Exam 2 Thursday (7:30-9pm) It will cover material through HW 7, but no material that was on the 1 st exam.

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1 Exam 2 Thursday (7:30-9pm) It will covr matrial through HW 7, but no matrial that was on th 1 st xam.

2 What happns if w bash atoms with lctrons? In atomic discharg lamps, lots of lctrons ar givn kintic nrgy (acclratd by a high voltag). Whn thy bash into atoms som of this kintic nrgy is transfrrd to th atom à Atom gt's xcitd!! ( Non lights, Mrcury strt lamps) V Cathod (hot mtal, so lctrons can com out) Anod (positiv potntial) Not: Anod and Cathod hav diffrnt manings in physics or chmistry. Rmmbr Cathod Ray Tub (CRT): Elctrons lav th cathod (in physics).

3 Us a grating to look at th spctrum of th discharg lamps Hold grating only by dgs...oil from hands ruins grating! Hold clos to y... S rainbow from lights. Turn grating so rainbow is horizontal. (Rainbow appars quit a bit to th sid of th actual lamp.

4 Each typ of atom producs uniqu st of colors. Discussion: What dos this imply about lctrons in atoms? Implis that lctrons only chang btwn vry spcific nrgis. Each tim a photon is mittd an lctron must b changing in nrgy by that amount (rlasing nrgy). Only way for individual atoms to giv off nrgy is as light. Atoms ar lazy - always want to go back to lowst nrgy stat. 1. Fast lctron hits atom Lss KE Highr nrgy Ground stat Excitd stat ~10ns

5 What w know so far about atoms: Ruthrford: Atoms hav a tiny, but vry dns cor surroundd by a cloud of lctrons. p n n n p p n n p n n p Discharg lamps: Atoms struck by fast lctrons mit light of distinct colors. 120V Enrgy lvls: Elctrons in atoms ar found only in discrt nrgy lvls. Whn thy jump down to a lowr lvl, a photon is mittd carrying away th nrgy. ΔE ΔE=hf Diffrnt Atoms: Diffrnt typs of atoms hav diffrnt lvl structurs (sn by th distinct st of colors thy mit): à Non: Strong rd lin; Sodium: strong yllow lin

6 A non lamp mits a rd lin. Sodium mits a yllow lin. What accounts for this diffrnc? a. Th lctrons in th discharg lamp hit th non atoms with highr kintic nrgy than th lctrons hit th sodium atoms b. Th lctrons in th discharg lamp hit th non atoms with lss spd than th lctrons hit th sodium atoms c. Th nrgy spacing btwn th lctronic nrgy lvls that ar rsponsibl for ths lins ar smallr in th non atom than in th sodium atom. d. Th nrgy spacing btwn th lctronic nrgy lvls that ar rsponsibl for ths lins is largr in th non atom than in th sodium atom.

7 Enrgy lvl diagrams rprsnt nrgy lvls th lctron can go to. Diffrnt hight = diffrnt nrgy Enrgy For Hydrogn, transitions to ground stat in dp ultraviolt! No light mittd with colors in this rgion bcaus no nrgy lvls spacd with this nrgy.

8 An singl lctron bashs into an atom in a discharg lamp Elctron lavs hot filamnt with narly zro initial kintic nrgy 10 V -10V If atom fixd at th cntr of th tub, list all th possibl photon nrgis (colors) that you might s? A. 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 7V, 8V B. 4V, 7V, 8V C. 1V, 3V, 4V D. 4V E. Impossibl to tll V -3 V -6 V

9 An singl lctron bashs into an atom in a discharg lamp d - 10 V + D -2 V -3 V -6 V If atom fixd at this point in tub, -10V list all th possibl photon nrgis (colors) that you might s? A. 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 7V, 8V B. 4V, 7V, 8V C. 1V, 3V, 4V D. 4V Answr is D. Elctron only gains about 5V! E. Impossibl to tll. Elctron nrgy = qδv = (Ed), whr E is th lctric fild = (battry V)/(total distanc D), and d is th distanc it gos bfor a collision.

10 Rmmbr th Elctron Volt (V)? Dfin nw nrgy unit: Th lctron-volt (V) 1V = kintic nrgy gaind/lost by an lctron whn acclratd/dclratd by travrsing an ara with 1 Volt potntial diffrnc (such as in a plat capacitor) 1V J 0V E F path 1V

11 Som handy rlations: Currnt flowing through a wir: 1 C 1 Ampr = 1 Coulomb / Scond 1 Watt = 1 Ampr 1 Volt = 1 C/s 1 V 1 Joul = 1 Watt 1 Scond = 1 C 1 V i.: An lctric potntial of 1 V puts in on Joul of nrgy into a charg of 1 C à kintic nrgy incrass by 1 Joul. 0V 1V An - has a charg of C, thrfor, it gains a kintic nrgy of 1V= J

12 Invstigat nrgy lvls in atoms

13 nrgy lvls of lctron in atom 3 2 nrgy of colliding 1 lctron G (ground) If th colliding lctrons hav an nrgy btwn that of lvl 2 and lvl 3 whn thy hit th atom how many diffrnt colors could b mittd by th atom? a. no lvls will b xcitd, and so no light will com out. b. 1 color of light will com out c. 2 colors of light will com out d. 3 colors of light will com out. 4 colors com out. ans. d. nough nrgy to xcit lvl 2, thn gt 2 1 followd by 1 G, but also can go 2 G.

14 Whn an mission lin appars vry bright that mans: a. Multipl photons ar mittd for ach singl lctron transition b. Mor lctron transitions ar occurring ach scond c. Th lctronic nrgy lvls ar farthr apart and thus th lin appars brightr d. a and b. b and c Answr is b. Each lctron transition producs xactly on photon with nrgy qual to nrgy diffrnc btwn lctron nrgy lvls. Mor lctron transitions, mor photons, brightr lin.

15 Applications of atomic spctroscopy 1. Dtcting what kind of atoms ar in a matrial. (xcit by putting in discharg lamp or hating in flam to s spctral lins) 2. Dtcting what th sun and th stars ar mad of: Look at th light from a star through a diffraction grating. à S what lins thr ar; Match up to atoms on arth. tlscop diffraction star grating 3. Making much mor fficint lights! Incandscnt light bulbs wast >90% of th lctrical nrgy that gos into thm! (<10% fficint) Strtlight discharg lamps (Na or Hg) ~80% fficint. Fluorscnt lights ~ 40-60% fficnt.

16 Atomic spctra in astronomy L L Lt s invstigat th intrnal working of a galaxy R R longr wavlngth lowr frquncy Spctral lins from atoms in stars

17 Hubbl and th big bang Spctral lins from Hydrogn Edwin Hubbl, PNAS March 15, 1929 vol. 15 no

18 Application: Dsigning a bttr light What is important? (Wll, w hav to b abl to s th light!) What color(s) do you want? (rd, grn & blu is what our ys can s) How do you xcit th atoms to dsird lvl? (à Elctron collisions) How to gt lctrons with dsird nrgy whn hit atoms? What dtrmins nrgy of lctrons?

19 Incandscnt light (hot filamnt) Tmpratur = K Hot lctrons jump btwn many vry closly spacd lvls (solid mtal). Produc all colors. Mostly infrard at tmp of normal filamnt. >90% is worthlss Infrard radiation (IR = longr than ~700nm) Discharg lamp Enrgy lvls in isolatd atom: Only crtain wavlngths mittd. HV P IR λ ~10% of nrgy is usful visibl light Right atom, right prssur and voltag, mostly visibl light. Strtlight discharg lamps (Na or Hg) 80% fficint.

20 Florscnt Lights. Discharg lamp, but want to hav it look whit. Whit = rd + grn +blu 40-60% fficint (lctrical powr visibl light) How to do this? Convrting UV light into visibl photons with phosphor. Phosphor convrts 180 nm UV to rd+ grn+blu. 180nm à 6.9 V nrgy pr photon 633nm (rd) à 2 V / photon 532nm (grn) à 2.3 V / photon 475nm (blu) à 2.6 V / photon } 6.9 V phosphor wasts 20-30% nrgy hat

21 Florscnt Lights. Discharg lamp, Whit= Rd + grn +blu 40-60% fficint (lctrical powr visibl light) Convrting 180nm UV light into visibl photons with phosphor. phosphor coating Hg 180 nm far UV Hg Hg Hg Hg discharg lamp/flor. tub 120 V ral phosphors mor than just 3 phosphor wasts 20-30% nrgy hat nrgy of lctron in phosphor molcul

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