THE HARTLEY TRANSFORM IN A FINITE FIELD
|
|
- Kathlyn Clark
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE HARTLEY TRANSFORM IN A FINITE FIELD R. M. Campello de Souza H. M. de Olvera A. N. Kauffman CODEC - Grupo de Pesusas em Comuncações Departamento de Eletrônca e Sstemas - CTG - UFPE C.P Recfe - PE Brasl Phone: fax: e-mal: Rcardo@npd.ufpe.br HMO@npd.ufpe.br Abstract In ths paper the k-trgonometrc functons over the Galos Feld GF() are ntroduced and ther man propertes derved. Ths leads to the defnton of the cas k (.) functon over GF() whch n turn leads to a fnte feld Hartley Transform. The man propertes of ths new dscrete transform are presented and areas for possble applcatons are mentoned.. Introducton Dscrete transforms play a very mportant role n engneerng. A sgnfcant example s the well known Dscrete Fourer Transform (DFT) whch has found many applcatons n several areas specally n Electrcal Engneerng. A DFT for fnte felds was ntroduced by Pollard n 97 [] and appled as a tool to perform dscrete convolutons usng nteger arthmetc. Snce then several new applcatons of the Fnte Feld Fourer Transform (FFFT) have been found not only n the felds of dgtal sgnal and mage processng [-5] but also n dfferent contexts such as error control codng and cryptography [6-8]. A second relevant example concerns the Dscrete Hartley Transform (DHT) [9] the dscrete verson of the ntegral transform ntroduced by R. V. L. Hartley n []. Although seen ntally as a tool wth applcatons only on the numercal sde and havng connectons to the physcal world only va the Fourer transform the DHT has proven over the years to be a very useful nstrument wth many nterestng applcatons [-3]. In ths paper the DHT over a fnte feld s ntroduced. In order to obtan a transform that holds some resemblance wth the DHT t s necessary frstly to establsh the euvalent of the snusodal functons cos and sn over a fnte structure. Thus n the next secton the k-trgonometrc functons cos k and sn k are defned from whch the cas k (cosne and sne) functon s obtaned and used n secton 3 to ntroduce a symmetrcal dscrete transform par the fnte feld Hartley transform or FFHT for short. A number of propertes of the FFHT s presented ncludng the cyclc convoluton property and Parseval s relaton. In secton 4 the condton for vald spectra smlar to the conjugacy constrants for the Fnte Feld Fourer Transform s gven. Secton 5 contans a few concludng remarks and some possble areas of applcatons for the deas ntroduced n the paper. The FFHT presented here s dfferent from an earler proposed Hartley Transform n fnte felds [4] and appears to be the more natural one.. k-trgonometrc Functons The set G() of gaussan ntegers over GF() defned below plays an mportant role n the deas ntroduced n ths paper (hereafter the symbol := denotes eual by defnton). Defnton : G() := {a + jb a b GF()} = p r r beng a postve nteger p beng an odd prme for whch j = - s a uadratc non-resdue n GF() s the set of gaussan ntegers over GF(). Let denote the cartesan product. It can be shown as ndcated below that the set G() together wth the operatons and defned below s a feld. Proposton : Let : G() G() G() (a + jb a + jb ) (a + jb ) (a + jb ) = = (a + a ) + j(b + b ) and : G() G() G()
2 (a + jb a + jb ) (a + jb ) (a + jb ) = = (a a - b b ) + j(a b + a b. The structure GI() := < G() > s a feld. In fact GI() s somorphc to GF( ). Trgonometrc functons over the elements of a Galos feld can be defned as follows. Defnton : Let α have multplcatve order N n GF() = p r p. The GI()-valued k-trgonometrc functons of (α ) n GF() (by analogy the trgonometrc functons of k tmes the angle of the complex exponental α ) are defned as and for k =... N-. cos k ( α ) := (α k + α -k ) sn k ( α ) := (α k - α -k ) j For smplcty suppose α to be fxed. We wrte cos k ( α ) as cos k ( ) and sn k ( α ) as sn k ( ). The k- trgonometrc functons satsfy propertes P-P8 below. Proofs are straghtforward and are omtted here. P. Unt Crcle: sn k ( ) + cos k ( ) =. P. Even / Odd: cos k ( ) = cos k ( - ) sn k ( ) = - sn k ( - ). P3. Euler Formula : α k = cos k ( ) + jsn k ( ). P4. Addton of Arcs : cos k ( + t) = cos k ( )cos k ( t ) - sn k ( )sn k ( t ) sn k ( + t) = sn k ( )cos k ( t ) + sn k ( t )cos k ( ). P5. Double Arc: cos k () = + cos k ( ) sn k ( ) = cos k ( ) P6. Symmetry : cos k ( ) = cos ( k ) sn k ( ) = sn ( k ). P7. cos k ( ) Summaton: cos k ( ) = N =. P8. sn k ( ) Summaton: sn k ( ) =.
3 A smple example s gven to llustrate the behavor of such functons. Example - Let α = 3 a prmtve element of GF(7). The cos k () and sn k () functons take the followng values n GF(7): cos k () sn k () () (k) () j j 6j 6j j 6j j 6j 3 4 6j j 6j j 5 6j 6j j j (k) Table Dscrete cosne and sne functons over GF(7). The k-trgonometrc functons have nterestng orthogonalty propertes such as the one shown n lemma. Lemma : The k-trgonometrc functons cos k (.) and sn k (.) are orthogonal n the sense that A:= k- [cos k ( α ) sn k ( α t )] = where α s an element of multplcatve order N n GF(). Proof: By defnton N A = [ (αk + α -k ) j (αtk - α -tk )] = = 4 j k N = ( α k(+ t) - α -k(+ t) + α k(t-) - α k(-t) ). Now If = t then A = ( + + N - N ) / 4j =. If = -t then A = (N - N + - ) / 4j =. Otherwse A= ( )/4j =. A general orthogonalty condton whch leads to a new Hartley Transform s now presented va the cas k ( α ) functon. The notaton used here follows closely the orgnal one ntroduced n []. Defnton 3: Let α GF() α. Then cas k ( α ) := cos k ( α ) + sn k ( α ).
4 The set {cas k (.)}... N- can be vewed as a set of seuences that satsfy the followng orthogonalty property: Theorem : H := cas k ( α ) cas k ( α t ) = N = t t where α has multplcatve order N. Proof: From defnton 3 t follows that H = [cos k ( )cos k ( t ) + sn k ( )sn k ( t ) + +sn k ( )cos k ( t ) + sn k ( t )cos k ( )] whch by lemma s the same as H = cos k ( )cos k ( t ) + sn k ( )sn k ( t ) then t follows from property P4 that H = cos k ( - t ) and from P9 the result follows. 3. The Fnte Feld Hartley Transform Defnton 4: Let v = (v v... v N- ) be a vector of length N wth components over GF() = p r p. The Fnte Feld Hartley Transform (FFHT) of v s the vector V = (V V... V N- ) of components V k GI( m ) gven by V k := = v cas k ( α ) where α s a specfed element of multplcatve order N n GF( m ). Such a defnton clearly mmcs the classcal defnton of the Dscrete Hartley Transform [9]. The nverse FFHT s gven by the followng theorem. Theorem : The N-dmensonal vector v can be recovered from ts Hartley dscrete spectrum V accordng to v = N(mod p) V kcas k ( α ). Proof: After substtutng the V k as defned above n the expresson for v t follows that v = N(mod ) = p k r= v r cas k ( α r )cas k ( α ). Changng the order of summaton
5 N(mod p) v r r= N cas k ( α r )cas k ( α ) = = N(mod p) v r r= N = r r = v A sgnal v and ts dscrete Hartley spectrum V are sad to form a fnte feld Hartley Transform par denoted by v V. It s worthwhle to menton that the FFHT belongs to a class of dscrete transforms for whch the kernel of the drect and the nverse transform s exactly the same. Lettng now g = {g } G = {G k } and v = {v } V= {V k } denote FFHT pars of length N the followng set of useful propertes can be derved. H - Lnearty H - Tme Shft ag + bv ag + bv ab GF(). H3 - Sum of Seuence (dc term) If v = g -d then V k = cos k (d)g k + sn k (d)g -k. H4 - Intal Value V = = v. Vk = v cas N - k ( α ) = = V. N - k v = N(mod p) V k. H5 - Symmetry G Ng. H6 - Tme Reversal g - G -k. H7 - Cyclc Convoluton: If denotes cyclc convoluton then g v ½(GV + GV - + G - V - G - V - ). where G - and V - denotes respectvely the seuences {G N-k } and {V N-k }. H8 - Parseval s Relaton N N- N- g = G = k 4. Vald Spectra The followng lemma states a relaton that must be satsfed by the components of the spectrum V for t to be a vald fnte feld Hartley spectrum that s a spectrum of a sgnal v wth GF()-valued components.
6 Lemma : The vector V= {V k } V k GI( m ) s the spectrum of a sgnal v = {v } v GF() = p r f and only f k V = V N-k where ndexes are consdered modulo N k =... N- and N ( m - ). Proof: From the FFHT defnton and consderng that GF(p r ) has characterstc p t follows that Vk = v cask ( α )) = ( v cas ( α )). ( = = k If v GF() then v = v. The fact that j = - GF() f and only f s a prme power of the form 4s + 3 mples that j = -j. Hence On the other hand suppose V k = V N k. Then = v cas N - k ( α ) = = v cas N - k ( α ). Now let N-k = r. Snce GCD( m - ) = k and r ranges over the same values whch mples = v cas ( α ) = r = v cas ( α ) r r =... N-. By the unueness of the FFHT v = v so that v GF() and the proof s complete. Example - Wth = p = 3 r = m = 5 and GF(3 5 ) generated by the prmtve polynomal f(x) = x 5 + x 4 + x + a FFHT of length N = may be defned by takng an element or order (α s such an element). The vectors v and V gven below are an FFHT par. v = ( etc etc...) V = ( etc etc etc...) The relaton for vald spectra shown above mples that only two components V k are necessary to completely specfy the vector V namely V and V. Ths can be verfed smply by calculatng the cyclotomc classes nduced by lemma whch n ths case are C = () and C = ( ). 5. Conclusons In ths paper trgonometry for fnte felds was ntroduced. In partcular the k-trgonometrc functons of the angle of the complex exponental α were defned and ther basc propertes derved. From the cos k ( α ) and sn k ( α ) functons the cas k ( α ) functon was defned and used to ntroduce a new Hartley Transform the Fnte Feld Hartley Transform (FFHT).
7 The FFHT seems to have nterestng applcatons n a number of areas. Specfcally ts use n Dgtal Sgnal Processng along the lnes of the so-called number theoretc transforms (e.g. Mersenne transforms) should be nvestgated. In the feld of error control codes the FFHT mght be used to produce a transform doman descrpton of the feld therefore provdng possbly an alternatve to the approach ntroduced n [6]. Dgtal Multplexng s another area that mght beneft from the new Hartley Transform ntroduced n ths paper. In partcular new schemes of effcent-bandwdth code-dvson-multple-access for band-lmted channels based on the FFHT are currently under development. Acknowledgements The authors wsh to thank Prof. James Massey for hs suggestons and nsghtful comments whch mproved the fnal verson of ths paper. References [] J. M. Pollard The Fast Fourer Transform n a Fnte Feld Math. Comput. vol. 5 No. 4 pp Apr. 97. [] C. M. Rader Dscrete Convoluton va Mersenne Transforms IEEE Trans. Comput. vol. C- pp Dec. 97. [3] I. S. Reed and T. K. Truong The Use of Fnte Feld to Compute Convolutons IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory vol. IT- pp. 8-3 Mar [4] R. C. Agarwal and C. S. Burrus Number Theoretc Transforms to Implement Fast Dgtal Convoluton IEEE Proc. vol. 63 pp Apr [5] I. S. Reed T. K. Truong V. S. Kwoh and E. L. Hall Image Processng by Transforms over a Fnte Feld IEEE Trans. Comput. vol. C-6 pp Sep [6] R. E. Blahut Transform Technues for Error-Control Codes IBM J. Res. Dev. vol. 3 pp May 979. [7] R. M. Campello de Souza and P. G. Farrell Fnte Feld Transforms and Symmetry Groups Dscrete Mathematcs vol. 56 pp [8] J. L. Massey The Dscrete Fourer Transform n Codng and Cryptography accepted for presentaton at the 998 IEEE Inform. Theory Workshop ITW 98 San Dego CA Feb 9-. [9] R. N. Bracewell The Dscrete Hartley Transform J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 73 pp Dec [] R. V. L. Hartley A More Symmetrcal Fourer Analyss Appled to Transmsson Problems Proc. IRE vol. 3 pp Mar. 94. [] R. N. Bracewell The Hartley Transform Oxford Unversty Press 986. [] J.-L. Wu and J. Shu Dscrete Hartley Transform n Error Control Codng IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sgnal Processng vol. ASSP-39 pp Oct. 99. [3] R. N. Bracewell Aspects of the Hartley Transform IEEE Proc. vol. 8 pp Mar [4] J. Hong and M. Vetterl Hartley Transforms Over Fnte Felds IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory vol. IT- 39 pp Sep. 993.
The Complex Finite Field Hartley Transform
The Complex Fnte Feld Hartley Transform R. M. Campello de Souza, H. M. de Olvera, A. N. Kauffman CODEC - Communcatons Research Group Departamento de Eletrônca e Sstemas - CTG - UFPE C.P. 78, 5711-97, Recfe
More informationDigital Signal Processing
Dgtal Sgnal Processng Dscrete-tme System Analyss Manar Mohasen Offce: F8 Emal: manar.subh@ut.ac.r School of IT Engneerng Revew of Precedent Class Contnuous Sgnal The value of the sgnal s avalable over
More informationSection 8.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
80 Chapter 8 Secton 8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers From prevous classes, you may have encountered magnary numbers the square roots of negatve numbers and, more generally, complex numbers whch are the
More informationFoundations of Arithmetic
Foundatons of Arthmetc Notaton We shall denote the sum and product of numbers n the usual notaton as a 2 + a 2 + a 3 + + a = a, a 1 a 2 a 3 a = a The notaton a b means a dvdes b,.e. ac = b where c s an
More informationarxiv:cs.cv/ Jun 2000
Correlaton over Decomposed Sgnals: A Non-Lnear Approach to Fast and Effectve Sequences Comparson Lucano da Fontoura Costa arxv:cs.cv/0006040 28 Jun 2000 Cybernetc Vson Research Group IFSC Unversty of São
More informationFACTORIZATION IN KRULL MONOIDS WITH INFINITE CLASS GROUP
C O L L O Q U I U M M A T H E M A T I C U M VOL. 80 1999 NO. 1 FACTORIZATION IN KRULL MONOIDS WITH INFINITE CLASS GROUP BY FLORIAN K A I N R A T H (GRAZ) Abstract. Let H be a Krull monod wth nfnte class
More informationAPPENDIX A Some Linear Algebra
APPENDIX A Some Lnear Algebra The collecton of m, n matrces A.1 Matrces a 1,1,..., a 1,n A = a m,1,..., a m,n wth real elements a,j s denoted by R m,n. If n = 1 then A s called a column vector. Smlarly,
More informationMore metrics on cartesian products
More metrcs on cartesan products If (X, d ) are metrc spaces for 1 n, then n Secton II4 of the lecture notes we defned three metrcs on X whose underlyng topologes are the product topology The purpose of
More information), it produces a response (output function g (x)
Lnear Systems Revew Notes adapted from notes by Mchael Braun Typcally n electrcal engneerng, one s concerned wth functons of tme, such as a voltage waveform System descrpton s therefore defned n the domans
More informationModule 3 LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS. Version 2 ECE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 3 LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS Verson ECE IIT, Kharagpur Lesson 6 Theory of Quantzaton Verson ECE IIT, Kharagpur Instructonal Objectves At the end of ths lesson, the students should be able to:
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 12 Sep 2014
arxv:1409.3707v1 [math.co] 12 Sep 2014 On the bnomal sums of Horadam sequence Nazmye Ylmaz and Necat Taskara Department of Mathematcs, Scence Faculty, Selcuk Unversty, 42075, Campus, Konya, Turkey March
More informationSmarandache-Zero Divisors in Group Rings
Smarandache-Zero Dvsors n Group Rngs W.B. Vasantha and Moon K. Chetry Department of Mathematcs I.I.T Madras, Chenna The study of zero-dvsors n group rngs had become nterestng problem snce 1940 wth the
More informationModule 2. Random Processes. Version 2 ECE IIT, Kharagpur
Module Random Processes Lesson 6 Functons of Random Varables After readng ths lesson, ou wll learn about cdf of functon of a random varable. Formula for determnng the pdf of a random varable. Let, X be
More information3.1 Expectation of Functions of Several Random Variables. )' be a k-dimensional discrete or continuous random vector, with joint PMF p (, E X E X1 E X
Statstcs 1: Probablty Theory II 37 3 EPECTATION OF SEVERAL RANDOM VARIABLES As n Probablty Theory I, the nterest n most stuatons les not on the actual dstrbuton of a random vector, but rather on a number
More informationInner Product. Euclidean Space. Orthonormal Basis. Orthogonal
Inner Product Defnton 1 () A Eucldean space s a fnte-dmensonal vector space over the reals R, wth an nner product,. Defnton 2 (Inner Product) An nner product, on a real vector space X s a symmetrc, blnear,
More informationSL n (F ) Equals its Own Derived Group
Internatonal Journal of Algebra, Vol. 2, 2008, no. 12, 585-594 SL n (F ) Equals ts Own Derved Group Jorge Macel BMCC-The Cty Unversty of New York, CUNY 199 Chambers street, New York, NY 10007, USA macel@cms.nyu.edu
More informationTHE CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM. We should thank the Chinese for their wonderful remainder theorem. Glenn Stevens
THE CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM KEITH CONRAD We should thank the Chnese for ther wonderful remander theorem. Glenn Stevens 1. Introducton The Chnese remander theorem says we can unquely solve any par of
More information2 More examples with details
Physcs 129b Lecture 3 Caltech, 01/15/19 2 More examples wth detals 2.3 The permutaton group n = 4 S 4 contans 4! = 24 elements. One s the dentty e. Sx of them are exchange of two objects (, j) ( to j and
More informationThe Order Relation and Trace Inequalities for. Hermitian Operators
Internatonal Mathematcal Forum, Vol 3, 08, no, 507-57 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hkarcom https://doorg/0988/mf088055 The Order Relaton and Trace Inequaltes for Hermtan Operators Y Huang School of Informaton Scence
More informationOn the correction of the h-index for career length
1 On the correcton of the h-ndex for career length by L. Egghe Unverstet Hasselt (UHasselt), Campus Depenbeek, Agoralaan, B-3590 Depenbeek, Belgum 1 and Unverstet Antwerpen (UA), IBW, Stadscampus, Venusstraat
More informationModulo Magic Labeling in Digraphs
Gen. Math. Notes, Vol. 7, No., August, 03, pp. 5- ISSN 9-784; Copyrght ICSRS Publcaton, 03 www.-csrs.org Avalable free onlne at http://www.geman.n Modulo Magc Labelng n Dgraphs L. Shobana and J. Baskar
More informationLectures - Week 4 Matrix norms, Conditioning, Vector Spaces, Linear Independence, Spanning sets and Basis, Null space and Range of a Matrix
Lectures - Week 4 Matrx norms, Condtonng, Vector Spaces, Lnear Independence, Spannng sets and Bass, Null space and Range of a Matrx Matrx Norms Now we turn to assocatng a number to each matrx. We could
More informationNP-Completeness : Proofs
NP-Completeness : Proofs Proof Methods A method to show a decson problem Π NP-complete s as follows. (1) Show Π NP. (2) Choose an NP-complete problem Π. (3) Show Π Π. A method to show an optmzaton problem
More informationNumerical Heat and Mass Transfer
Master degree n Mechancal Engneerng Numercal Heat and Mass Transfer 06-Fnte-Dfference Method (One-dmensonal, steady state heat conducton) Fausto Arpno f.arpno@uncas.t Introducton Why we use models and
More informationA CLASS OF RECURSIVE SETS. Florentin Smarandache University of New Mexico 200 College Road Gallup, NM 87301, USA
A CLASS OF RECURSIVE SETS Florentn Smarandache Unversty of New Mexco 200 College Road Gallup, NM 87301, USA E-mal: smarand@unmedu In ths artcle one bulds a class of recursve sets, one establshes propertes
More informationBOUNDEDNESS OF THE RIESZ TRANSFORM WITH MATRIX A 2 WEIGHTS
BOUNDEDNESS OF THE IESZ TANSFOM WITH MATIX A WEIGHTS Introducton Let L = L ( n, be the functon space wth norm (ˆ f L = f(x C dx d < For a d d matrx valued functon W : wth W (x postve sem-defnte for all
More information12 MATH 101A: ALGEBRA I, PART C: MULTILINEAR ALGEBRA. 4. Tensor product
12 MATH 101A: ALGEBRA I, PART C: MULTILINEAR ALGEBRA Here s an outlne of what I dd: (1) categorcal defnton (2) constructon (3) lst of basc propertes (4) dstrbutve property (5) rght exactness (6) localzaton
More informationThe Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas Numbers via Square Roots of Matrices
Internatonal Mathematcal Forum, Vol 11, 2016, no 11, 513-520 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hkarcom http://dxdoorg/1012988/mf20166442 The Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas Numbers va Square Roots of Matrces Saadet Arslan
More informationTHE SUMMATION NOTATION Ʃ
Sngle Subscrpt otaton THE SUMMATIO OTATIO Ʃ Most of the calculatons we perform n statstcs are repettve operatons on lsts of numbers. For example, we compute the sum of a set of numbers, or the sum of the
More informationCollege of Computer & Information Science Fall 2009 Northeastern University 20 October 2009
College of Computer & Informaton Scence Fall 2009 Northeastern Unversty 20 October 2009 CS7880: Algorthmc Power Tools Scrbe: Jan Wen and Laura Poplawsk Lecture Outlne: Prmal-dual schema Network Desgn:
More informationCHAPTER-5 INFORMATION MEASURE OF FUZZY MATRIX AND FUZZY BINARY RELATION
CAPTER- INFORMATION MEASURE OF FUZZY MATRI AN FUZZY BINARY RELATION Introducton The basc concept of the fuzz matr theor s ver smple and can be appled to socal and natural stuatons A branch of fuzz matr
More informationUncertainty in measurements of power and energy on power networks
Uncertanty n measurements of power and energy on power networks E. Manov, N. Kolev Department of Measurement and Instrumentaton, Techncal Unversty Sofa, bul. Klment Ohrdsk No8, bl., 000 Sofa, Bulgara Tel./fax:
More informationCOMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INTRODUCTION We know that x 0 for all x R e the square of a real number (whether postve, negatve or ero) s non-negatve Hence the equatons x, x, x + 7 0 etc are not
More informationNON-LINEAR CONVOLUTION: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE AURALIZATION OF DISTORTING SYSTEMS
NON-LINEAR CONVOLUTION: A NEW APPROAC FOR TE AURALIZATION OF DISTORTING SYSTEMS Angelo Farna, Alberto Belln and Enrco Armellon Industral Engneerng Dept., Unversty of Parma, Va delle Scenze 8/A Parma, 00
More informationTHE WEIGHTED WEAK TYPE INEQUALITY FOR THE STRONG MAXIMAL FUNCTION
THE WEIGHTED WEAK TYPE INEQUALITY FO THE STONG MAXIMAL FUNCTION THEMIS MITSIS Abstract. We prove the natural Fefferman-Sten weak type nequalty for the strong maxmal functon n the plane, under the assumpton
More informationMathematical Preparations
1 Introducton Mathematcal Preparatons The theory of relatvty was developed to explan experments whch studed the propagaton of electromagnetc radaton n movng coordnate systems. Wthn expermental error the
More informationAmusing Properties of Odd Numbers Derived From Valuated Binary Tree
IOSR Journal of Mathematcs (IOSR-JM) e-iss: 78-578, p-iss: 19-765X. Volume 1, Issue 6 Ver. V (ov. - Dec.016), PP 5-57 www.osrjournals.org Amusng Propertes of Odd umbers Derved From Valuated Bnary Tree
More informationFinding Primitive Roots Pseudo-Deterministically
Electronc Colloquum on Computatonal Complexty, Report No 207 (205) Fndng Prmtve Roots Pseudo-Determnstcally Ofer Grossman December 22, 205 Abstract Pseudo-determnstc algorthms are randomzed search algorthms
More informationPHYS 705: Classical Mechanics. Canonical Transformation II
1 PHYS 705: Classcal Mechancs Canoncal Transformaton II Example: Harmonc Oscllator f ( x) x m 0 x U( x) x mx x LT U m Defne or L p p mx x x m mx x H px L px p m p x m m H p 1 x m p m 1 m H x p m x m m
More informationREGULAR POSITIVE TERNARY QUADRATIC FORMS. 1. Introduction
REGULAR POSITIVE TERNARY QUADRATIC FORMS BYEONG-KWEON OH Abstract. A postve defnte quadratc form f s sad to be regular f t globally represents all ntegers that are represented by the genus of f. In 997
More informationSUCCESSIVE MINIMA AND LATTICE POINTS (AFTER HENK, GILLET AND SOULÉ) M(B) := # ( B Z N)
SUCCESSIVE MINIMA AND LATTICE POINTS (AFTER HENK, GILLET AND SOULÉ) S.BOUCKSOM Abstract. The goal of ths note s to present a remarably smple proof, due to Hen, of a result prevously obtaned by Gllet-Soulé,
More informationVolume 18 Figure 1. Notation 1. Notation 2. Observation 1. Remark 1. Remark 2. Remark 3. Remark 4. Remark 5. Remark 6. Theorem A [2]. Theorem B [2].
Bulletn of Mathematcal Scences and Applcatons Submtted: 016-04-07 ISSN: 78-9634, Vol. 18, pp 1-10 Revsed: 016-09-08 do:10.1805/www.scpress.com/bmsa.18.1 Accepted: 016-10-13 017 ScPress Ltd., Swtzerland
More informationOn cyclic of Steiner system (v); V=2,3,5,7,11,13
On cyclc of Stener system (v); V=,3,5,7,,3 Prof. Dr. Adl M. Ahmed Rana A. Ibraham Abstract: A stener system can be defned by the trple S(t,k,v), where every block B, (=,,,b) contans exactly K-elementes
More informationBallot Paths Avoiding Depth Zero Patterns
Ballot Paths Avodng Depth Zero Patterns Henrch Nederhausen and Shaun Sullvan Florda Atlantc Unversty, Boca Raton, Florda nederha@fauedu, ssull21@fauedu 1 Introducton In a paper by Sapounaks, Tasoulas,
More informationThe Minimum Universal Cost Flow in an Infeasible Flow Network
Journal of Scences, Islamc Republc of Iran 17(2): 175-180 (2006) Unversty of Tehran, ISSN 1016-1104 http://jscencesutacr The Mnmum Unversal Cost Flow n an Infeasble Flow Network H Saleh Fathabad * M Bagheran
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 1 Mar 2014
Unon-ntersectng set systems Gyula O.H. Katona and Dánel T. Nagy March 4, 014 arxv:1403.0088v1 [math.co] 1 Mar 014 Abstract Three ntersecton theorems are proved. Frst, we determne the sze of the largest
More informationDIFFERENTIAL FORMS BRIAN OSSERMAN
DIFFERENTIAL FORMS BRIAN OSSERMAN Dfferentals are an mportant topc n algebrac geometry, allowng the use of some classcal geometrc arguments n the context of varetes over any feld. We wll use them to defne
More informationQuantum and Classical Information Theory with Disentropy
Quantum and Classcal Informaton Theory wth Dsentropy R V Ramos rubensramos@ufcbr Lab of Quantum Informaton Technology, Department of Telenformatc Engneerng Federal Unversty of Ceara - DETI/UFC, CP 6007
More information829. An adaptive method for inertia force identification in cantilever under moving mass
89. An adaptve method for nerta force dentfcaton n cantlever under movng mass Qang Chen 1, Mnzhuo Wang, Hao Yan 3, Haonan Ye 4, Guola Yang 5 1,, 3, 4 Department of Control and System Engneerng, Nanng Unversty,
More informationSelf-complementing permutations of k-uniform hypergraphs
Dscrete Mathematcs Theoretcal Computer Scence DMTCS vol. 11:1, 2009, 117 124 Self-complementng permutatons of k-unform hypergraphs Artur Szymańsk A. Paweł Wojda Faculty of Appled Mathematcs, AGH Unversty
More informationAppendix for Causal Interaction in Factorial Experiments: Application to Conjoint Analysis
A Appendx for Causal Interacton n Factoral Experments: Applcaton to Conjont Analyss Mathematcal Appendx: Proofs of Theorems A. Lemmas Below, we descrbe all the lemmas, whch are used to prove the man theorems
More informationExample: (13320, 22140) =? Solution #1: The divisors of are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 27, 30, 36, 41,
The greatest common dvsor of two ntegers a and b (not both zero) s the largest nteger whch s a common factor of both a and b. We denote ths number by gcd(a, b), or smply (a, b) when there s no confuson
More informationDifference Equations
Dfference Equatons c Jan Vrbk 1 Bascs Suppose a sequence of numbers, say a 0,a 1,a,a 3,... s defned by a certan general relatonshp between, say, three consecutve values of the sequence, e.g. a + +3a +1
More informationGames of Threats. Elon Kohlberg Abraham Neyman. Working Paper
Games of Threats Elon Kohlberg Abraham Neyman Workng Paper 18-023 Games of Threats Elon Kohlberg Harvard Busness School Abraham Neyman The Hebrew Unversty of Jerusalem Workng Paper 18-023 Copyrght 2017
More informationAnother converse of Jensen s inequality
Another converse of Jensen s nequalty Slavko Smc Abstract. We gve the best possble global bounds for a form of dscrete Jensen s nequalty. By some examples ts frutfulness s shown. 1. Introducton Throughout
More informationLinear Complexity and Correlation of some Cyclotomic Sequences
Lnear Complexty and Correlaton of some Cyclotomc Sequences Young-Joon Km The Graduate School Yonse Unversty Department of Electrcal and Electronc Engneerng Lnear Complexty and Correlaton of some Cyclotomc
More informationGroup Theory Worksheet
Jonathan Loss Group Theory Worsheet Goals: To ntroduce the student to the bascs of group theory. To provde a hstorcal framewor n whch to learn. To understand the usefulness of Cayley tables. To specfcally
More informationSubset Topological Spaces and Kakutani s Theorem
MOD Natural Neutrosophc Subset Topologcal Spaces and Kakutan s Theorem W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy lanthenral K Florentn Smarandache 1 Copyrght 1 by EuropaNova ASBL and the Authors Ths book can be ordered
More informationRandić Energy and Randić Estrada Index of a Graph
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Vol. 5, No., 202, 88-96 ISSN 307-5543 www.ejpam.com SPECIAL ISSUE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED ANALYSIS AND ALGEBRA 29 JUNE -02JULY 20, ISTANBUL
More informationSPECIAL SUBSETS OF DIFFERENCE SETS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON SKEW HADAMARD DIFFERENCE SETS
SPECIAL SUBSETS OF DIFFERENCE SETS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON SKEW HADAMARD DIFFERENCE SETS ROBERT S. COULTER AND TODD GUTEKUNST Abstract. Ths artcle ntroduces a new approach to studyng dfference sets
More informationOn quasiperfect numbers
Notes on Number Theory and Dscrete Mathematcs Prnt ISSN 1310 5132, Onlne ISSN 2367 8275 Vol. 23, 2017, No. 3, 73 78 On quasperfect numbers V. Sva Rama Prasad 1 and C. Suntha 2 1 Nalla Malla Reddy Engneerng
More informationFINITELY-GENERATED MODULES OVER A PRINCIPAL IDEAL DOMAIN
FINITELY-GENERTED MODULES OVER PRINCIPL IDEL DOMIN EMMNUEL KOWLSKI Throughout ths note, s a prncpal deal doman. We recall the classfcaton theorem: Theorem 1. Let M be a fntely-generated -module. (1) There
More informationResearch Article Green s Theorem for Sign Data
Internatonal Scholarly Research Network ISRN Appled Mathematcs Volume 2012, Artcle ID 539359, 10 pages do:10.5402/2012/539359 Research Artcle Green s Theorem for Sgn Data Lous M. Houston The Unversty of
More informationwhere a is any ideal of R. Lemma Let R be a ring. Then X = Spec R is a topological space. Moreover the open sets
11. Schemes To defne schemes, just as wth algebrac varetes, the dea s to frst defne what an affne scheme s, and then realse an arbtrary scheme, as somethng whch s locally an affne scheme. The defnton of
More informationDONALD M. DAVIS. 1. Main result
v 1 -PERIODIC 2-EXPONENTS OF SU(2 e ) AND SU(2 e + 1) DONALD M. DAVIS Abstract. We determne precsely the largest v 1 -perodc homotopy groups of SU(2 e ) and SU(2 e +1). Ths gves new results about the largest
More informationNotes on Frequency Estimation in Data Streams
Notes on Frequency Estmaton n Data Streams In (one of) the data streamng model(s), the data s a sequence of arrvals a 1, a 2,..., a m of the form a j = (, v) where s the dentty of the tem and belongs to
More informationChowla s Problem on the Non-Vanishing of Certain Infinite Series and Related Questions
Proc. Int. Conf. Number Theory and Dscrete Geometry No. 4, 2007, pp. 7 79. Chowla s Problem on the Non-Vanshng of Certan Infnte Seres and Related Questons N. Saradha School of Mathematcs, Tata Insttute
More informationRefined Coding Bounds for Network Error Correction
Refned Codng Bounds for Network Error Correcton Shenghao Yang Department of Informaton Engneerng The Chnese Unversty of Hong Kong Shatn, N.T., Hong Kong shyang5@e.cuhk.edu.hk Raymond W. Yeung Department
More informationLecture 12: Discrete Laplacian
Lecture 12: Dscrete Laplacan Scrbe: Tanye Lu Our goal s to come up wth a dscrete verson of Laplacan operator for trangulated surfaces, so that we can use t n practce to solve related problems We are mostly
More informationRestricted divisor sums
ACTA ARITHMETICA 02 2002) Restrcted dvsor sums by Kevn A Broughan Hamlton) Introducton There s a body of work n the lterature on varous restrcted sums of the number of dvsors of an nteger functon ncludng
More informationThe Degrees of Nilpotency of Nilpotent Derivations on the Ring of Matrices
Internatonal Mathematcal Forum, Vol. 6, 2011, no. 15, 713-721 The Degrees of Nlpotency of Nlpotent Dervatons on the Rng of Matrces Homera Pajoohesh Department of of Mathematcs Medgar Evers College of CUNY
More informationDirichlet s Theorem In Arithmetic Progressions
Drchlet s Theorem In Arthmetc Progressons Parsa Kavkan Hang Wang The Unversty of Adelade February 26, 205 Abstract The am of ths paper s to ntroduce and prove Drchlet s theorem n arthmetc progressons,
More informationMaximizing the number of nonnegative subsets
Maxmzng the number of nonnegatve subsets Noga Alon Hao Huang December 1, 213 Abstract Gven a set of n real numbers, f the sum of elements of every subset of sze larger than k s negatve, what s the maxmum
More informationCOMPARISON OF SOME RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN REDUNDANT SYSTEMS REQUIRING SUPPORTING UNITS FOR THEIR OPERATIONS
Avalable onlne at http://sck.org J. Math. Comput. Sc. 3 (3), No., 6-3 ISSN: 97-537 COMPARISON OF SOME RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN REDUNDANT SYSTEMS REQUIRING SUPPORTING UNITS FOR THEIR OPERATIONS
More informationProblem Set 9 Solutions
Desgn and Analyss of Algorthms May 4, 2015 Massachusetts Insttute of Technology 6.046J/18.410J Profs. Erk Demane, Srn Devadas, and Nancy Lynch Problem Set 9 Solutons Problem Set 9 Solutons Ths problem
More informationGenericity of Critical Types
Genercty of Crtcal Types Y-Chun Chen Alfredo D Tllo Eduardo Fangold Syang Xong September 2008 Abstract Ely and Pesk 2008 offers an nsghtful characterzaton of crtcal types: a type s crtcal f and only f
More informationThe Pseudoblocks of Endomorphism Algebras
Internatonal Mathematcal Forum, 4, 009, no. 48, 363-368 The Pseudoblocks of Endomorphsm Algebras Ahmed A. Khammash Department of Mathematcal Scences, Umm Al-Qura Unversty P.O.Box 796, Makkah, Saud Araba
More informationOn the partial orthogonality of faithful characters. Gregory M. Constantine 1,2
On the partal orthogonalty of fathful characters by Gregory M. Constantne 1,2 ABSTRACT For conjugacy classes C and D we obtan an expresson for χ(c) χ(d), where the sum extends only over the fathful rreducble
More informationLecture 3. Ax x i a i. i i
18.409 The Behavor of Algorthms n Practce 2/14/2 Lecturer: Dan Spelman Lecture 3 Scrbe: Arvnd Sankar 1 Largest sngular value In order to bound the condton number, we need an upper bound on the largest
More informationBeyond Zudilin s Conjectured q-analog of Schmidt s problem
Beyond Zudln s Conectured q-analog of Schmdt s problem Thotsaporn Ae Thanatpanonda thotsaporn@gmalcom Mathematcs Subect Classfcaton: 11B65 33B99 Abstract Usng the methodology of (rgorous expermental mathematcs
More informationCurvature and isoperimetric inequality
urvature and sopermetrc nequalty Julà ufí, Agustí Reventós, arlos J Rodríguez Abstract We prove an nequalty nvolvng the length of a plane curve and the ntegral of ts radus of curvature, that has as a consequence
More informationSELECTED PROOFS. DeMorgan s formulas: The first one is clear from Venn diagram, or the following truth table:
SELECTED PROOFS DeMorgan s formulas: The frst one s clear from Venn dagram, or the followng truth table: A B A B A B Ā B Ā B T T T F F F F T F T F F T F F T T F T F F F F F T T T T The second one can be
More informationON A DETERMINATION OF THE INITIAL FUNCTIONS FROM THE OBSERVED VALUES OF THE BOUNDARY FUNCTIONS FOR THE SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC EQUATION
Advanced Mathematcal Models & Applcatons Vol.3, No.3, 2018, pp.215-222 ON A DETERMINATION OF THE INITIAL FUNCTIONS FROM THE OBSERVED VALUES OF THE BOUNDARY FUNCTIONS FOR THE SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC EUATION
More informationThe internal structure of natural numbers and one method for the definition of large prime numbers
The nternal structure of natural numbers and one method for the defnton of large prme numbers Emmanul Manousos APM Insttute for the Advancement of Physcs and Mathematcs 3 Poulou str. 53 Athens Greece Abstract
More informationZeros and Zero Dynamics for Linear, Time-delay System
UNIVERSITA POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE - FACOLTA DI INGEGNERIA Dpartmento d Ingegnerua Informatca, Gestonale e dell Automazone LabMACS Laboratory of Modelng, Analyss and Control of Dynamcal System Zeros and
More informationComplete subgraphs in multipartite graphs
Complete subgraphs n multpartte graphs FLORIAN PFENDER Unverstät Rostock, Insttut für Mathematk D-18057 Rostock, Germany Floran.Pfender@un-rostock.de Abstract Turán s Theorem states that every graph G
More informationSMARANDACHE-GALOIS FIELDS
SMARANDACHE-GALOIS FIELDS W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy Deartment of Mathematcs Indan Insttute of Technology, Madras Chenna - 600 036, Inda. E-mal: vasantak@md3.vsnl.net.n Abstract: In ths aer we study the
More informationBasic Regular Expressions. Introduction. Introduction to Computability. Theory. Motivation. Lecture4: Regular Expressions
Introducton to Computablty Theory Lecture: egular Expressons Prof Amos Israel Motvaton If one wants to descrbe a regular language, La, she can use the a DFA, Dor an NFA N, such L ( D = La that that Ths
More informationAn Introduction to Morita Theory
An Introducton to Morta Theory Matt Booth October 2015 Nov. 2017: made a few revsons. Thanks to Nng Shan for catchng a typo. My man reference for these notes was Chapter II of Bass s book Algebrac K-Theory
More information20. Mon, Oct. 13 What we have done so far corresponds roughly to Chapters 2 & 3 of Lee. Now we turn to Chapter 4. The first idea is connectedness.
20. Mon, Oct. 13 What we have done so far corresponds roughly to Chapters 2 & 3 of Lee. Now we turn to Chapter 4. The frst dea s connectedness. Essentally, we want to say that a space cannot be decomposed
More informationPower law and dimension of the maximum value for belief distribution with the max Deng entropy
Power law and dmenson of the maxmum value for belef dstrbuton wth the max Deng entropy Bngy Kang a, a College of Informaton Engneerng, Northwest A&F Unversty, Yanglng, Shaanx, 712100, Chna. Abstract Deng
More informationLECTURE 9 CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS
LECURE 9 CANONICAL CORRELAION ANALYSIS Introducton he concept of canoncal correlaton arses when we want to quantfy the assocatons between two sets of varables. For example, suppose that the frst set of
More informationLecture 5 Decoding Binary BCH Codes
Lecture 5 Decodng Bnary BCH Codes In ths class, we wll ntroduce dfferent methods for decodng BCH codes 51 Decodng the [15, 7, 5] 2 -BCH Code Consder the [15, 7, 5] 2 -code C we ntroduced n the last lecture
More informationRemarks on the Properties of a Quasi-Fibonacci-like Polynomial Sequence
Remarks on the Propertes of a Quas-Fbonacc-lke Polynomal Sequence Brce Merwne LIU Brooklyn Ilan Wenschelbaum Wesleyan Unversty Abstract Consder the Quas-Fbonacc-lke Polynomal Sequence gven by F 0 = 1,
More informationApplication of Nonbinary LDPC Codes for Communication over Fading Channels Using Higher Order Modulations
Applcaton of Nonbnary LDPC Codes for Communcaton over Fadng Channels Usng Hgher Order Modulatons Rong-Hu Peng and Rong-Rong Chen Department of Electrcal and Computer Engneerng Unversty of Utah Ths work
More informationOn the symmetric character of the thermal conductivity tensor
On the symmetrc character of the thermal conductvty tensor Al R. Hadjesfandar Department of Mechancal and Aerospace Engneerng Unversty at Buffalo, State Unversty of New York Buffalo, NY 146 USA ah@buffalo.edu
More information8.6 The Complex Number System
8.6 The Complex Number System Earler n the chapter, we mentoned that we cannot have a negatve under a square root, snce the square of any postve or negatve number s always postve. In ths secton we want
More informationAn efficient algorithm for multivariate Maclaurin Newton transformation
Annales UMCS Informatca AI VIII, 2 2008) 5 14 DOI: 10.2478/v10065-008-0020-6 An effcent algorthm for multvarate Maclaurn Newton transformaton Joanna Kapusta Insttute of Mathematcs and Computer Scence,
More informationSCALARS AND VECTORS All physical quantities in engineering mechanics are measured using either scalars or vectors.
SCALARS AND ECTORS All phscal uanttes n engneerng mechancs are measured usng ether scalars or vectors. Scalar. A scalar s an postve or negatve phscal uantt that can be completel specfed b ts magntude.
More informationTime-Varying Systems and Computations Lecture 6
Tme-Varyng Systems and Computatons Lecture 6 Klaus Depold 14. Januar 2014 The Kalman Flter The Kalman estmaton flter attempts to estmate the actual state of an unknown dscrete dynamcal system, gven nosy
More information