Common Elements: Nitrogen, 78%

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1 Chapter 23 Notes Name: Period: 23.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is a layer of that surrounds the earth and influences all living things. Meteorology is the study of the. WHAT S IN THE ATMOSPHERE? o The air is a mixture of chemical and compounds. Common Elements: Argon, 0.90% Oxygen, 21% Nitrogen, 78% The fourth most common element in the air,, only makes up 0.002% of the atmosphere and is too small of an amount to show up on the pie chart. o Common compounds exist in amounts: Carbon Dioxide 0.04% Water Vapor < 0.1% to 2% depending on the Ozone (O3) % Exists in the upper atmosphere and is important because it protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays by them. o The amounts of these gases do not change significantly over. o The atmosphere also contains tiny solid particles including, dust, microscopic organisms, and salt. OXYGEN CYCLE: Oxygen is removed by animals, bacteria, plants, fires, burning, and weathering rocks. Oxygen is replenished by as a product of photosynthesis.

2 NITROGEN CYCLE: Nitrogen is removed by plants and Nitrogen is replenished mainly by decomposing plants and animals that have eaten ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: Due to, 99% of the atmosphere is within km of the surface. The remaining 1% extends for of kilometers. The atmosphere s mass exerts a force equivalent to pounds of pressure per square inch at sea level. o Because there is less air at higher altitudes, there is atmospheric pressure at those altitudes. o are used to measure atmospheric pressure Units: atmospheres equivalent to average pressure at sea level (mb) equal to.001 of an atmosphere LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE: We designate the atmospheric layers based mainly on the way solar energy is within each layer. See page 460 TROPOSPHERE: Where occurs Contains almost all atmospheric water vapor and CO2 Temperature with increasing altitude because of increased distance from the warming effects of the surface. Extends to an average of 10km

3 STRATOSPHERE: Begins at the tropopause Extends to an altitude of 50km Contains the layer Temperatures MESOSPHERE: Begins at the stratopause Extends to an altitude of 80km Temperatures THERMOSPHERE: Begins at the mesopause Extends to an altitude of several hundred km Temperatures IONOSPHERE: A region of ionized particles (from solar energy) found within the AIR POLLUTION: Includes substances in the air that are harmful to humans, animals, plants, or property. Produces. Can result in smog in large cities especially when a layer of air rests above a layer of air (and an inversion occurs) SOLAR ENERGY AND THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is heated in several ways by the transfer of energy from the. This solar energy travels in the form of called radiation. WHAT HAPPENS TO SOLAR RADIATION AS IT GOES THROUGH EARTH S ATMOSPHERE? 1. Absorption As radiation passes through the atmosphere the wavelengths (gamma rays, ultraviolet rays) are absorbed first Larger wavelengths (visible light, infrared) reach Earth s 20% of radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere ~ % is absorbed by earth s surface. 2. Scattering Water vapor and gases refract radiation in all directions sending some of it back into

4 3. Reflection Clouds, dust, air, and earth s surface reflect radiation back into ~ 30% of all radiation is sent back into space by scattering and reflection. INFRARED ENERGY: o Infrared rays provide the energy that heats rocks, soil, water, and other earth materials. It is the that you feel from the sun. GREENHOUSE EFFECT: o Infrared wavelengths that pass through the atmosphere and heat the earth s surface are reflected upward as wavelengths (which cannot escape the atmosphere). o Temperature variations throughout earth s surface are. What causes these variations? Amounts of direct radiation and water vapor differences Locations of bodies of o This effect is exaggerated by trapped in the atmosphere WINDS Wind is caused by the heating and cooling of the earth s surface and atmosphere. Without the Effect, the sinking cold air at the poles would move in straight lines toward the equator where air is heated and rising. o See Diagram on pg. 472

5 GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS: o Equator: Air is heated and rises creating a pressure system. The upper air moves north and south. Lower air moves in creating the Northeast and Southeast winds. o 30 North and South: Air sinks creating a pressure system Lower air moves north (Westerlies) and south (Trade Winds) Dry conditions occur. Most of the world s are in this area. o 60 North and South: Air rises creating a pressure system. Upper air moves north and south. o Poles: Air cools and sinks creating a pressure system. Lower air moves away from the poles creating the Polar Easterlies. o The meeting of the Westerlies with the Polar Easterlies creates a strong of wind called the jet stream. This is due to the extreme difference in air temperature and. LOCAL WINDS: o Caused by differences in elevation and closeness to bodies of. o Land heats faster than water, so air above land during the day and is replaced by cooler air from the sea creating a sea breeze. o At night, the cools more quickly causing the air to move the opposite direction creating a land breeze. o air in valleys rises and moves up mountains. o At night, the cool air from the mountains toward the valleys.

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