02/05/2014. Chapter 4 PN Junctions Built-in Potential Built-in Potential. 4.2 Depletion-Layer Model Poisson s Equation

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1 /5/4 Chtr 4 Junton 4. Bulng Blok of th Junton Thory Donor on -ty -ty Rvr b + o ymbol junton rnt n rh vry monutor v. Forwr b () (b) () () 4.. Enrgy Bn Dgrm of Junton -rgon -rgon ontnt t ulbrum utrl -rgon Dlton lyr utrl -rgon n r known rltv to n r mooth, th t h to b trmn. A lton lyr t t th junton whr n n. Sl Sl Bult-n otntl 4.. Bult-n otntl () -ty -ty -rgon n A A ln (b) b -rgon n n B b B A ln ln n B ln n b () Cn th bult-n otntl b mur wth voltmtr? b ln n Sl Sl Gu Lw: 4..3 oon Euton 4. Dlton-Lyr Mol 4.. Fl n otntl n th Dlton Lyr : rmttvty (~ o for S) : hrg nty (C/m 3 ) E() E( + ) utrl Rgon Dlton Lyr utrl Rgon n On th - of th lton lyr, = E n E( ) C ( ) E On th -, = oon uton n E( ) ( - ) Sl Sl

2 /5/4 4.. Fl n otntl n th Dlton Lyr utrl Rgon Dlton Lyr utrl Rgon n Th ltr fl ontnuou t =. 4.. Fl n otntl n th Dlton Lyr On th -, E ( ) ( ) b n Arbtrrly hoo th voltg t = =. = Whh of th junton lt mor? A on- junton ll + junton or + junton b, bult-n otntl n On th -, ( ) D ( ) b ( ) Sl Sl W 4.. Dlton-Lyr Wth b Wht bout + junton? W whr utrl Rgon b Dlton Lyr lghtr ont nty utrl Rgon n ontnuou t = b W f >>, n + junton, EXAMLE: A + junton h = m -3 n = 7 m -3. Wht ) t bult n otntl, b)w, ), n )? Soluton: 7 ) m b ln.6 ln 6 n m b) W ) W ) 6 4 / 7 b μm 4. μm. Å. μm Sl Sl Rvr-B Junton 4.4 Ctn-oltg Chrtrt b W ( b r ) otntl brrr Conutor nultor Conutor n b + () = (b) rvr-b lghtr ont nty Do th lton lyr wn or hrnk wth nrng rvr b? W Rvr b junton tor. C A W C goo thng? How to mnmz junton tn? Sl Sl

3 /5/4 C W A 4.4 Ctn-oltg Chrtrt ( b ) A S /C Ctn t Slo = / A EXAMLE: f th lo of th ln n th rvou l 3 F - -, th ntrt.84, n A m, fn th lghtr n hvr ong onntrton l n h. Soluton: /( lo A ) l 3 /( m m ) b nrng rvr b r hl n b ln m h 5 n 6 l b.84 From th C- t n n b trmn? th n urt wy to trmn l? h? Sl Sl Junton Brkown B, brkown voltg Smll lkg Currnt A Forwr Currnt R utrl Rgon nrng rvr b + () E E nrng rvr b 4.5. k Eltr Fl E ( ) ( E b r ) / A B R Znr o C 3.7 D C (b) rt E B b A Znr o gn to ort n th brkown mo. Sl Sl Fll Stt Tunnlng Brkown Emty Stt Domnnt f both of junton r vry hvly o. E E f E v Avlnh Brkown mt onzton: n nrgt orgnl ltron ltron gnrtng ltron n hol, whh n lo u mt onzton. mt onzton + otv fbkvlnh brkown J G H / ε ltron-hol r gnrton Ert B Brkown E rt 6 /m E fn B Sl Sl

4 /5/4 4.6 Forwr B Crrr njton = = = Forwr b Forwr B Qu-ulbrum Bounry Conton n( ) ( E Efn)/ ( E Ef )/ ( EfnEf )/ b Drft n ffuon nl out b - n + Mnorty rrr njton n fn E v n ( Efn Ef)/ / n Th mnorty rrr nt r r by / Whh gt mor rrr njton? Sl Morn Smonutor Dv for ntgrt Crut (C. Hu) Sl Crrr njton Unr Forwr B Qu-ulbrum Bounry Conton n n( ) n n ( ) n( ) n( ) n n( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) EXAMLE: Crrr njton A junton h = 9 m -3 n = 6 m -3. Th l voltg.6. Quton: Wht r th mnorty rrr onntrton t th lton-rgon g? Soluton: n( ) n ( ) m m Quton: Wht r th mnorty rrr onntrton? -3 Soluton: n( ) n( ) n m ( ) ( ) m -3 Sl Sl Currnt Contnuty Euton 4.7 Currnt Contnuty Euton J () r A J ( ) J ( ) A A A J ( + ) J ( ) J ( ) J olum = A J D D L Mnorty rft urrnt nglgbl; J = D / n L n L n r th ffuon lngth n L n L D L n D n n Sl Sl

5 /5/4 4.8 Forwr B Junton-- E Crrr 4.8 E Crrr Dtrbuton + - L ( ) - = 7 m -3 n ' /L n..5 - = 7 m -3 ' /L ( / ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) A / ) / L / L B / L, 3L n L n L n L L 3L 4L ( ) ( / ) / L / / Ln n( ) n ( ),, Sl - 4- Sl - 4- EXAMLE: Crrr Dtrbuton n Forwr-b Do EXAMLE: Crrr Dtrbuton n Forwr-b Do Skth n'() on th -. n( ) n -ty = 5 m -3 D = m / = -ty = 7 m -3 D n =36.4m / n = n / ( ) ( ) m 7-3 m -3 - How o L n omr wth tyl v z? L n D n n 36 Wht '() on th -? 6 85 μm (= n ) n ( = ) Sl - 4- Sl Do - Chrtrt Th Junton Tmrtur Snor J totl J = J totl J n J totl J n = J totl J J n J J n J J D ( ) D L ( ) L J D n( ) Dn Ln n ( ) Ln n n D D n Totl urrnt J ( ) J n( ) n ( L L n J t ll ) ( ) D Dn An L Ln Wht u th urv to hft to lowr t hghr T? Sl Sl

6 /5/ Contrbuton from th Dlton Rgon 4. Chrg Storg n n n ( / t rombnton (gnrton) rt: / ) nw / / ( ) A ( ) τ - 3 m -3 n' - Q Q Q lkg nw A τ S-Chrg Rgon (SCR) urrnt Unr forwr b, SCR urrnt n tr urrnt wth lo m/ Wht th rltonh btwn (hrg-torg tm) n (rrr lftm)? Sl Sl Smll-gnl Mol of th Do R / G ( ) R C / ( ) DC / Wht G t 3K n DC = ma? Dffuon Ctn: C Q G DC / Whh lrgr, ffuon or lton tn? / rt : Alton to Otoltron Dv 4. Solr Cll Solr Cll lo known hotovolt ll. Convrt unlght to ltrty wth -3% onvron ffny. m olr ll gnrt bout 5 W k or 5 W ontnuou owr. Low ot n hgh ffny r n for w loymnt. Sl Sl lght + Short Crut - () 4.. Solr Cll B Drk E.(4.9.4).7 Solr Cll E.(4..) Mmum owr-outut Drt-G n nrt-g Smonutor Eltron hv both rtl n wv rort. An ltron h nrgy E n wv vtor k. ) ( rt-g monutor nrt-g monutor Sl - 4- Sl

7 /5/4 4.. Lght Aborton 4..3 Short-Crut Currnt n On-Crut oltg Lght ntnty () α(/m): borton offnt - /α : lght ntrton th h hoton Enrgy ().4 ( m) A thnnr lyr of rt-g monutor n borb mot of olr rton thn nrt-g monutor. But S J () r A J ( + ) olum = A f lght hn on th -ty monutor n gnrt hol (n ltron) t th rt of G - m -3, G L D f th ml unform (no junton), / = = GL /D = G Sl 4- - Sl Solr Cll Short-Crut Currnt, Aum vry thn + lyr n rrr gnrton n rgon only. + ' L G ( ) L ( ) J D G D G ( ) G( D ( ) / L G L AJ () AL G G rlly not unform. L n b lrgr thn th lght ntrton th to ollt mot of th gnrt rrr. / L ) Sl On-Crut oltg Totl urrnt SC lu th o (rk) urrnt: n D / A ( ) ALG L Solv for th on-rut voltg ( o ) by ttng = / (umng o ) n D o / LG L o How to r o? ln( G / n ) Sl Outut owr A rtulr ortng ont on th olr ll - urv mmz th outut owr ( ). Outut ow r o FF S olr ll wth 5-% ffny omnt th mrkt now Thortlly, th hght ffny (~4%) n b obtn wth.9 >Eg>.. Lrgr Eg l to too low (low lght borton); mllr Eg l to too low o. Tnm olr ll gt 35% ffny ung lrg n mll Eg mtrl tlor to th hort n long wvlngth olr lght. 4.3 Lght Emttng Do n Sol-Stt Lghtng Lght mttng o (LED) LED r m of omoun monutor uh n n G. Lght mtt whn ltron n hol unrgo rtv rombnton. Rtv rombnton on-rtv rombnton through tr Morn Smonutor Dv for ntgrt Crut (C. Hu) Sl Sl

8 /5/4 Drt n nrt Bn G 4.3. LED Mtrl n Strutur Tr Drt bn g Eml: GA Drt rombnton ffnt k onrvton tf. nrt bn g Eml: S Drt rombnton rr k onrvton not tf LED wvlngth ( m).4 hoton nrgy.4 ( ) E g Sl Sl LED Mtrl n Strutur omoun monutor E g () Wvlngth (μm) Color Ltt ontnt (Å) na n.65.9 nfrr 3.45 n GA G r R Yllow yllow Grn blu volt Blu Al G Al 6.. U 3. Lght-mttng o mtrl bnry monutor: - E: GA, ffnt mttr trnry monutor : -E: GA -, tunbl E g (to vry th olor) utrnry monutor: -E: AlnG, tunbl E g n ltt ontnt (for growng hgh ulty tl flm on nnv ubtrt) Common LED Strl Mtrl Subtrt Eml Alton rng Sytm nfrr nga n Otl ommunton nfrr ntor lm. Rmot GA GA -R ontrol R- GA or Otl ommunton. AlnG Hgh-brghtn trff Yllow G gnl lght Grn- G or Hgh brghtn gnl ng lght. Blu hr o bllbor Blu-U AlnG G or hr Sol-tt lghtng R- Orgn monutor gl Dly Blu AlnG Quntun Wll Sl - 4- Sl Sol-Stt Lghtng lumnoty (lumn, lm): mur of vbl lght nrgy normlz to th ntvty of th humn y t ffrnt wvlngth () Aborton 4.4 Do Lr 4.4. Lght Amlfton () t Lght Aborton nnnt lm Comt fluornt lm Tub fluornt lm Wht LED Thortl lmt t k of y ntvty ( λ=555nm) Thortl lmt (wht lght) ? 683 ~34 Lumnou ffy of lm n lumn/wtt Orgn Lght Emttng Do (OLED) : h lowr ffy thn ntr or lumn b omoun monutor LED. Trm: lumnoty mur n lumn. lumnou ffy, (b) Sontnou Emon () Stmult Emon () t Lght Amlfton Lght mlfton rur oulton nvron: ltron outon robblty lrgr for hghr E tt thn lowr E tt. Stmult mon: mtt hoton h ntl fruny n rtonlty th tmultng hoton; lght wv mlf. Sl - 4- Sl

9 /5/ Lght Amlfton n Do 4.4. Otl Fbk n Lr oulton nvron hv whn E E E fn f g Eulbrum, = lght out Clv rytl ln + + Lr thrhol rh (lght ntnty grow by fbk) whn R R G R, R: rfltvt of th two n G : lght mlfton ftor (gn) for roun-tr trvl of th lght through th o oulton nvron, > Eg Lght ntnty grow untl R, whn th lght ntnty R G jut lrg nough to tmult rrr rombnton t th m rt th rrr r njt by th o urrnt. Sl Sl Otl Fbk n Lr Do Dtrbut Brgg rfltor (DBR) rflt lght wth mult-lyr of monutor. rtl-vty urfmttng lr (CSEL) hown on th lft. Quntum-wll lr h mllr thrhol urrnt bu fwr rrr r n to hv oulton nvron n th mll volum of th thn mll-eg wll Lr Alton R o lr: CD, DD rr/wrtr Blu o lr: Blu-ry DD (hghr torg nty).55 m nfrr o lr: Fbr-ot ommunton 4.5 hotoo hotoo: Rvr b o. Dtt hotognrt urrnt (mlr to of olr ll) for otl ommunton, DD rr, t. Avlnh hotoo: hotoo ortng nr vlnh brkown mlf hotourrnt by mt onzton. Morn Smonutor Dv for ntgrt Crut (C. Hu) Sl Sl Tunnl Do Sl -8 Sl -9 9

10 /5/4 Sl -3 Sl -3 Sl -3 Sl -33 Sl -34

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