The Atmosphere. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems
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1 The Atmosphere 1 How big is the atmosphere? Why is it cold in Geneva? Why do mountaineers need oxygen on Everest? 2 A relatively thin layer of gas over the Earths surface Earth s radius ~ 6400km Atmospheric thickness ~ 100km WW_Atmosphere_1_m.jpg 3 36 Air Pressure and Altitude 32 Pressure decreases as you The change in is pressure is not linear. Pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. 24 Altitude (km) go up in height Height of Mt Everest 50% of air below this altitude Pressure (mb)
2 Air Density and Altitude Gravity pulls all particles down More particles at the bottom of the air column Altitude (km) Air Density Air Molecules As gravity pulls gas molecules to the Earths surface an pressure of 100Kpa is exerted at sea level mb 100 Air Pressure 0 Low High Increasing 6 Layers and Temperature The atmosphere can be divided into layers based on temperature characteristics The layering creates real physical barriers. Mixing occurs within layers but not between layers 7 Layers of the atmosphere 1 Troposphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Altitude (km) Mesopause Mesophere Stratopause Tropopause Troposphere Thermosphere
3 Layers of the atmosphere Four layers are defined by trends in average air temperature Altitude (km) Thermosphere 0.001mb Mesopause mb Mesophere 0.1mb 60 Stratopause 1mb 40 10mb 100mb Tropopause Troposphere 1000mb Temperature o C 9 Troposphere The habitable layer of the atmosphere Between 8-16 km deep Deeper at equator than at the poles Contains 80% of the atmospheres mass The part of the atmosphere that contains weather 10 Contains the ozone layer Where ultra-violet radiation is absorbed Protects us from harmful high-energy radiation from the sun The stratosphere is warmer than the top of the troposphere because of the energy absorbed 11 Alt 40 Stratopause 1mb 10mb Warming in the mb Tropopause Troposphere 1000mb Temperature o C 12
4 Ozone Highly reactive molecule oxygen O3 Two types - Stratospheric and Surface ozone O O O 13 Surface Ozone Result of chemical reactions between a variety of polluting gases Mainly from vehicle emissions An irritant 14 Stratospheric Ozone Beneficial - absorbs ultra-violet radiation Protects us from this harmful radiation Gets down by chemical reactions with chlorine containing gases (chlorofluorocarbons CFCs): Manmade compounds used in aerosol sprays, refrigerators and air-conditioners 15 Mesosphere Between an altitude of km Temperature drops with altitude to about -90oC Little or no gases, particles or water vapour to absorb UV This results in no heating taking place 16
5 Thermosphere Extends to the exosphere at about 110km The upper layer of the mesosphere and the thermosphere are called the ionosphere Thin layer that contains many ions (charged) Responsible for the Northern and Southern Lights and the reflection of radio waves Lapse Rate In the troposphere temperature decreases with altitude This varies from place to place and season to season The amount of moisture in the air has a large effect on the lapse rate Averaged as the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) 19 Lapse Rate ELR is around 6.5 o C / 1000m This works for about the first 11 km of atmosphere But the idea that temperature falls in the troposphere is important
6 Atmospheric Energy Budget Sunlight (short wave radiation) Controls weather and climate Drives photosynthesis 21 ENERGY IN THE ATMOSPHERE Incoming solar Reflected Solar 107 Outgoing Longwave 342 Reflected by Clouds and Atmosphere Emitted by Atmosphere Atmospheric window 30 Absorbed by 67 Atmosphere 78 Greenhouse Gases 40 Latent Heat Back Reflected by Surfaces Thermals Surface Absorbed by surfaces 78 Evapotranspiration 324 Absorbed back 22 Energy in the Atmosphere Solar radiation can take several paths within the atmosphere 30% reflected by the atmosphere 19% absorbed by the atmosphere 51% absorbed by Earth s surfaces % Solar 6% Reflected by atmosphere % reflected by clouds 19% absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds 4% reflected from surfaces 51% absorbed at the surface 24
7 Energy in the Atmosphere UV absorption by ozone, water vapour carbon dioxide and dust and ice particles Reflection by clouds and surfaces The remainder heats up the Earth in the natural greenhouse effect 25 Differences in Solar energy across the Earths surface Because of the curve of the Earth different values of solar energy/unit area occur Least solar energy / unit area is at the poles Solar Most solar energy / unit area is at the equator 26 Differences in Solar energy across the Earths surface Albedo effect is the Surface type Albedo (%) balance between a Fresh snow 95 surfaces ability to Dark rock 10 absorb or reflect Desert sand 35 Urban areas Grassland and forest Dry ploughed fields Water 8 27 Latent and Sensible heat Heat is redistributed over the Earths surface by three main processes Latent Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Heat Flux 28
8 Latent heat flux Conversion of solid and liquid water into vapour Needs a large amount of heat energy to break bonds in water Circulation by the atmosphere Condensation to rain or snow release stored energy 29 Sensible heat flux Transfer of energy from surface to atmosphere by conduction and convection Energy moved by advection from tropics to poles Creates atmospheric circulation Moves warm air to poles and cool air to tropics 30 Surface heat flux Energy transfered into tropical oceans from sun Conversion of solar radiation to heat energy Conduction and convection transfer heat down water column Horizontal transfer of warm water (heat) from equator to poles and back again 31 32
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