Note 7. Device applications 1

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1 ot 7. Dv lto Prt : P- Juto P Juto A P juto h rtyg urrt voltg I or I hrtrt. It ll rtr or o. h P juto th trutur o olr ll, lght-mttg o, o lr, rt ll ty o trtor. A P juto b brt by ovrtg lyr o P-ty moutor to -ty wth oor mltto or uo.

Ergy Dgrm o P Juto -ty P-ty -ty P-ty E ott t

Frm lvl P- juto mov ow by hol og uo ε A III ε D

2 Ergy Dgrm o P Juto -ty P-ty -ty P-ty E ott t ulbrum -ty P-ty E E v r mooth, th t h to b trm. -ty P-ty b E E v r ow rltv to E A lto lyr t t th P juto whr. Frm lvl P- juto mov ow by hol og uo ε A III ε D mov u by ltro og P ty ty t ulbrum uorm - o hol rrr Eltro rrr + o uorm trbuto o Frm lvl

3 ult- Pottl th bult- ottl b mur wth voltmtr? Lt u m th b grm o P juto. E Ev r ot lt. h t th r o voltg rtl. h voltg rtl, φ, ll th bult- ottl. A bult- ottl rt t th tr o y two mlr mtrl. o voltg wll b rgtr bu th t um o th bult- ottl t th P juto, th moutor mtl ott, th mtl to wr ott, t., y lo loo zro. Howvr, ltro hol r lrt by th bult- ltr l, u ltr. Eltro & hol t th outo/vl b E g Eltro ty t outo b hol ty t vl b Frm-Dr trbuto / v v g g tt th outo b ty o g th vl b tt ty o g or or g whr g whr , 3 Aromto or th Frm-Dr trbuto Rwrt th ltro hol t

4 P- juto ulbrum I ulbrum, o low o urrt thr mut t tt l to outrt th low u to uo Lt th ltrott ottl u by th o-uorm og A l l A E E l A -rgo l P-rgo l h bult ottl trm by. h lrgr th or, th lrgr th φ. ylly, φ bout.9 or lo P juto. whr, h ltro t outo b r Dlto rgo by ltro/hol uo Poo & & h ottl th l mut b otuou t =. Fl Pottl th Dlto Lyr

5 W W 4 5 4,5 otuty o rt orr rtl t = otuty o t = Dlto lyr wth W I >>, P + juto, W I >>, + P juto, W Whh o th juto lt mor? bult- ottl φ EXAMPLE: A P + juto h = m -3 = 7 m -3. Wht t bult ottl, bw,, P? m m.6 l l μm / W W. μm. Å μm. 4 P E - E P ty ty Dlto lyr

P- juto wth Wh trl l W W h o lto lyr W ------ 3 W or orwr,

6 P- juto wth Wh trl l W W h o lto lyr W W or orwr, whl W or bwr Rtvty o P- juto trm by th th o th lto lyr whh h o rrr. - + Juto row A rvr P juto out glgbly mll urrt. h tru utl rtl rvr rh juto brow our A Zr o g to ort th brow mo.

7 Rvr row t P Eltr Fl Juto brow our wh th ltr l th P juto rh rtl vlu. E For rvr, th ltr l t = 3 E E W E 5 Wh E rh om rtl vlu, E, brow our. h brow voltg < r by E E 6 Forwr rrr Ijto A orwr o ru th brrr hght rom φ to φ. h ru th rt l ut th bl btw uo rt tht t t zro. Eltro ow u rom th to th P. h ll morty rrr jto. Smlrly, hol r jt rom th P to th. -ty P-ty P O th, E E F trm by. Lt u um tht E F rm ott through P bu th lto lyr rrow. hror, t th g o th utrl P rgo, E E E E E E / / / P E E/ P P / 8 h morty rrr t r r by /

h, D D L whr, L D uo lgth τ : romto ltm 3 A 3 Forwr Juto-- E rrr O th o th P juto, w lyz th movmt o th morty rrr hol by olvg

8 urrt otuty Euto I ty tt, th umbr o hol lowg to th bo r o = umbr o hol lowg out o th bo r o + umbr o hol romg th bo r o : rrr ty I I I 9 A J out A J J J J romb. J J lmt 3 or uo urrt, whh roortol to th grt o th hol otrto. J, uo D Whr, D th uo ott. h, D D L whr, L D uo lgth τ : romto ltm 3 A 3 Forwr Juto-- E rrr O th o th P juto, w lyz th movmt o th morty rrr hol by olvg 3 / or th boury oto L / h grl oluto o. 3 A / L / L / L h rt boury oto m A =. h o trm l to, Smlrly, o th P / P / L, 35 P P

9 P Do I- hrtrt 34,35 P / / S both J J r ow t th totl urrt ty, J, b trm t tht loto D L J D L 36 D P L J P D P L D D otl urrt ty J J P P P L L 37 h totl urrt I I / L P / L,, P & I urv t orwr h totl urrt b rwrtt by I I 38 D D I A L L A th o r I ow th rvr turto urrt bu th o urrt turt t I t lrg rvr gtv. S P o hv tur o voltg o bout.6 t room tmrtur. h tur o voltg lowr t hghr tmrtur. Q. Wht u th I urv to ht to lowr t hghr? h o mol rov llt t to th mur o urrt ovr lrg urrt rg ur orwr. h mol rt trght l wth lo tht l/ or 6 m r t room tmrtur.

10 Otoltro Dv : Solr ll Solr ll lo ow hotovolt ll. ovrt ulght to ltrty wth 3% ovro y. m olr ll grt bout 5 W or 5 W otuou owr. Low ot hgh y r or w loymt. A olr ll trutur tl to P juto o but wth gr h or trrt ltro o tht lght tr th moutor. W hv lry tht voltg, wthout lght, rou o urrt I I Lght lo rvg or tht rou o urrt wthout voltg,.., wth th two o trml hort rut o tht =. Solr ll Wh lght h o th P juto, th morty rrr tht r grt by lght wth uo lgth rom th juto u to th juto, b wt ro th juto by th bult l, u urrt to low out o th P trml through th trl hort rut b to th trml. h urrt ll th hort rut urrt, I. I roortol to th lght tty to th ll r, o our. h totl o olr ll urrt th um o th urrt grt by th voltg tht grt by lght. I I I h gtv g t tht th rto o I oot to tht o th voltg grt urrt My ll r ot r to obt th r voltg. ortg ot : mmz th outut owr,

11 Lght Aborto h Photo Ergy.4 m Photo wth rgy lrgr th E g r borb but om hoto my trvl orbl t th moutor bor g borb. h lght tty r otlly wth th t o trvl Lght tty - α/m: borto ot /α : lght trto th S G r rt g moutor. IA, GA, G r rt g moutor S olr ll houl b o thr th 5 μm orr to borb mot o th hoto wth rgy bov E g. O th othr h, GA olr ll to b oly μm th Short-rut urrt O-rut oltg J r A J + From urrt otuty uto D :th romto ltm olum = A I lght h o th ty moutor grt hol ltro t th rt o G [ m 3 ], D L G D G D whr, L Dmo D G I th ml uorm o P juto, / = G L 3 D

12 Solr ll Short-rut urrt, I Aum vry th P+ lyr rrr grto rgo oly. Ur th hort rut oto =, th boury oto t = At = houl rh ott vlu G L G 5 D h oluto o E. G / L 4 6 J D D / L G L 7 Oly th hol grt wth t L rom th juto,.., th volum AL r ollt by th P juto otrbut to th hort rut urrt. I AJ AL G G rlly ot uorm. L b lrgr th th lght trto th to ollt mot o th grt rrr. 8 O-rut oltg Aum vry th P+ lyr rrr grto rgo oly. From th urrt o P juto ur orwr, I I otl urrt I S lu th P o r urrt: umg D / I A ALG L Solv or th o rut voltg o by ttg I= o / I A D L D L D o / LG L h olr ll mtrl houl hv lrg rrr uo lgth,.., log rrr romto tm. I othr wor, th mtrl houl b ut r o t murt tht rv romto tr 9 o l G / How to r o?

hortlly, th hght y ~4% b obt wth.9 >E g >.

13 Outut Powr o olr ll A rtulr ortg ot o th olr ll I urv mmz th outut owr I. Outut Powr I o FF Whr FF ll tor, th rto o th mmum I to I o S olr ll wth 5 % y omt th mrt ow hortlly, th hght y ~4% b obt wth.9 >E g >.. Lrgr E g l to too low I low lght borto mllr E g l to too low o. m olr ll gt 35% y ug lrg mll E g mtrl tlor to th hort log wvlgth olr lght. ot 7. Dv lto Prt : Mtl-Smoutor Juto

14 ott o two mtl wth rt wor uto Smll wor uto Frm lvl Lrg wor uto Frm lvl Eltro trt th brrr th t r. Eltr urrt by tulg rt gtv hrg o th rght, th otv o whh r lt bh o th lt. Log t ~m Short t oth r ltrlly hrg utl th Frm lvl o two mtl o, thu ottl r tblh t th juto. lo ott Mtl-Smoutor-ty ott : Shotty brrr Wh th wor uto o mtl lrgr th tht o moutor Eltro th outo b t Frm lvl o mtl Frm lvl o moutor Eltro trr rom S to mtl. A ottl brrr tblh by th trr o th ltro. Dlto rgo otv hrg h ltro ty ru rom t bul vlu b ht uwr.

15 Mtl-Smoutor-ty ott : Shotty brrr Wh th wor uto o mtl mllr th tht o moutor Eltro trr rom mtl to S. Aumulto rgo gtv hrg h ltro ty h rom t bul vlu b ht owwr. A ottl r tblh by th trr o th ltro. Mtl-Smoutor ott : rtto Eltro urrt ty ru by th l voltg. h l voltg r th ottl brrr hght. Eltro urrt ty h by th l voltg. h l voltg ru th ottl brrr hght.

Mtl-Smoutor Juto wo o mtl moutor ott: Rtyg Shotty o:mtl o lghtly o lo Low rt ohm ott: mtl o hvly o lo Shotty brrr r wth rg th wor uto o mtl M : wor uto o mtl S : ltro ty o S Shotty brrr = M S Wor uto

16 Mtl-Smoutor Juto wo o mtl moutor ott: Rtyg Shotty o:mtl o lghtly o lo Low rt ohm ott: mtl o hvly o lo Shotty brrr r wth rg th wor uto o mtl M : wor uto o mtl S : ltro ty o S Shotty brrr = M S Wor uto & Eltro ty Wor uto : th mmum thrmoym wor.. rgy to rmov ltro rom ol to ot th vuum mmtly out th ol ur. Eltro ty E EA or or moutor vuum tr: th rgy obt by movg ltro rom th vuum jut out th moutor to th bottom o th outo b jut th moutor. = E v E Eltro ty

φ th brrr gt ltro low btw th mtl th ty moutor φ th brrr gt hol low btw th mtl th P ty moutor.

17 Shotty rrr wth -ty or -ty moutor Ergy Dgrm o Shotty ott Mtl Mtl -S P-S Shotty brrr hght, φ, uto o th mtl mtrl. φ th brrr gt ltro low btw th mtl th ty moutor φ th brrr gt hol low btw th mtl th P ty moutor. + E g Sl 4-33 Shotty ott o Mtl Sl o S Sl: A lo mtl omou. It outv mlr to mtl. Sl S tr r mor tbl th mtl lo tr. Atr mtl ot o S, lg t l to orm l S ott. h trm mtl lo ott lu lmot lwy m l S ott.

h urrt b rt ut urtly by th thrmo mo thory. hrmo Emo hory W um tht E F lt ll th wy to th o th brrr, th ltro otrto t 3/ th tr.

18 Ug - Dt to Dtrm Lt or φ th brrr gt ltro low btw th mtl th ty moutor. φ th bult ottl ro th lto lyr. E E l For, th lto lyr th W W A A O ow, b trm ug E E l or th rgy b grm o Shotty ott wth l to th mtl. Lt u lyz th urrt rr by th ltro lowg rom S ovr th rgy brrr to mtl, J SM. h urrt b rt ut urtly by th thrmo mo thory. hrmo Emo hory W um tht E F lt ll th wy to th o th brrr, th ltro otrto t 3/ th tr. / m whr h h omot o th vrg ltro vloty o our mllr th th totl thrml vloty. oly hl o th ltro trvl towr th lt th mtl. It b how tht th vrg vloty o th lt trvlg ltro 8 vth 3 / m vth / m v v th m hror, J SM 4m vth 3 h J, whr J / o / / / A/m Frt, J / A/m lrgr φ mllr. So, J SM oly uto o φ Rhro ott : 4 m 3 h K A/m K

19 Shotty Do At zro, th t urrt zro bu ul mll umbr o ltro o th mtl o th moutor mov to th othr. I I SM = I, I MS = I. b A otv l to th mtl. I M S rm uhg t I bu th brrr gt rm uhg t φ. O th othr h, I S M h by / bu th brrr ow mllr by. / 4m I AK whr K 3 h / / I I I I I I SM M S A/m K Rhro ott For lrg gtv, I S M ur by lrg brrr, whl I M S rm uhg t I. I I SM I M S / / I I I Smlrty btw th Shotty o I th P juto o I I o Shotty o 3 to 8 tm lrgr th P juto o, g o.., th mtl mloy.. A lrgr I m mllr orwr rur to rou gv o urrt. A Shotty o th rrr rtr low voltg, hgh urrt lto.

GRAPHS IN SCIENCE. drawn correctly, the. other is not. Which. Best Fit Line # one is which?

GRAPHS IN SCIENCE. drawn correctly, the. other is not. Which. Best Fit Line # one is which? 5 9 Bt Ft L # 8 7 6 5 GRAPH IN CIENCE O of th thg ot oft a rto of a xrt a grah of o k. A grah a vual rrtato of ural ata ollt fro a xrt. o of th ty of grah you ll f ar bar a grah. Th o u ot oft a l grah,