_adiergastos Chaetodon_flavirostris Chaetodon_baronessa 1 1 1, 2, 5 Chaetodon_larvatus Chaetodon_trifascialis 1 1 1, 3, 4, 5 Parachaetodon_ocellatus ,6 Chaetodon_rainfordi 1 1 1, 2, 5, 6 Chaetodon_aureofasciatus 1 1 1, 5 Chaetodon_octofasciatus iucn Chaetodon_bennetti Chaetodon_plebeius , 2, 5 Chaetodon_speculum

10 Chaetodon_zanzibarensis Chaetodon_tricinctus Chaetodon_ornatissimus , 4 Chaetodon_meyeri Chaetodon_reticulatus 1 1 1,4, 6 Chaetodon_trifasciatus 1 1 1, 4 Chaetodon_austriacus Chaetodon_lunulatus 1 1 1, 5 Chaetodon_kleinii , 2, 4, 5 Chaetodon_trichrous Chaetodon_interruptus Chaetodon_unimaculatus , 2, 5,6 Chaetodon_paucifasciatus Chaetodon_xanthurus Chaetodon_mertensii Chaetodon_madagaskariensis Chaetodon_burgessi Chaetodon_fremblii Chaetodon_tinkeri 1 1 1, 2, 6 Chaetodon_argentatus Chaetodon_sedentarius 1 1 4,6 Chaetodon_sanctaehelenae 1 6 Chaetodon_dolosus Chaetodon_miliaris , 2, 4, 6 Chaetodon_guentheri Chaetodon_multicinctus 1 1 1, 6 Chaetodon_pelewensis Chaetodon_guttatissimus Chaetodon_punctatofasciatus Chaetodon_blackburnii , 6 Chaetodon_quadrimaculatus , 4, 6 Chaetodon_citrinellus , 2, 4, 5 Chaetodon_robustus Chaetodon_hoefleri 1 1

11 Table 4. Species social system ranging from solitary (0) to large groups (3), sociability score and grouping (as a discrete trait). Species Solitary (0) Paired (1) Small groups (2) Large groups (3) Sociability Grouping (discrete trait) Hemitaurichthys_thompsoni , 3, 7, 10 Hemitaurichthys_polylepis , 3, 7, 9, 10 Hemitaurichthys_zoster , 10 Johnrandallia_nigrirostris , 7, 8 Heniochus_chrysostomus , 7, 9, 10 Heniochus_monoceros , 7, 8, 10 Heniochus_acuminatus , 7, 9, 10 Heniochus_diphreutes , 7, 10 Heniochus_singularius , 7, 9, 10 Heniochus_varius Heniochus_pleurotaenia , 7, 10, 2, 3, 7, 9, Forcipiger_longirostris Refs. 10 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 Forcipiger_flavissimus Chelmon_muelleri , 7, 9, 10 Chelmon_marginalis , 9, 10 Chelmon_rostratus , 7, 9, 10 Chelmonops_curiosus , 8 Chelmonops_truncatus , 9 Coradion_chrysozonus , 7, 9, 10 Coradion_altivelis , 9, 10 Coradion_melanopus , 7, 10 Amphichaetodon_melbae , 7 Amphichaetodon_howensis , 9, 10 Prognathodes_aya , 7 Prognathodes_marcellae

12 Prognathodes_aculeatus Chaetodon_selene , 7, 10 Chaetodon_ocellicaudus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_melannotus , 3, 7, 9 Chaetodon_striatus , 7 Chaetodon_capistratus , 7 Chaetodon_humeralis , 7 Chaetodon_ocellatus Chaetodon_ephippium , 3, 9, 10 Chaetodon_semeion , 7, 10 Chaetodon_mesoleucos , 7 Chaetodon_rafflesii , 7, 10 Chaetodon_vagabundus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_decussatus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_auriga , 7, 10 Chaetodon_lineolatus , 3, 9 Chaetodon_falcula , 7, 10 Chaetodon_ulietensis , 3, 9 Chaetodon_oxycephalus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_semilarvatus , 7 Chaetodon_auripes , 6, 7 Chaetodon_collare , 7 Chaetodon_fasciatus , 7 Chaetodon_lunula , 3, 9 Chaetodon_adiergastos , 7, 10 Chaetodon_flavirostris , 7, 10 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 Chaetodon_baronessa Chaetodon_larvatus , 7 Chaetodon_trifascialis , 3, 10 Parachaetodon_ocellatus , 9, 10 Chaetodon_rainfordi , 7, 9, 10 Chaetodon_aureofasciatus , 7, 9 Chaetodon_octofasciatus Chaetodon_bennetti 1? 0 0 2, 7, 9, 10

13 Chaetodon_plebeius , 3, 7, 9, 10 Chaetodon_speculum , 7, 10 Chaetodon_zanzibarensis , 7 Chaetodon_tricinctus , 9, 10 Chaetodon_ornatissimus , 3, 9 Chaetodon_meyeri , 3, 7, 9 Chaetodon_reticulatus , 3, 9 Chaetodon_trifasciatus , 9, 10 Chaetodon_austriacus , 7 Chaetodon_lunulatus , 10 Chaetodon_kleinii , 3, 7, 9, 10 Chaetodon_trichrous , 7, 10 Chaetodon_interruptus , 10, 11 Chaetodon_unimaculatus , 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 Chaetodon_paucifasciatus , 7 Chaetodon_xanthurus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_mertensii , 7, 10 Chaetodon_madagaskariensis , 7 Chaetodon_burgessi , 7, 10 Chaetodon_fremblii , 7 Chaetodon_tinkeri , 7 Chaetodon_argentatus , 7 Chaetodon_sedentarius Chaetodon_sanctaehelenae , 7 Chaetodon_dolosus , 7 Chaetodon_miliaris , 7 Chaetodon_guentheri , 7, 10 Chaetodon_multicinctus , 7 Chaetodon_pelewensis , 10 Chaetodon_guttatissimus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_punctatofasciatus , 7, 10 Chaetodon_blackburnii

14 Chaetodon_quadrimaculatus , 3, 7, 10 Chaetodon_citrinellus , 3, 7, 9 Chaetodon_robustus Chaetodon_hoefleri , 7 References 1. Bellwood D. R., et al Evolutionary history of the butterflyfishes (f: Chaetodontidae) and the rise of coral feeding fishes. J. Evol. Biol. 23, Myers R. F. (1999) Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia (Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Territory of Guam, USA) 3rd rev and expanded Ed. 3. Hourigan T. F Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems. Env. Biol. Fishes 25, Harmelin-Vivien M. L Implications of feeding specialization on the recruitment processes and community structure of butterflyfishes. Env. Biol. Fishes 25, Pratchett M. S Dietary overlap among coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 148, IUCN (2011) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. in Version (IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK). 7. Froese R. & Pauly D. (2000) FishBase 2000: concepts, design and data sources. (ICLARM, Los Banos, Laguna, Phillipines.). 8. Online A. M. (2009). 9. Steene R. C. (1978) Butterfly and angelfishes of the world: a complete survey of the species of Australia and New Guinea (Reed, Sydney). 10. Allen G. R., Steene R., Humann P., & Deloach N. (2003) Reef Fish Identification. Tropical Pacific. (New World Publications, Jacksonville, FL.).

15 ESM: S3: Proportional likelihood of each character state (trait present or absent) at the ancestral node following ancestral trait reconstruction simulated using a Makov k-state 1 model of evolution. Significant likelihoods are marked with an asterisk. Character trait Relative likelihood (trait absence) Adjacent eye stripe Plain colouration Mottled Body stripes Obligate corallivory Solitary Grouping Zooplankton feeding 0.95* 0.05* Relative likelihood (trait presence)

16 ESM: S4 Evolutionary transitions for discrete traits showing significant correlated evolution. Evolutionary transition Coefficient LR P (b) Grouping and body stripes Gain of stripes in absence of grouping q Gain of grouping in absence of stripes q13 < Gain of grouping in presence of stripes q Gain of stripes in presence of grouping q Loss of stripes in absence of grouping q Loss of grouping in absence of stripes q Loss of grouping in presence of stripes q Loss of stripes in presence of grouping q (c) Offshore and body stripes Gain of stripes in onshore habitats q12 < Transition to offshore habitats in absence of stripes q Transition to offshore habitats in presence of stripes q Gain of stripes in offshore habitats q <0.001 Loss of stripes in onshore habitats q21 < Transition to onshore habitats in absence of stripes q Transition to onshore habitats in presence of stripes q Loss of stripes in offshore habitats q <0.001