III. Acropora coral habitat distribution
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1 2008 Quick Look Report: Miller et al. III. Acropora coral habitat distribution Background The declines in abundance of two of the principal Caribbean reef-building corals, staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn coral (A. palmata) (Figure 7), are often-cited examples of the changes in western Atlantic reefs that have occurred during the past several decades (Bruckner 2002; Gardner et al. 2003). The causes of these declines, which began in the late 1970s, include large-scale factors such as coral bleaching and disease, especially white band disease (Gladfelter 1982; Aronson and Precht 2001), as well as smaller-scale effects from storms and continued predation by corallivorous snails and damselfishes (Miller et al. 2002). Both coral species were under consideration for addition to the U.S. Endangered Species List since the early 1990s and were formally determined to be threatened based upon range-wide population declines and poor recovery (Acropora Biological Review Team 2005). Although there is increased awareness of the fragility of Atlantic Acropora corals and the potential for further potential population decline, there is little information on habitat distribution, colony size, density, and population abundance estimates for wider Caribbean reefs. Notable exceptions to this pattern include recent population assessments of A. palmata in the U.S. Virgin Islands, southern Caribbean, and in the Florida Keys at one reef (Miller et al. 2002; Mayor et al. 2006; Zubillaga et al. 2008). While some recovery is apparent in localized areas, populations of both species remain well-below historical levels, including populations in the Florida Keys (Dustan and Halas 1987; Porter and Meier 1992), and threats continue that will potentially inhibit population recovery (Acropora Biological Review Team 2005). To help support efforts to ascertain the current population status of both staghorn and elkhorn corals, we undertook an intensive assessment of the spatial distribution, colony abundance, size, and condition of both species throughout the Florida Keys during 2007 (Miller et al. 2007, in press), followed by a continued temporal assessment of habitat distribution and frequency of occurrence in Using a stratified random sampling design, the goals of the survey were to determine patterns in habitat distribution and presence-absence for the habitats, regional sectors, and management zones surveyed in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) Survey Results Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) (Figure 7) was observed within transect boundaries at 28 of the 145 sampled sites (19%) (Table 5). Figures 8-13 show the spatial distribution of staghorn coral presenceabsence and transect frequency (the proportion of the number of transects with that species present compared to the number of transects sampled) for the upper, middle, and lower Keys. The habitat distribution of staghorn coral was much broader than elkhorn coral, with colonies found within transects
2 in all five habitats surveyed, albeit at different site-level frequencies of occurrence: mid-channel patch reefs (41.7% of 24 sites), offshore patch reefs (47.8% of 23 sites), inner line reef tract spur and groove (14.3% of 7 sites), high-relief spur and groove (10.0% of 40 sites), and deeper fore-reef deeper (3.9% of 51 sites). In contrast to patch reefs, staghorn corals were relatively rare in shallow spur and groove habitats along the inner reef line and the platform margin, as well as the deeper fore-reef (Table 5). Besides variation among habitats, regional variation in staghorn coral presence-absence was evident as well. A. cervicornis was more commonly found within transects on mid-channel patch reefs in the lower Keys (78% of 9 sites) compared to all other regions (Table 5). Proportional transect frequency was four times or greater in the lower Keys compared to the upper and middle Keys. On offshore patch reefs, A. cervicornis was more commonly encountered in the middle Keys (50% of 6 sites) compared to the upper and lower Keys, a result similar to observations in Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) (Figure 7) was observed within transect boundaries at only 9 of the 145 sampled sites (6.2%) (Table 5). Figures show the spatial distribution of elkhorn coral presenceabsence and proportional transect frequency for the upper, middle, and lower Keys. The habitat distribution of elkhorn coral was much narrower than staghorn coral, with colonies found in only two of the five habitats, both consisting of high-relief spur and groove structure: inner line reef tract spur and groove (42.9% of 7 sites) and platform margin high-relief spur and groove (15.0% of 40 sites). On inner line reefs in the upper Keys, elkhorn coral colonies were only encountered within Sanctuary Preservation Areas. On platform margin high-relief spur and groove, proportional transect frequency was 1.8 times greater or more in the upper Keys compared to other regions. Results from the 2008 sampling effort provide a growing temporal and spatial data set on the distribution of Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis in the Florida Keys. Previous efforts in 2007 (Miller et al. 2007, in press) yielded domain-wide abundance estimates, structured by colony size that provided population abundance estimates by habitat, region, and for individual no-take marine reserves. What is apparent from the Acropora surveys is that the distribution patterns of these two species are clearly different, perhaps necessitating different management approaches. Although 27 different spur and groove reefs, including inner line reef tract sites, were sampled, significant A. palmata stands remain at only a handful of sites such as Elbow Reef, French Reef, Sand Island, and Looe Key. While most of these sites are within existing FKNMS no-take zones, tissue damage caused by snails and damselfishes, as well as physical impacts from lost fishing gear is still prevalent. In contrast, the distribution pattern of A. cervicornis reflects the importance of patch reefs. While there are over 5,000 patch reef sites on the south Florida shelf, staghorn coral is variably distributed, and the factors responsible for this pattern are not well
3 known. Lower Keys mid-channel patch reefs and middle Keys offshore patch reefs yield the greatest site and transect frequencies for this species. In contrast, areas on the deeper fore-reef historically noted for dense staghorn coral thickets only yielded a few colonies among 51 sites sampled. The sheer number of sites visited will allow us to update existing habitat maps for the study area, as well as assist in further optimizing future Keys-wide sampling. We also hope that this information will highlight the importance of the Florida Keys patch reef environment, little of which is located within notake marine reserves, with most sites visited impacted by derelict fishing gear. Patch reefs include many of the best remaining reefs in the region, particularly in terms of coral cover and diversity. The sheer number of patch reefs inshore of the reef tract, their coral species composition dominated by mounding corals, and a highly variable natural physical environment (i.e., temperature, turbidity, sedimentation), are factors that contrast with habitats found along the platform margin. Patch reefs support the most numerous stands of staghorn coral, but they are also subjected to physical damage caused by lost fishing gear. This reflects both the higher coral cover remaining on patch reefs, significant habitat heterogeneity compared to surrounding areas (resulting in accumulation or concentration of debris), their large number, proximity to trap placements, and generally favored status as fishing sites. Under current conditions of diminished population numbers, damage from lost fishing gear is one factor that potentially affects existing staghorn corals. While management options for the recovery of Acropora corals are being developed, there are obvious actions that can be taken at the local level to enhance survival of existing populations that include removing marine debris and minimizing the potential for debris to negatively impact these habitats
4 Figure 7. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn coral (A. palmata) sampled in the Florida Keys during Acropora cervicornis Acropora palmata Acropora cervicornis Acropora palmata Acropora prolifera Acropora palmata
5 Figure 8. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the upper Florida Keys (top) and from the southern BNP boundary to Carysfort Reef (bottom) during June-September
6 Figure 9. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the upper Florida Keys from Elbow Reef to Pickles Reef (top) and in the middle Keys region during June-September
7 Figure 10. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the middle Florida Keys from Conch Reef to Alligator Reef (top) and from Tennessee Reef to Coffins Patch (bottom) during June-September
8 Figure 11. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the middle Florida Keys from Sombrero Reef to Bahia Honda (top) and in the lower Florida Keys (bottom) during June-September
9 Figure 12. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the lower Florida Keys from Bahia Honda to Looe Key (top) and from American Shoal to Western Sambo (bottom) during June-September
10 Figure 13. Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the lower Florida Keys from Eastern Dry Rocks to Sand Key during June- September
11 Figure 14. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the upper Florida Keys (top) and from the southern BNP boundary to Carysfort Reef (bottom) during June-September
12 Figure 15. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the upper Florida Keys from Elbow Reef to Pickles Reef (top) and in the middle Florida Keys (bottom) during June-September
13 Figure 16. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the middle Florida Keys from Conch Reef to Alligator Reef (top) and from Tennessee Reef to Coffins Patch during June-September
14 Figure 17. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the middle Florida Keys from Sombrero Reef to Bahia Honda (top) and in the lower Florida Keys (bottom) during June-September
15 Figure 18. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the lower Florida Keys from Bahia Honda to Looe Key (top) and from American Shoal to Western Sambo during June-September
16 Figure 19. Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presence-absence and proportional transect frequency (% of transects present) in the lower Florida Keys from Eastern Dry Rocks to Sand Key during June-September
17 Table 5. Site presence (P) and proportional transect frequency (%) of staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn coral (A. palmata) in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, as determined from surveys of four 15-m x 1-m transects per site at 145 sites during June-September Values for regional sectors and habitat types are the percentages of sites where each species was observed. Sites are arranged by habitat from northeast to southwest. Asterisked locations (**) are Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPA), Ecological Reserves (ER), or Research Only Areas (RO). Site number/site location Acropora cervicornis A. palmata Present at site % of Transects Present at site % of Transects Mid-channel patch reefs 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Upper Florida Keys NMS 0 ± 0 0 ± Basin Hill Shoals 0 ± 0 0 ± Basin Hill Shoals 0 ± 0 0 ± Inshore of Grecian Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Cannon Patch Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± Mosquito Bank 0 ± 0 0 ± Inshore of Molasses Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Upper Florida Keys Total (6) 0 0 ± ± 0 Middle Florida Keys NMS 56 - Tavernier Rocks 0 ± 0 0 ± Tavernier Rocks 0 ± 0 0 ± Hen and Chickens SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Hen and Chickens SPA** P 25 ± 25 0 ± Cheeca Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Cheeca Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± NE of Cheeca Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Duck Key P 25 ± 25 0 ± South of Ohio Key P 25 ± 25 0 ± 0 Middle Florida Keys Total (9) ± ± 0 Lower Florida Keys NMS North of Looe Key RO P 25 ± 25 0 ± North of Maryland Shoal P 25 ± 25 0 ± North of Maryland Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± North of Eastern Sambo RO P 50 ± 29 0 ± Western Sambo ER** P 50 ± 29 0 ± Western Sambo ER** P 50 ± 29 0 ± West of Western Sambo ER 0 ± 0 0 ± Middle Ground P 100 ± 0 0 ± Middle Ground P 25 ± 25 0 ± 0 Lower Florida Keys Total (9) ± ± 0 Mid-channel Patch Reef Total (24) ± ± 0 Offshore patch reefs Upper Florida Keys NMS 12 - South of BNP boundary 0 ± 0 0 ± North of Carysfort Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± North of Carysfort Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Carysfort Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Carysfort Reef SPA** P 25 ± 25 0 ± North of Dry Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Grecian Rocks SPA P 50 ± 29 0 ± Inshore of French Reef SPA P 25 ± 25 0 ± Inshore of Pickles Reef P 50 ± 29 0 ± 0 Upper Florida Keys Total (9) ± ± 0 Middle Florida Keys NMS 65 - North of Davis Reef SPA P 75 ± 25 0 ± North of Davis Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± North of Davis Reef SPA P 75 ± 25 0 ± North of Davis Reef SPA P 25 ± 25 0 ±
18 Site number/site location Acropora cervicornis A. palmata Present at site % of Transects Present at site % of Transects 89 - Coffins Patch SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Coffins Patch SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Middle Florida Keys Total (6) ± ± 0 Lower Florida Keys NMS East of Looe Key RO P 75 ± 25 0 ± Looe Key Research Only** 0 ± 0 0 ± Looe Key Research Only** P 25 ± 25 0 ± North of Pelican Shoal P 25 ± 25 0 ± Western Sambo ER** P 25 ± 25 0 ± Western Sambo ER** 0 ± 0 0 ± NE of E. Dry Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± NE of E. Dry Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Lower Florida Keys Total (8) ± ± 0 Offshore Patch Reef Total (23) ± ± 0 Inner line reef tract spur & groove Upper Florida Keys NMS 32 - Turtle Rocks 0 ± 0 0 ± Inshore of Elbow Reef SPA P 25 ± 25 0 ± North Dry Rocks 0 ± 0 0 ± Dry Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 P 50 ± Dry Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 P 50 ± Grecian Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Grecian Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 P 25 ± 25 Upper Florida Keys Total (7) ± ± 9.0 Inner Line Spur & Groove Total (7) ± ± 9.0 High-relief spur & groove Upper Florida Keys NMS 23 - Carysfort Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Carysfort Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Maitland grounding site 0 ± 0 0 ± Elbow Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 P 25 ± Elbow Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± North of French Reef SPA P 50 ± 29 0 ± French Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± French Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 P 75 ± Sand Island 0 ± 0 0 ± Sand Island 0 ± 0 P 50 ± Molasses Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Molasses Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Pickles Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± Pickles Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± Pickles Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Upper Florida Keys Total (15) ± ± 5.9 Middle Florida Keys NMS 67 - Delta Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Delta Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Sombrero Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Sombrero Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Middle Florida Keys Total (4) 0 0 ± ± 0 Lower Florida Keys NMS Looe Key SPA** 0 ± 0 P 25 ± Looe Key SPA** P 25 ± 25 P 25 ± American Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± American Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Maryland Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Maryland Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Pelican Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ±
19 Site number/site location Acropora cervicornis A. palmata Present at site % of Transects Present at site % of Transects Pelican Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± No Name Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± Eastern Sambo RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Eastern Sambo RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Western Sambo ER** 0 ± 0 0 ± Western Sambo ER** P 25 ± 25 0 ± East of E. Dry Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 P 25 ± Eastern Dry Rocks SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Eastern Dry Rocks** 0 ± 0 0 ± Rock Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Rock Key SPA** P 50 ± 29 0 ± Sand Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Sand Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Western Dry Rocks 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Lower Florida Keys Total (21) ± ± 2.0 High-relief Spur & Groove Total (40) ± ± 2.4 Fore-reef (6-15 m) Upper Florida Keys NMS 42 - South of BNP boundary 0 ± 0 0 ± Carysfort Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Carysfort Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Carysfort Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Carysfort Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± North of Elbow Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Elbow Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Elbow Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Elbow Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Elbow Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Dixie Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Dixie Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Molasses Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Upper Florida Keys Total (13) 0 0 ± ± 0 Middle Florida Keys NMS 81 - Conch Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Conch Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Conch Reef RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Conch Reef RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Davis Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Davis Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Crocker Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Crocker Reef 0 ± 0 0 ± Alligator Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Alligator Reef SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Alligator Reef SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Tennessee Reef RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Tennessee Reef RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± NE of Tennessee Light 0 ± 0 0 ± East of Coffins Patch SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Sombrero Key SPA** P 25 ± 25 0 ± Sombrero Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± West of Sombrero Key SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Moser Channel 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Moser Channel 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Moser Channel 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Moser Channel 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Middle Florida Keys Total (22) ± ± 0 Lower Florida Keys NMS South of Bahia Honda Key 0 ± 0 0 ±
20 Site number/site location Acropora cervicornis A. palmata Present at site % of Transects Present at site % of Transects South of Bahia Honda Key 0 ± 0 0 ± South of Bahia Honda Key 0 ± 0 0 ± West of Looe Key SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± West of Pelican Shoal 0 ± 0 0 ± Eastern Sambo RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Eastern Sambo RO** 0 ± 0 0 ± Western Sambo ER** 0 ± 0 0 ± Western Sambo ER** P 25 ± 25 0 ± West of Western Sambo ER 0 ± 0 0 ± East of E. Dry Rocks SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± Rock Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Rock Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Sand Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± Sand Key SPA** 0 ± 0 0 ± SW of Sand Key SPA 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Lower Florida Keys Total (16) ± ± 0 Fore-reef Total (51) ± ±
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