Atmospheric Structure I
|
|
- Pamela Foster
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Atmospheric Structure I Required Reading: Jacob Chapter 2 Atmospheric Chemistry ATOC-5151 / CHEM-5151 Spring 2013 Prof. Jose-Luis Jimene 1 Review Questions 1. Oxygen has a constant mixing ratio in the atmosphere. How would you expect its number density in surface air to vary between day and night? 2. Give a rough order of magnitude for the number of molecules present in a typical 1 micrometer aerosol particle. 3. Does it make sense to talk about the mixing ratio of aerosol particles in air? To express the concentration of soot aerosol in units of ppbv? From Heald 2 1
2 Atmosphere is a thin planetary skin Radius = 6000 km Atm = 12 km Radius/atm = 500 Radius = 75 mm skin = 0.5 mm Radius/skin= 150 From Tolbert Atmosphere is locally flat For most practical purposes, lower atmosphere can be regarded as flat. Earth curvature only needs to be considered in very special cases. Earth does drag a veil of gas with itself ( exosphere ) with the sie of approximately 10,000 km, however it is extremely dilute. For reference, space km above the Earth surface Figure from Brasseur & Jacob 4 2
3 Atmospheric Pressure Measurement of atmospheric pressure with the mercury barometer: Atmospheric pressure P = P A = P B = Hg gh vacuum h A B Mean sea-level pressure: P = 1.013x10 5 Pa = 1013 hpa = 1013 mbar (mb) = bar = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg (Torr) From Jacob Sea Level Pressure Map Q1: is P in Boulder correct? A.Yes B. No C. It depends D. I don t know Q2: why is P variation relatively small? A. Because T is also small B. Because of storms C. Because of winds D. Because it is an El Niño year E. I don t know Adapted from Jacob 3
4 Sea-Level P can only vary over a narrow range Consider a pressure gradient at sea level operating on an elementary air parcel dxdyd: Vertical area dyd P(x) P(x+dx) Pressure-gradient force df ( P( x) P( xdx)) dyd Acceleration 1 dp dx For P = 10 hpa over x = 100 km, a ~ 10-2 m s km/h wind in 3 h! Effect of wind is to transport air to area of lower pressure and dampen P On mountains, however, the surface pressure is lower, and the pressure-gradient force along the Earth surface is balanced by gravity: P(+D) P-gradient gravity P() This is why weather maps show sea level isobars; The fictitious sea-level pressure at a mountain site assumes an air column to be present between the surface and sea level From Jacob Vertical Structure I Questions: Physical basis for P variation? Physical basis for T variation? 8 4
5 Vertical Structure II From Tolbert Troposphere: 0 15 km Greek tropo = turning Strong vertical motions (days/hrs) T decreases with altitude Air mostly transparent to visible radiation, not a lot of heating Sun heats surface: warm air below cold Creates buoyancy and convection Adapted from Tolbert 5
6 Stratosphere: km Latin stratus = layered Slow vertical mixing - years T increases w/ altitude, warm above cold Stable, temperature inversion From Tolbert CQ: Where is the tropopause higher? a. Tropics b. Poles c. About equal in both places d. Tropics in summer and poles in winter e. I don t know Adapted from Tolbert 6
7 Mesosphere: km Temperature drops off again This is where small meteors burn up shooting stars T increases w/ altitude, warm above cold Stable, temperature inversion From Tolbert Thermosphere: > 80 km Air is heated by absorption of x-rays Highly ionied This class: Troposphere and Stratosphere T increases w/ altitude, warm above cold Stable, temperature inversion From Tolbert 7
8 AS II: Pressure Variation Write force balance for slab From Jacob 15 AS II: Pressure Variation Solution Newton's gad [ P( ) P( d)] A dp g d From ideal gas law : PM a RT Combining these two we get : dp gm a d P RT Assuming that T and M are independent of : a P( ) P(0) e laws : H Hydrostatic equation RT where H is "scale height" gm a CQ: H in troposphere? A: 7 km B: 7 K/km C: 2 km D: 0.5 atm E: dunno Adapted from Nidkorodov 8
9 Atmospheric Structure II Required Reading: Jacob Chapter Atmospheric Chemistry ATOC-5151 / CHEM-5151 Spring 2013 Prof. Jose-Luis Jimene 17 Business Items Dr. Christoph Knote (NCAR) will teach lecture on simple models He is an atmospheric modeler Tricky conceptually, if you haven t done this before Do the reading before the lecture if you can, and especially if you are having issues with the simple models in the problems (e.g. Radon problem in HW2.2, pollution problem in HW3.7) HW programming notes Pay attention to conventions of the course, points shall be taken off for not following them If a problem requires doing the same calculation for several time steps, you need to reuse the same code. It is inefficient (esp. on your time) to e.g. write a separate routine or loop for each time step 18 9
10 Mass of the Atmosphere from force balance Radius of Earth: 6380 km Mean pressure at Earth's surface: 984 hpa m Total number of moles of air in atmosphere: N a 2 4 RPSurface g m a 20 a moles M a kg Mol. wt. of air: 29 g mole -1 = kg mole -1 Clicker Q: approx. number of moles in the mesosphere? A: 1.8 x B: 1.8 x C: 1.8 x D: 1.8 x E: I don t know The sea breee circulation From Jacob section
11 Vertical Profile of Temperature Mean values for 30 o N, March Radiative cooling (ch.7) -3 K km -1 Altitude, km + 2 K km -1 Radiative heating: O 3 + ho 2 + O O + O 2 + M O 3 +M heat Radiative cooling (ch.7) -6.5 K km -1 Expansion cooling Convective Transport & Latent heat release Surface heating Heating by Absorption In the absence of local heating, T decreases with height Exceptions: Stratosphere: Chapman Cycle (1930s) O 2 + hv 2O O + O 2 + M O 3 (+ heat) O + O 3 2O 2 O 3 + hv O + O 2 (+ heat) Q: what is heat at the molecular level? Mesosphere: absorption by N 2, O 2, atoms 22 11
12 Adiabatic Lapse Rate For adiabatically expanding gas: ncvdt (internal energy) PdV (work) where cv is molar heat capacity of air at constant V. Combining this with ideal gas law, where c p (rate of temperature decrease with altitude) PV nrt we get: dt RT dp c P p is molar heat capacity of air at constant P. dt RT dp MW g d d c P d c p is called "dry adiabatic lapse rate" p Clicker Q: What is the approx. lapse rate for Earth if C p for air is 29.1 J mole -1 K -1? A.10 K/km B.1 K/km C.0.01 K/m D.10 km/atm E.Don t know Adapted from Nidkorodov Atmospheric (Vertical) Stability I Adiabatic Lapse Rate () vertical temperature profile when air ascends or descends adiabatically, i.e. w/o giving or receiving heat For Earth, = 9.8 K km -1 Buoyancy force on an air parcel that has rapidly (adiabatically) ascended or descended: F b = g g Figure from Jacob s book 24 12
13 Atmospheric (Vertical) Stability II adiabatic Actual Inversion T Q: which of the following profiles are stable? Stable: a small vertical motion is damped (Unstable: it is amplified) A: 1 & 2 B: 2 C: 3 D: 2 & 3 E: I don t know F: All of the above T T 25 Dilution of Power Plant Plumes Question: which plume dispersion corresponds to each T profile? From Jacob s book (problem 4.1) 26 13
14 How does the Temperature Profile Evolve? An atmosphere left to evolve adiabatically from an initial state would eventually tend to neutral conditions (-dt/d = ) at equilibrium Solar heating of surface and radiative cooling from the atmosphere disrupts that equilibrium and produces an unstable atmosphere: ATM T ATM T initial final T Initial equilibrium state: - dt/d = G Solar heating of surface/radiative cooling of air: unstable atmosphere buoyant motions relax unstable atmosphere back towards dt/d = G Fast vertical mixing in an unstable atmosphere maintains the lapse rate to. Observation of -dt/d >= is sure indicator of an unstable atmosphere. From Jacob Temperature Inversions in the Troposphere Condition under which temperature increases with altitude (negative lapse rate) instead of decreasing. CONSEQUENCE Air in the inversion layer is not mixed efficiently, which results in local trapping of pollutants. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Air contained below the inversion layer, where mixing is rapid. This layer is directly affected by the surface. Air pollutants emitted on the ground rapidly distribute through the boundary layer and accumulate in the inversion layer. From Nidkorodov 14
15 Diurnal Ventilation of Urban Pollution PBL depth Subsidence inversion MIDDAY 1 km Mixing depth NIGHT 0 MORNING T NIGHT MORNING AFTERNOON Potential Temperature I Potential temperature,, is the temperature an air parcel would assume if it were adiabatically compressed from its initial pressure P to some reference pressure P 0 (usually 1 atm). If the adiabatic approximation applies, we have 1 1 T P constant P0 where P0 is reference pressure ( 1 atm) CP 7 γ CV 5 The quantity P P T T P P 0 0 USEFULNESS is known as the "potential temperature" Air parcels approximately conserves its potential temperature and tend to move along lines of constant. Air parcels with constant can be assumed to be well mixed In other words, potential temperature is a convenient indicator of atmospheric stability: Adapted from Nidkorodov 15
16 Stability w/ Potential Temperature adiabatic Actual Q: which of the following profiles are stable? Stable: a small vertical motion is damped (Unstable: it is amplified) A: 1 & 2 B: 2 C: 3 D: 2 & 3 E: I don t know F: All of the above 31 Potential Temperature III d dt MW g 0 when d d d c well mixed atmosphere p d 0 d poorly mixed atmosphere Clicker Q: An air parcel has a temperature of 10 C and a pressure of 650 mbar. Is this parcel likely to have the same composition as the air at the ground level below it? A. Yes B. Only partially C. It depends on additional info D. No way Jose E. E. I don t know Adapted from Nidkorodov. Fig. from Jacob 16
17 In Cloudy Air T Latent heat release as H 2 O condenses Cloud deepens W 2-7 K km -1 W RH 100% RH > 100%: Cloud forms Cloud forms Air parcel 9.8 K km -1 Clicker Q: Does the stability criterion that we discussed based on q apply to cloudy air? A. Yes B. Only partially C. It depends on additional info D. No E. I don t know Adapted from Jacob cloud boundary layer A picture to illustrate. Not the same place/time, but the same phenomenon Discuss: why do the clouds start where they do? why do they stop? Air is turbulent (cf. airplane take off and landing) below the cloud base and inside the cloud and usually smooth above why? Adapted from Jacob 17
18 Clouds and Subsidence Inversions FT PBL typically 2 km Very common, otherwise air would rise to tropopause, precipitating along the way. Lateral distance between the point of ascent and descent for the air mass can be as short as several kilometers and as large as thousands of kilometers. Subsidence over subtropical cities (LA, Mexico City, Athens, Sao Paulo) adds to pollution. FT = Free Troposphere From Jacob & Nidkorodov Species Variation? H() = RT()/(MW air * g) Dalton s law: each component behaves as if it was alone in the atmosphere H i () = RT()/(MW i * g) O 2 at lower altitudes than N 2? Some scientists: CFCs could not cause stratospheric O 3 depletion; too heavy to rise to stratosphere Q: What s wrong with that picture? 36 18
19 Heterosphere: Above 100 km Diffusion faster than turbulent fluid mixing Gravitation separation based on MW Homosphere: Turbulent fluid mixing faster than diffusion From Tolbert Persistence of Planetary Atmospheres Molecules in the high velocity tail of the Maxwell- Botmann distribution can escape the atmosphere The molecules are held back by the gravitational pull of the planet. The critical parameter is the ratio of their gravitational and thermal energy (r = planet radius; G = m 3 /(kg s 2 ) = gravitational constant; M = planet mass; m = mass of the molecule; k = Boltmann constant) Escape rate per unit area per second can be estimated as (n c = density at the critical level). This is known as the Jeans escape formula. Escape velocity is the ratio of the escape rate and the gas concentration p MaxBolt m m ( ) exp 2 kt 2kT Epotential GMm E rkt thermal n c Rate (1 ) 2 V escape e Rate (1 ) e n 2 c 2kT m Planet Exospheric Temperature (K) H V escape (cm/s) Has atmosphere? Uranus Yes Venus Yes Earth Yes Moon No Io No Solve in class: Calculate O and V escape for the oxygen atom on Earth. The mass of the Earth is kg, and its radius is 6371 km. Do a similar calculation for the Moon, M = kg, r = 1738 km) Earth answer: O = 100; V escape = 0.00 cm/s Moon answer: O = 13.9; V escape = 0.24 cm/s 19
20 Spatial and Temporal Scales From S&P Tight link between spatial & temporal scales 39 20
4. Atmospheric transport. Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017
4. Atmospheric transport Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017 Forces in the atmosphere: Gravity g Pressure-gradient ap = ( 1/ ρ ) dp / dx for x-direction (also y, z directions)
More information1. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Temperature profile.
Lecture 4. The structure of the atmosphere. Air in motion. Objectives: 1. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Temperature profile. 2. Temperature in the lower atmosphere: dry adiabatic lapse rate.
More informationLecture 7. Science A-30 February 21, 2008 Air may be forced to move up or down in the atmosphere by mechanical forces (wind blowing over an obstacle,
Lecture 7. Science A-30 February 21, 2008 Air may be forced to move up or down in the atmosphere by mechanical forces (wind blowing over an obstacle, like a mountain) or by buoyancy forces. Air that is
More informationThe Atmosphere. Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Section 23.1 Objectives. Chapter 23. Chapter 23 Modern Earth Science. Section 1
The Atmosphere Chapter 23 Modern Earth Science Characteristics of the Atmosphere Chapter 23 Section 1 Section 23.1 Objectives Describe the composition of Earth s atmosphere. Explain how two types of barometers
More informationA B C D PROBLEMS Dilution of power plant plumes. z z z z
69 PROBLEMS 4. Dilution of power plant plumes Match each power plant plume (-4) to the corresponding atmospheric lapse rate (A-D, solid lines; the dashed line is the adiabatic lapse rate Γ). Briefly comment
More informationThe Atmosphere - Chapter Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section Objectives Describe the composition of Earth s atmosphere. Explain how two types of barometers work. Identify the layers of the atmosphere. Identify two effects of air pollution. The Atmosphere
More informationGlobal Energy Balance: Greenhouse Effect
Global Energy Balance: Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric Composition & Structure Physical Causes of Greenhouse Effects Chapter 3: 44 48. Atmospheric Composition Why does water vapor vary so much? Saturation
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Meteorology Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 17:1 Structure Generalized Hydrostatic Equilibrium P( z) = P( 0)e z # ( ) " dr / H r
More informationOutline. Aim. Gas law. Pressure. Scale height Mixing Column density. Temperature Lapse rate Stability. Condensation Humidity.
Institute of Applied Physics University of Bern Outline A planetary atmosphere consists of different gases hold to the planet by gravity The laws of thermodynamics hold structure as vertical coordinate
More informationGeneral Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets
General Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets Mercury Very little atmosphere Contents: vaporized micrometeorites, solar wind Sky is black Venus Very thick (10% density of water), dense
More informationThe Atmosphere EVPP 110 Lecture Fall 2003 Dr. Largen
1 Physical Environment: EVPP 110 Lecture Fall 2003 Dr. Largen 2 Physical Environment: Atmosphere Composition Heat transfer Atmospheric moisture Atmospheric circulation Weather and climate 3 Physical Environment:
More informationOutline. Planetary Atmospheres. General Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets. General Comments, continued
Outline Planetary Atmospheres Chapter 10 General comments about terrestrial planet atmospheres Atmospheric structure & the generic atmosphere Greenhouse effect Magnetosphere & the aurora Weather & climate
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Meteorology Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 11:1 Structure Generalized Hydrostatic Equilibrium P( z) = P( 0)e z # ( ) " dr / H r
More informationEART164: PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
EART16: PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES Francis Nimmo Last Week How do planets form? They accrete from the solar nebula (dust+gas) They may subsequently migrate Where do atmospheres come from? Primary, secondary,
More informationPlanetary Temperatures
Planetary Temperatures How does Sunlight heat a planet with no atmosphere? This is similar to our dust grain heating problem First pass: Consider a planet of radius a at a distance R from a star of luminosity
More informationThe Earth s Atmosphere-II. GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology
The Earth s Atmosphere-II GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology 1 Vertical Structure of Atmosphere Vertical profile of the atmosphere reveals that it can be divided into a series of layers. Each layer
More informationThe Atmosphere. 1 Global Environments: 2 Global Environments:
1 Global Environments: 2 Global Environments: Composition Vertical structure Heat transfer Atmospheric moisture Atmospheric circulation Weather and climate 3 Global Environments: The earth s atmosphere
More informationChapter 4. Atmospheric Temperature and Stability
Chapter 4. Atmospheric Temperature and Stability 4.1 The temperature structure of the atmosphere Most people are familiar with the fact that the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with altitude. The
More informationATMOSPHERE M E T E O R O LO G Y
1.05.01 ATMOSPHERE 1. 0 5 M E T E O R O LO G Y INTRODUCTION ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained
More informationCLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1 Name: Student ID: Please answer the following questions on your Scantron Multiple Choice [1 point each] (1) The gases that contribute to
More informationWhy Is the Mountain Peak Cold? Lecture 7: Air cools when it rises. Vertical Thermal Structure. Three Things Need To Be Explained
Lecture 7: Air cools when it rises Air expands as it rises Air cools as it expands Air pressure Lapse rates Why Is the Mountain Peak Cold? Sunlight heats the atmosphere from below Convection occurs and
More informationAttendance Sign-Up Sheet. A L: Light Yellow-Green. M Y: Bright Orange
Attendance Sign-Up Sheet Last Name A L: Light Yellow-Green M Y: Bright Orange Lecture #02 January 13, 2010, Wednesday (1) Thickness of the atmosphere (2) Composition of the atmosphere (3) Thermodynamic
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More information[16] Planetary Meteorology (10/24/17)
1 [16] Planetary Meteorology (10/24/17) Upcoming Items 1. Homework #7 due now. 2. Homework #8 due in one week. 3. Midterm #2 on Nov 7 4. Read pages 239-240 (magnetic fields) and Ch. 10.6 by next class
More informationThe Atmosphere. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems
The Atmosphere 1 How big is the atmosphere? Why is it cold in Geneva? Why do mountaineers need oxygen on Everest? 2 A relatively thin layer of gas over the Earths surface Earth s radius ~ 6400km Atmospheric
More informationTable of Contents. Chapter: Atmosphere. Section 1: Earth's Atmosphere. Section 2: Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere. Section 3: Air Movement
Table of Contents Chapter: Atmosphere Section 1: Earth's Atmosphere Section 2: Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Section 3: Air Movement 1 Earth s Atmosphere Importance of the Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere
More information2/22/ Atmospheric Characteristics
17.1 Atmospheric Characteristics Atmosphere: the gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth I. In the past, gases came from volcanic eruptions A. Water vapor was a major component of outgassing B. Other gases
More informationLAB 3: Atmospheric Pressure & Moisture
Name School LAB 3: Atmospheric Pressure & Moisture Our atmosphere is a very dynamic area especially when we see what type of interactions it has with the surrounding environment. This lab will begin discussing
More informationVertical Structure of Atmosphere
ATMOS 3110 Introduction to Atmospheric Sciences Distribution of atmospheric mass and gaseous constituents Because of the earth s gravitational field, the atmosphere exerts a downward forces on the earth
More informationThe Atmosphere of Earth
The Atmosphere of Earth The probability of a storm can be predicted, but nothing can be done to stop or slow a storm. Understanding the atmosphere may help in predicting weather changes, but it is doubtful
More information1. CLIMATOLOGY: 2. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:
What is meteorology? A. METEOROLOGY: an atmospheric science that studies the day to day changes in the atmosphere 1. ATMOSPHERE: the blanket of gas that surrounds the surface of Earth; the air 2. WEATHER:
More informationESS 111 Climate & Global Change. Week 1 Weather vs Climate Structure of the Atmosphere Global Wind Belts
ESS 111 Climate & Global Change Week 1 Weather vs Climate Structure of the Atmosphere Global Wind Belts Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given place and time. For example, right now, the temperature
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres Pressure Composition Greenhouse effect Atmospheric structure Color of the sky 1 Atmospheres
More informationOur Atmosphere as seen from the bottom of it near Grand Pre, NS. Info modified from various sources by TWebb HHS
Our Atmosphere as seen from the bottom of it near Grand Pre, NS Info modified from various sources by TWebb HHS Properties of the Atmosphere A) Mobility B) Expansion (MOST important!) C) Compression These
More informationsurrounds Earth and protects it somewhat from solar radiation. Like all other matter, air has weight,
The air that we breathe comes from the atmosphere, a thin gaseous layer that surrounds Earth and protects it somewhat from solar radiation. Like all other matter, air has weight, but this weight varies
More informationThe Atmosphere. Atmospheric structure
The Atmosphere Atmospheric structure Atmospheric layers defined by changes in temperature Troposphere contains 75% of atmospheric gases; temperature decreases with height Tropopause boundary between troposphere
More informationATMO/OPTI 656b Spring 09. Physical properties of the atmosphere
The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Physical properties of the atmosphere To first order, the gas pressure at the bottom of an atmospheric column balances the downward force of gravity on the column.
More informationToday. Events. Terrestrial Planet Geology - Earth. Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres. Homework DUE next time
Today Terrestrial Planet Geology - Earth Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres Events Homework DUE next time Ring of Fire Boundaries of plates traced by Earthquakes and Volcanos Plate Motions Measurements of
More informationThermosphere Part-3. EUV absorption Thermal Conductivity Mesopause Thermospheric Structure Temperature Structure on other planets
Thermosphere Part-3 EUV absorption Thermal Conductivity Mesopause Thermospheric Structure Temperature Structure on other planets Thermosphere Absorbs EUV Absorption: Solar Spectrum 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8
More information2. What does a mercury barometer measure? Describe this device and explain how it physically works.
Written Homework #1 Key NATS 101, Sec. 13 Fall 2010 40 Points total 10 points per graded question 10 points for attempting all questions. 1. What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass is an intrinsic
More informationMETEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION. JAI PRAKASH Civil Engineering IIT Delhi 1 AUGUST, 2011
METEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION JAI PRAKASH Civil Engineering IIT Delhi 1 AUGUST, 2011 METEOROLOGY Aerosols particles which are emitted from the sources they are transported and dispersed through meteorological
More informationLecture 10 March 15, 2010, Monday. Atmospheric Pressure & Wind: Part 1
Lecture 10 March 15, 2010, Monday Atmospheric Pressure & Wind: Part 1 Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Pressure Atmospheric Pressure & Its Measurement Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Pressure Gradient
More informationEarth s Atmosphere About 10 km thick
10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric properties vary with altitude? Earth s Atmosphere About 10 km thick
More informationESE / GE 148a: Introduction to Climate
ESE / GE 148a: Introduction to Climate Organizational Details - I TA: Xianglei Huang: Xianglei (Luke) is a graduate student in Planetary Science and is working with Prof. Yuk Yung
More informationRadiative equilibrium Some thermodynamics review Radiative-convective equilibrium. Goal: Develop a 1D description of the [tropical] atmosphere
Radiative equilibrium Some thermodynamics review Radiative-convective equilibrium Goal: Develop a 1D description of the [tropical] atmosphere Vertical temperature profile Total atmospheric mass: ~5.15x10
More information78% : component of atmosphere! 21% : 1% : Changes depending on origin of air: - originated over - originated over Ozone = O 3 Definition:
Unit 6 Part 1 Meteorology Name: Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere SWBAT: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. Diagram/describe the layers of the earth s atmosphere. Weather Climate Atmospheric
More informationWeather vs Climate! What!are!the!!four!factors!that!determine!weather?!!
Name: Adv: Weather vs Climate Whatarethefourfactorsthatdetermineweather? 1 2 3 4 Writeadefinitionforweather: Writeadefinitionforclimate: Weather Climate vs.. Layers & Composition of the Atmosphere Atmosphere.definition:..
More informationCommon Elements: Nitrogen, 78%
Chapter 23 Notes Name: Period: 23.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is a layer of that surrounds the earth and influences all living things. Meteorology is the study of the. WHAT S IN
More informationLet s Think for a Second
Weather and Climate Let s Think for a Second Why is weather important in Ohio? Is climate important in Ohio? Spend 2 minutes sharing your thoughts with 1 partner. First, Let s Watch This. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/earthsci/climate-weather-sci/
More informationUnit 3 Review Guide: Atmosphere
Unit 3 Review Guide: Atmosphere Atmosphere: A thin layer of gases that forms a protective covering around the Earth. Photosynthesis: Process where plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Trace
More informationUnit 3: 4/14/2015. Meteorology. Meteorologist. Research. The Earth s Atmosphere How do we collect information on the atmosphere?
Unit 3: Meteorology The word meteorology is from Greek, metéōros, meaning "lofty; high (in the sky)" Where are they? Why is there no weather? Meteorology Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric
More informationProject 3 Convection and Atmospheric Thermodynamics
12.818 Project 3 Convection and Atmospheric Thermodynamics Lodovica Illari 1 Background The Earth is bathed in radiation from the Sun whose intensity peaks in the visible. In order to maintain energy balance
More informationAtmosphere Properties and Instruments. Outline. AT351 Lab 2 January 30th, 2008
Atmosphere Properties and Instruments AT351 Lab 2 January 30th, 2008 Outline 1. Atmospheric Variables and How We Measure Them 2. Composition of the Atmosphere 3. How to Represent Weather Data Visually
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More informationThe Cosmic Perspective Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
Chapter 10 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics
More informationThickness of the Atmosphere
Lecture 1: A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere Origins of the atmosphere Vertical structure of composition Vertical structure of air pressure Vertical structure of temperature The ionosphere Thickness of
More informationChapter 4 Lesson 1: Describing Earth s Atmosphere
Chapter 4 Lesson 1: Describing Earth s Atmosphere Vocabulary Importance of Earth s Atmosphere The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth. o Contains the oxygen and water needed for life.
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning:! What is an atmosphere?! How does the greenhouse effect warm
More informationPart-8c Circulation (Cont)
Part-8c Circulation (Cont) Global Circulation Means of Transfering Heat Easterlies /Westerlies Polar Front Planetary Waves Gravity Waves Mars Circulation Giant Planet Atmospheres Zones and Belts Global
More informationTemperature Pressure Wind Moisture
Chapter 1: Properties of Atmosphere Temperature Pressure Wind Moisture Thickness of the Atmosphere (from Meteorology Today) 90% 70% The thickness of the atmosphere is only about 2% of Earth s thickness
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 16 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 16 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? Earth s Atmosphere. Atmospheric Pressure
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More information9.5 Troposphere. Describe the characteristics and importance of the troposphere. Explain temperature inversion and its role in the troposphere.
9.5 Troposphere Describe the characteristics and importance of the troposphere. Explain temperature inversion and its role in the troposphere. Why is the troposphere important? All of the wind, rain, and
More informationWEATHER. Review Note Cards
WEATHER Review Note Cards Thermometer Weather instrument that measures air temperature Units include F, C, and K ESRT 13 Sling Psychrometer Weather instrument that measures relative humidity and dewpoint
More informationCOMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Characteristics of the Atmosphere 1. Define atmosphere. 2. Describe two important functions served by Earth s atmosphere. COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE 3. The
More informationScience Chapter 13,14,15
Science 1206 Chapter 13,14,15 1 Weather dynamics is the study of how the motion of water and air causes weather patterns. Energy from the Sun drives the motion of clouds, air, and water. Earth s tilt at
More informationAnswers to Clicker Questions
Answers to Clicker Questions Chapter 1 What component of the atmosphere is most important to weather? A. Nitrogen B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Ozone E. Water What location would have the lowest surface
More informationATMO/OPTI 656b Spring 08. Physical Properties of the Atmosphere
Physical Properties of the Atmosphere Thin as a piece of paper The atmosphere is a very thin layer above the solid Earth and its oceans. This is true of the atmospheres of all of the terrestrial planets.
More informationAtmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition Air is a combination of many gases, each with its own unique characteristics. About 99 percent of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen, with the
More informationThe Layered Atmosphere:
The Layered Atmosphere: The Earth s Atmosphere Like all the planets, the Earth s atmosphere is highly distinct. What makes it different from the other terrestrial planets? Comparative Planetology The basic
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Pearson Education, Inc.
Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric properties
More informationFinal Examination. Part A Answer ONLY TWELVE QUESTIONS in Part A. (Each question is 3 points)
ATS 210 Spring Term 2001 NAME: Final Examination This is a 2 hour, closed-book examination. Calculators may be used. All answers should be written on the examination paper. Use the final sheet for any
More informationGases. Which elements exist as gases at ordinary temperature and pressure? Gases: Have simple molecular formulas. Chapter 10 part 1: Ideal Gases
Chapter 10 part 1: Ideal Gases Read: BLB 10.1 5 HW: BLB 10.2,19a,b, 23, 26, 30, 39, 41, 45, 49 Sup 10:1 6 Know: What is pressure? Gases Which elements exist as gases at ordinary temperature and pressure?
More informationGeneral Meteorology. Part II. I Introduction and Terminology. II Earth s Atmosphere and Sun
Part II General Meteorology I Introduction and Terminology II Earth s Atmosphere and Sun III Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (Stability of atmosphere) IV Meteorological Dynamics (atmospheric motion) II/1
More informationUnit 2 Meteorology Test **Please do not write on this test** 5. El Nino & La Nina 6. Photosynthesis 7. Coriolis Effect 8.
Matching (2 points each) 1. weather 2. climate 3. Greenhouse Effect 4. Convection Unit 2 Meteorology Test **Please do not write on this test** 5. El Nino & La Nina 6. Photosynthesis 7. Coriolis Effect
More informationp = ρrt p = ρr d = T( q v ) dp dz = ρg
Chapter 1: Properties of the Atmosphere What are the major chemical components of the atmosphere? Atmospheric Layers and their major characteristics: Troposphere, Stratosphere Mesosphere, Thermosphere
More information1. Composition and Structure
Atmospheric sciences focuses on understanding the atmosphere of the earth and other planets. The motivations for studying atmospheric sciences are largely: weather forecasting, climate studies, atmospheric
More informationYour web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore
Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore JET STREAM For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources,
More informationThe Tropical Atmosphere: Hurricane Incubator
The Tropical Atmosphere: Hurricane Incubator Images from journals published by the American Meteorological Society are copyright AMS and used with permission. A One-Dimensional Description of the Tropical
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE. Tarbuck Lutgens
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 17 The Atmosphere: Structure and Temperature 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics Composition of the Atmosphere Weather is constantly changing, and it refers
More informationI T A T I O N H B I T B T V A O C J K M R S A T M O S P H E R E
Word Search Directions: Below are definitions of vocabulary terms. Figure out each term and then find and circle it in the puzzle. Words may appear horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. K E M I S S
More informationAtmospheric Moisture, Precipitation, and Weather Systems
Atmospheric Moisture, Precipitation, and Weather Systems 6 Chapter Overview The atmosphere is a complex system, sometimes described as chaotic in nature. In this chapter we examine one of the principal
More informationThe troposphere is the layer closest to Earth s surface. Extends from 9-16 km above Earth s Surface It contains most of the mass of the atmosphere.
Chapter 11 The atmosphere is the blanket of gases surrounding Earth that contains about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor The atmosphere is classified
More informationMeteorology Practice Test
Meteorology Practice Test 1. Transition zones between two air masses of different densities are called what? 2. A front occurs when a cold air mass replaces a warmer one. 3. A front occurs when a warm
More informationChapter 2 Earth s atmosphere (Lectures 4 and 5)
Chapter 2 Earth s atmosphere (Lectures 4 and 5) Keywords: Earth s atmosphere; International standard atmosphere; geopotential altitude; stability of atmosphere. Topics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Earth s atmosphere
More informationAtmosphere and Climate
Atmosphere and Climate The atmosphere is a complex hydrodynamical system, driven by radiative, convective, gravitational, and rotational forces, which can cause frequent dynamic fluctuations in temperature
More informationCHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
1 CHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION The objective of atmospheric chemistry is to understand the factors that control the concentrations of chemical species in the atmosphere. In this book
More information1 Thermodynamics: some Preliminaries
1 Thermodynamics: some Preliminaries Beforewebegintoconsider thetransfer ofradiation through an atmosphere, let s consider the structure of an atmosphere with a little thermodynamics. This material hopefully
More informationTemperature (T) degrees Celsius ( o C) arbitrary scale from 0 o C at melting point of ice to 100 o C at boiling point of water Also (Kelvin, K) = o C
1 2 3 4 Temperature (T) degrees Celsius ( o C) arbitrary scale from 0 o C at melting point of ice to 100 o C at boiling point of water Also (Kelvin, K) = o C plus 273.15 0 K is absolute zero, the minimum
More informationUNIT 12: THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
UNIT 12: THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE After Unit 12 you should be able to: o Effectively use the charts Average Chemical Composition of Earth s Crust, Hydrosphere and Troposphere, Selected Properties of Earth
More informationAtmosphere & Heat Transfer Basics Notes
Atmosphere & Heat Transfer Basics Notes S6E4. A: Analyze and interpret data to compare and contrast the composition of Earth s atmospheric layers (including the ozone layer) and greenhouse gases. Read
More informationWeek: Dates: 3/2 3/20 Unit: Climate
clementaged.weebly.com Name: EVEN Period: Week: 28 30 Dates: 3/2 3/20 Unit: Climate Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 2 O 3 E *Vocabulary *Water in the Atmosphere and Clouds Notes *Cloud Drawings
More informationAtmospheric Composition and Structure
Atmospheric Composition and Structure Weather and Climate What is weather? The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Defined by: Humidity, temperature, wind speed, clouds, precipitation,
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres. Structure Composition Clouds Photochemistry Meteorology Atmospheric Escape
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Photochemistry Meteorology Atmospheric Escape Photochemistry We can characterize chemical reactions in the atmosphere in the following way: 1. Photolysis:
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? About 10 km thick
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? Sources of Gas Losses of Gas Thermal Escape Earth s Atmosphere About 10 km thick Consists mostly of molecular
More informationMonday 7 October 2013, Class #15
Monday 7 October 2013, Class #15 Concepts for Today (Basics for Thermodynamics) Weather versus climate Lapse Rate (Adiabatic Lapse Rate) Ideal Gas Law Adiabatic Processes Potential Temperature Hydrostatic
More informationAtmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, solids, and liquids that surround the planet.
Atmosphere Atmosphere- a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet. If Earth had no atmosphere, days would be extremely hot and nights would be extremely cold. Earth's atmosphere
More informationLecture 1. Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions. Pressure gradient + force force
Lecture 3 Lecture 1 Basic dynamics Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions Acceleration = Pressure Coriolis + gravity + friction gradient + force force This set of equations is the
More informationUnit 2: The atmosphere
Unit 2: The atmosphere 1. Composition and structure 2. Atmospheric pressure and humidity 3. Weather and climate 4. Atmospheric phenomena 5. Importance of the atmosphere Think and answer? a. What elements
More information