Let s Think for a Second

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1 Weather and Climate

2 Let s Think for a Second Why is weather important in Ohio? Is climate important in Ohio? Spend 2 minutes sharing your thoughts with 1 partner.

3 First, Let s Watch This.

4 The Sun The Sun provides the energy that drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans. This produces winds and ocean currents So. How does the Sun s energy drive our weather and climate systems?

5 Let s do a Think-Pair-Share Choose the statement (1-4) that you think best completes the sentence. The Sun warms the Earth s atmosphere primarily because: 1. The sunlight is absorbed by the atmosphere. 2. The sunlight and heat from the Sun are absorbed by the atmosphere. 3. The sunlight is absorbed by the land and oceans. 4. The sunlight and heat from the Sun are absorbed by the land and oceans.

6 The Sun s Radiant Energy It is the fuel that drives Earth's climate engine. As shown in the figure, the Earth-atmosphere system constantly tries to maintain a balance between the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun and the energy that flows from Earth back out to space. Energy received from the sun is mostly in the visible (or shortwave) part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

7 Where s the radiant energy go? About 30% of the solar energy that comes to Earth is reflected back to space. The ratio of reflected-to-incoming energy is called "albedo" from the Latin word meaning whiteness. The solar radiation absorbed by the Earth causes the planet to heat up until it is radiating (or emitting) as much energy back into space as it absorbs from the sun. The Earth's thermal emitted radiation is mostly in the infrared (or longwave) part of the spectrum. The balance between incoming and outgoing energy is called the Earth's radiation budget.

8 Earth s Radiation Budget Visible Light From

9 The solar radiation heats the surface of the Earth. Heat is transferred to air molecules that come in contact with the ground or ocean.

10 As the Warmer Air Rises Cooler air is pulled in from other places Cooler air is pulled in from other places Convection

11 Where else do we see convection? As long as there is gravity, convection occurs any time there is a fluid with heating and cooling Convection in the atmosphere that causes wind, convection in the ocean that causes ocean currents, & convection in the mantle. It even happens when you boil water in a pot on the stove. As the pan heats, it heats the water touching it. The warmer water rises to be replaced by the cooler, more dense water sinking.

12 Convection current the transfer of heat energy through a fluid due to gravity

13 Image from

14 Think, Pair, Share How does a convection current work? Why do we have wind?

15 How does the Sun s energy drive ocean currents?

16 Visuals of Currents and Winds /content/visualizations/es2401/es2401page01.cfm?cha pter_no=visualization

17 The Wind Result of uneven heating of the Earth s surface causes differences in air pressure to develop (cold air near the poles, warm air near the Equator) Molecules always move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

18 Leading edge of an air mass 4 kinds of fronts: Cold front Warm front Stationary front Occluded front front boundary

19 Cold Front: mass of cold air moving into area of warmer air Warm Front: mass of warm air moving into area of cooler air Stationary Front: masses of cold & warm air meet from opposite directions and stop moving Occluded Front: mass of cold air overtakes mass of warm air moving in same direction

20 Cold Front mass of cold air moving into area of warmer air cold air forces warm air up & over the cold air; often creating storms

21 Warm Front mass of warm air moving into area of cooler air As front enters, rain showers, then light rain, then clearing and warmer

22 Stationary Fronts air masses are not moving against each other forms when a cold front or warm front stops moving may stay put for days often cloudy with rain or snow

23 Occluded Fronts forms when a cold air mass overtakes a warm front Light to moderate rain before and during Clearing and cooler after

24 Oceans Show movie The_OCEAN.mov

25 Where does weather take place? The Earth has 4 layers within its atmosphere. Almost all of the weather that occurs on Earth takes place in the lowest layer of the atmosphere known as the troposphere.

26

27 Lower Layers of Atmosphere Troposphere: lowest layer extends up to 10km; contains 99% of the water vapor and 75% of the atmospheric gases. The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains most clouds (we live here). Most weather occurs in this layer. Most of the layer s heat is from Earth. Temperature cools about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.

28 Lower Layers of Atmosphere Stratosphere directly above troposphere, extending from 10 km to about 50 km above Earth s surface Portion of the upper layer contains high levels of a gas called ozone. The ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun. Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable.

29 Upper Layers of Atmosphere Mesosphere extends from the top of the stratosphere to about 85 km above Earth Coldest layer. Meteors burn up in the mesosphere. Ionosphere is found here layer of charged particles

30 Upper Layers of Atmosphere Thermosphere thickest atmospheric layer found between 85 km and 500 km above Earth s surface The thermosphere is a layer with auroras, known for its high temperatures. Warms as it filters out X-rays and gamma rays from the Sun Ionosphere is here, too help carry radio waves.

31 Upper Layers of Atmosphere Exosphere The upper part of the Thermosphere that merges into space. The exosphere is the upper limit of our atmosphere and is extremely thin. Outer layer where space shuttle orbits.

32

33 World Biomes

34 What is a Biome? Scientists have developed the term Biome to describe areas on the earth with similar climate, plants, and animals. The plants and animals that live in a specific biome are physically well adapted for that area. Plants and animals that live in a specific biome share similar characteristics with other plants and animals in that biome throughout the world. The types of biomes that will be explored during this exercise include: Tundra, Deserts, Grasslands, Taiga, Temperate Forests, and Rainforests

35 EXIT Click on the Biome you wish to explore Tundra Temperate Forest Desert Taiga Rainforest Grassland

36 Group Project Tundra Deserts Grasslands Taiga Temperate Forests Rainforests

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