On the symmetric character of the thermal conductivity tensor
|
|
- Allison Thornton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 On the symmetrc character of the thermal conductvty tensor Al R. Hadjesfandar Department of Mechancal and Aerospace Engneerng Unversty at Buffalo, State Unversty of New York Buffalo, NY 146 USA September 19, 13 Abstract In ths paper, the symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor for lnear heterogeneous ansotropc materal s establshed as the result of arguments from tensor analyss and lnear algebra for Fourer s heat conducton. The non-sngular nature of the conductvty tensor plays the fundamental role n establshng ths statement. 1. Introducton The conductvty tensor characterzes the general lnear heat conducton relaton between temperature gradents and heat flux n heterogeneous ansotropc materal. By usng nonequlbrum statstcal mechancs, Onsager [1] has shown that the conductvty tensor s symmetrc. However, classcal contnuum thermodynamcs has not been able to provde any drect reasonng for ths property, nor can t explan why we have to appeal to non-equlbrum statstcal mechancs. Here we establsh the symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor by usng arguments from tensor analyss and lnear algebra regardng the Fourer s heat conducton law. Ths ncludes results from the famlar egenvalue problem concept and the theory of equatons. Interestngly, the fundamental step n ths establshment s based on the nvertblty of the conductvty tensor. 1
2 In the followng secton, we provde an overvew of some mportant aspects ofelementary tensor analyss. Ths ncludes the defntons of tensors, ther nvarants and the character of the egenvalues of second order tensors based on the theory of equatons. In Secton 3, we ntroduce the classcal heat conducton relatons for lnear heterogeneous ansotropc materal. After that n Secton 4, the symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor s establshed by usng the arguments from tensor analyss and lnear algebra. Fnally, Secton 5 contans a summary and some general conclusons.. Prelmnares Consder the three dmensonal orthogonal coordnate system x 1xx3 as the reference frame, where e 1, e and e 3 are unt base vectors. Ths s the man coordnate system we use to represent the components of fundamental tensors and tensor equatons. We also consder the prmed orthogonal coordnate system x 1 xx 3 for further nvestgaton, havng the same orgn, but wth e 1, e and e 3 as unt base vectors. The general orthogonal transformaton between these systems s represented by the 3 3 transformaton matrx a, where a a a a m n m n mn Here the symbol s the Kronecker delta. We notce that the components a are the drecton cosnes among the axes x and x j ; that s a (1) cos x, x () j It should be notced that the orthogonalty relatons (1) represents a set of sx ndependent relatons among the nne quanttes a. Ths shows that the orthogonal transformaton matrx a s generally specfed at most by 3 ndependent values. The orthogonal transformatons a among the dfferent coordnate systems are essental n defnng vectors and tensors based on the transformatons of ther components []. For example,
3 the scalar A, vector B and second order tensor C transform such that ther components n the prmed coordnate system are A A (3) B ab j (4) C apajqc pq (5) It should be notced that under orthogonal transformatons some scalar values related to the components of B and C do not change, whch are called nvarants of these quanttes. For the vector B there s only one nvarant, whch s the length L B of ths vector. components, ths nvarant s In terms of L B BB (6) For the second order tensor C, ts three egenvalues are the three ndependent nvarants. The egenvalue problem s defned as Cv j v (7) where the parameter s the egenvalue or prncpal value and the vector v s the egenvector or prncpal drecton. The egenvalue problem (7) can be wrtten as j The condton for (8) to possess non-trval soluton for v s whch n terms of elements can be wrtten as Ths gves the cubc characterstc equaton for as where the real coeffcents I C, II C and C v (8) det C (9) C11 C1 C13 det 1 C C C3 C31 C3 C33 3 C C C (1) I II III (11) III C are I C tracec C (1) 3
4 1 1 II trace trace C C C C CCj (13) III 1 det C 6 C C C (14) C k pqr p jq kr The symbol k n (14) s the alternatng or Lev-Cvta symbol. Let us call the egenvalues 1, and 3. The cubc equaton (1) wth real coeffcents has at least one real root. Therefore, n any case, one egenvalue and ts correspondng egenvector are real, whch we denote as the thrd egensoluton 3 and v 3. We notce that the other two egenvalues 1 and, and ther correspondng egenvectors v 1 and v complex conjugate of each other. As a result, we can see that 1 3 are ether real or I (15) C II (16) C III (17) C 1 3 It should be mentoned that the vector v s usually normalzed such that t becomes a unt vector, that s where v s the complex conjugate of v. vv 1 (18) Instead of the egenvalues we may use ther combnatons I C, II C and III C as the new nvarants, whch can be expressed drectly n terms of the elements of the tensor. Therefore, the real values I C, II C and III C are called the fundamental nvarants of the tensor C. A second order tensor P s symmetrc, f P P (19) j The egenvalues of the symmetrc tensor P are all real and ther correspondng egenvectors are mutually orthogonal for dstnct egenvalues or can be taken mutually orthogonal for repeated 4
5 egenvalues. Ths means there s a prmed orthogonal coordnate system x 1, xx 3 where the representaton of P s dagonal, that s P 11 P P P 33 () A second order tensor Q s skew-symmetrc, f It can be easly shown that the determnant of ths tensor vanshes; that s Q Q (1) j III det Q () Q Ths n turn shows that at least one of the egenvalues of the skew-symmetrc tensor Q s zero. We notce that the symmetry and skew-symmetry character of tensors are preserved n orthogonal transformatons. Interestngly, the general second-order tensor decomposed nto the unque sum of ts symmetrc where C C can be and skew-symmetrc C parts, such that C C C (3) C 1 C Cj C j (4) C 1 C Cj C j (5) Notce that here we have ntroduced parentheses surroundng a par of ndces to denote the symmetrc part of a second order tensor, whereas square brackets are assocated wth the skewsymmetrc part. 3. Fundamental heat conducton theory Consder the heat conducton n a heterogeneous ansotropc sold materal contnuum at rest. In contnuum mechancs, t s postulated that the amount of heat energy flow through a surface element ds wth outward drected unt normal vector n s qds, n where q n s the heat flux or 5
6 thermal flux. Let us denote q 1, q and q 3 as the heat fluxes through surfaces wth unt normal n the drecton of coordnate axes x 1, x and x 3, respectvely. It can be shown that these quanttes defne a heat flux vector q qe (see for example Carslaw and Jaeger [3]). As a result of ths, we have the relaton q qn qn (6) n for the heat flux q n. The combnaton of the frst and second law of thermodynamcs [] results n the Clausus- Duhem nequalty qt (7), Ths nequalty shows that the heat flux vector cannot have any postve component n the drecton of temperature gradent Lnear heat conducton theory For lnear heterogeneous ansotropc materal, Duhamel s generalzaton of Fourer s heat conducton law [4] s q k T (8), j Here the tensor k s the materal thermal conductvty tensor, whch can vary from pont to pont. The mnus sgn n (5) assures that the heat flow occurs from a hgher to a lower temperature. In terms of components, the conductvty tensor n the orgnal coordnate system x1xx 3 can be wrtten as k k k k k1 k k3 k 31 k3 k33 Because t s requred that the lnear relaton (8) be nvertble, the conductvty tensor needs to be non-sngular, that s (9) det k det k (3) 6
7 Snce we have not establshed the symmetry character of k, the nne components of k are ndependent of each other at ths stage. Therefore, the conductvty tensor k s specfed by nne ndependent components n the general case. By decomposng the thermal conductvty tensor k nto symmetrc k and skew-symmetrc k parts, we have k k k (31) where 1 k k k j k j (3) 1 k k k j kj (33) In the general case, the tensors k and k are specfed by sx and three ndependent components, respectvely. By usng the relaton (8) for heat flux, we can wrte the Clausus-Duhem nequalty (7) as ktt (34),, j Snce k s skew-symmetrc, we have k TT (35),, j and ktt k TT (36),, j,, j Therefore, the Clausus-Duhem nequalty can be wrtten as k T T (37),, j whch requres that the tensor kbe postve defnte. However, the Clausus-Duhem nequalty does not mpose any restrcton on the tensor k. In the followng secton, we prove that k 7
8 vanshes based exclusvely on tensor analyss. It should be emphaszed that ths proof s ndependent of the second law of thermodynamcs and Clausus-Duhem nequalty (7), whch mpose only the postve defnte condton restrcton on the symmetrc part of the tensor k. 4. Symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor Consder the heat conducton law n the orgnal coordnate system x 1xx3 q k T (38), j Let us look for a drecton of temperature gradent T,, whch s parallel to the heat flux vector, that s q T (39), Therefore, by usng (39) n (38), we obtan the egenvalue problem kt T (4), j, By consderng the normalzed unt vector v n the drecton of the prncpal drecton T,, we obtan the egenvalue problem as kv j v (41) whch can be wrtten as j k v (4) Therefore, the condton for (4) to have a non-trval soluton for v s det k (43) Ths s the characterstc equaton for the tensor k, whch can also be wrtten as k11 k1 k13 det 1 k k k3 k31 k3 k33 As a result, the characterstc equaton s the cubc equaton (44) 8
9 where 3 k k k I II III (45) I k tracek k (46) 1 1 II trace trace k k k k kkj (47) III 1 det k 6 k k k (48) k k pqr p jq kr Snce III k s non-zero, all egenvalues are non-zero. Therefore, the characterstc equaton (45) has at least one real non-zero egenvalue 3 wth the correspondng real normalzed egenvector 3 v, where v v 1 (49) 3 3 It should be mentoned that the relaton (49) shows that the normalzed egenvector v 3 s specfed by two ndependent values n the orgnal coordnate system x 1xx3. Now we choose the orthogonal coordnate system x 1xx 3 such that the axs x 3 concdes wth the drecton of ths real unt egenvector 3 v. Therefore, we have 3 (5) 1 Let us denote the plane normal to ths drecton as. In ths plane, we choose the orthogonal axes x and 1 x arbtrarly. The Fourer s heat conducton law n ths specal prmed coordnate system x 1xx 3 becomes q kt (51), j As a result, for the egenvalue problem (41) n ths specal prmed coordnate system x 1xx 3, we have 9
10 kv v (5) j where the conductvty tensor s represented n the form k 11 k 1 k 13 k k1 k k3 k 31 k3 k33 By examnng the egenvector (5) n the egenvalue problem (5), we obtan k 13 k As we can see, ths relaton requres that 3 33 k 3 (53) (54) k 13, k 3, k 33 3 (55) Therefore, the representaton of the conductvty tensor n the specal prmed orthogonal coordnate system x 1xx 3 reduces to k k k k k k 31 k3 k33 (56) Snce the determnant of the conductvty s nvarant, we have from (3) Ths obvously requres and k k 11 1 det k k33 det k 1 k k 33 3 (57) k (58) k 11 1 det k11k k1k1 k 1 k (59) Now let us consder the temperature feld, such that 1 T T T x, x (6) As a result, the relaton (51) for the heat flux becomes 1
11 q ktkt 1 11,1 1, q ktk T (61) 1,1, q ktk T 3 31,1 3, We notce that one should be able to obtan,1 T and, T for gven heat flux q q q q. 1 3 However, the system (61) for,1 T and, T s over-determned. Therefore, there must be a lnear dependency among these equatons. By scrutnzng the relaton (59), we realze that the frst two equatons q ktkt (6) 1 11,1 1, q ktk T 1,1, are the requred set of equatons to obtan T and T, for gven heat flux components 1,1 q and q. As a result, the components of temperature gradent are explctly expressed as T 1 k q k q,1 1 1 k11k k1k1 T 1 k q k q, k11k k1k1 (63) From these relatons, t s clearly seen that,1 T and, T are ndependent of the component 3 q. Therefore, the last equaton n (61) has to be trvally satsfed for any arbtrary gven 1 q and q. Ths condton requres q 3, k 31, k 3 (64) As a result of ths, the conductvty tensor s specfed by fve ndependent elements n the specal prmed coordnate system x1; xx 3 that s k k k k k 11 1 k 33 1 (65) 11
12 The components of the conductvty tensor n the orgnal unprmed coordnate system x 1xx3 are obtaned by usng the transformaton k a a k (66) m nj mn where 3 3 a v (67) or explctly a v, 3 3 a v, a v (68) Because of the normalzng condton (49), the relatons n (68) enforce only two ndependent constrant values n (66). As a result, the conductvty tensor k s specfed by seven ndependent elements n the orgnal coordnate system x 1xx3. Ths result s n contradcton wth our orgnal statement that the conductvty tensor k s specfed by nne ndependent components. To resolve ths nconsstency, we consder the symmetrc and skew-symmetrc parts of the tensor k. It s seen that the symmetrc tensor k and skew-symmetrc tensor k cannot be smultaneously specfed by sx and three ndependent components any more. For further nvestgaton, we consder the three followng possble cases: Case (). k and k are specfed by four and three ndependent values, respectvely. However, k s a general symmetrc tensor wth sx ndependent values. Ths contradcton requres k, k k (7) However, we notce that for ths case det k det k (71) whch volates the non-sngularty condton for k. Ths case s obvously not acceptable. 1
13 Case (). k and k are specfed by fve and two ndependent values, respectvely. Ths contradcts wth the generalty of the conductvty tensor. As a result, both tensor parts vansh; that s Therefore, ths case also s not acceptable. k k k (69) Case (). k and k are specfed by sx and one ndependent values, respectvely. However, k s a general skew-symmetrc tensor wth three ndependent values. Ths contradcton requres k (7) Consequently, t s seen that ths case s the only acceptable case, whch states that the conductvty tensor s symmetrc k k (73) Ths smply means k k (74) j Therefore, the general conductvty tensor s specfed by sx ndependent components. Because of ths symmetry character, the egenvalues of ths tensor are real and ther correspondng egenvectors are orthogonal. Ths shows that n our prmed coordnate system x 1 xx 3, the conductvty tensor gven by (65) s specfed by four ndependent elements such that k k (75) 1 1 As a result, we can choose the axes x and 1 x along the other orthogonal egenvectors such that the conductvty tensor becomes dagonal, that s k 11 k k k 33 (76) 13
14 where, we have k 11 1, k, k 33 3 (77) It s seen that the Clausus-Duhem nequalty (37) can be wrtten as ktt (78),, j Snce k s non-sngular and symmetrc, ths nequalty whch requres that the tensor k be postve defnte. Ths means that all egenvalues (77) are postve. As we mentoned before, the second law of thermodynamcs and Clausus-Duhem nequalty do not have any role here n establshng the symmetry character of the conductvty tensor. Our proof has been solely based on the tensoral character of quanttes n Duhamel s generalzaton of Fourer s heat conducton law (8) by usng some fundamentals of algebra. 5. Conclusons By usng arguments from tensor analyss and lnear algebra, the symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor for lnear heterogeneous ansotropc materal has been establshed. Ths shows that classcal contnuum mechancs can provde the mathematcal reason for the symmetrc character of the conductvty tensor, whch s a necessary condton for havng the consstent tensoral relatons n classcal heat conducton theory. The method of proof here shows the subtle character of the tensors and ther nterrelatonshps, whch has not been fully utlzed n studyng physcal phenomena from ths mathematcal vew. By usng the character of tensor relatons, we may fnd mportant results, whch could not have been magned prevously n classcal contnuum mechancs. Interestngly, the symmetrc character of the resstvty tensor n Ohm s law for electrc conducton and the dffuson coeffcent tensor for Fck s law n mass transfer and other dffusve systems can be establshed usng analogous methods. 14
15 References [1] L. Onsager, Recprocal relatons n rreversble processes. I, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 (1931) [] L. E. Malvern, Introducton to the Mechancs of a Contnuous Medum, Prentce-Hall, Englewood Clffs, New Jersey, [3] H. S. Carslaw, J. C. Jaeger, Conducton of Heat n Solds, nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, [4] J.-M.-C. Duhamel, Sur les équatons générales de la propagaton de la chaleur dans les corps soldes dont la conductblté n est pas la même dans tous les sens, J. Ec. Polytech. Pars, 13 (1) (183)
On the non-singularity of the thermal conductivity tensor and its consequences
On the non-sngularty of the thermal conductvty tensor and ts consequences Al R. Hadjesfandar Department of Mechancal and Aerospace Engneerng Unversty at Buffalo, State Unversty of New Yor Buffalo, NY 1426
More informationMathematical Preparations
1 Introducton Mathematcal Preparatons The theory of relatvty was developed to explan experments whch studed the propagaton of electromagnetc radaton n movng coordnate systems. Wthn expermental error the
More informationInner Product. Euclidean Space. Orthonormal Basis. Orthogonal
Inner Product Defnton 1 () A Eucldean space s a fnte-dmensonal vector space over the reals R, wth an nner product,. Defnton 2 (Inner Product) An nner product, on a real vector space X s a symmetrc, blnear,
More informationn α j x j = 0 j=1 has a nontrivial solution. Here A is the n k matrix whose jth column is the vector for all t j=0
MODULE 2 Topcs: Lnear ndependence, bass and dmenson We have seen that f n a set of vectors one vector s a lnear combnaton of the remanng vectors n the set then the span of the set s unchanged f that vector
More informationSalmon: Lectures on partial differential equations. Consider the general linear, second-order PDE in the form. ,x 2
Salmon: Lectures on partal dfferental equatons 5. Classfcaton of second-order equatons There are general methods for classfyng hgher-order partal dfferental equatons. One s very general (applyng even to
More informationThe Order Relation and Trace Inequalities for. Hermitian Operators
Internatonal Mathematcal Forum, Vol 3, 08, no, 507-57 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hkarcom https://doorg/0988/mf088055 The Order Relaton and Trace Inequaltes for Hermtan Operators Y Huang School of Informaton Scence
More informationCanonical transformations
Canoncal transformatons November 23, 2014 Recall that we have defned a symplectc transformaton to be any lnear transformaton M A B leavng the symplectc form nvarant, Ω AB M A CM B DΩ CD Coordnate transformatons,
More informationAPPENDIX A Some Linear Algebra
APPENDIX A Some Lnear Algebra The collecton of m, n matrces A.1 Matrces a 1,1,..., a 1,n A = a m,1,..., a m,n wth real elements a,j s denoted by R m,n. If n = 1 then A s called a column vector. Smlarly,
More information763622S ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS Solution Set 1 Spring c n a n. c n 2 = 1.
7636S ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS Soluton Set 1 Sprng 013 1 Warm-up Show that the egenvalues of a Hermtan operator  are real and that the egenkets correspondng to dfferent egenvalues are orthogonal (b)
More informationAffine transformations and convexity
Affne transformatons and convexty The purpose of ths document s to prove some basc propertes of affne transformatons nvolvng convex sets. Here are a few onlne references for background nformaton: http://math.ucr.edu/
More informationTensor Analysis. For orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, ˆ ˆ (98) Expanding the derivative, we have, ˆ. h q. . h q h q
For orthogonal curvlnear coordnates, eˆ grad a a= ( aˆ ˆ e). h q (98) Expandng the dervatve, we have, eˆ aˆ ˆ e a= ˆ ˆ a h e + q q 1 aˆ ˆ ˆ a e = ee ˆˆ ˆ + e. h q h q Now expandng eˆ / q (some of the detals
More informationELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM
ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM An elastc wave s a deformaton of the body that travels throughout the body n all drectons. We can examne the deformaton over a perod of tme by fxng our look
More informationSL n (F ) Equals its Own Derived Group
Internatonal Journal of Algebra, Vol. 2, 2008, no. 12, 585-594 SL n (F ) Equals ts Own Derved Group Jorge Macel BMCC-The Cty Unversty of New York, CUNY 199 Chambers street, New York, NY 10007, USA macel@cms.nyu.edu
More informationC/CS/Phy191 Problem Set 3 Solutions Out: Oct 1, 2008., where ( 00. ), so the overall state of the system is ) ( ( ( ( 00 ± 11 ), Φ ± = 1
C/CS/Phy9 Problem Set 3 Solutons Out: Oct, 8 Suppose you have two qubts n some arbtrary entangled state ψ You apply the teleportaton protocol to each of the qubts separately What s the resultng state obtaned
More informationPHYS 705: Classical Mechanics. Calculus of Variations II
1 PHYS 705: Classcal Mechancs Calculus of Varatons II 2 Calculus of Varatons: Generalzaton (no constrant yet) Suppose now that F depends on several dependent varables : We need to fnd such that has a statonary
More informationMATH 241B FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS - NOTES EXAMPLES OF C ALGEBRAS
MATH 241B FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS - NOTES EXAMPLES OF C ALGEBRAS These are nformal notes whch cover some of the materal whch s not n the course book. The man purpose s to gve a number of nontrval examples
More informationCOMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INTRODUCTION We know that x 0 for all x R e the square of a real number (whether postve, negatve or ero) s non-negatve Hence the equatons x, x, x + 7 0 etc are not
More informationIntroduction. - The Second Lyapunov Method. - The First Lyapunov Method
Stablty Analyss A. Khak Sedgh Control Systems Group Faculty of Electrcal and Computer Engneerng K. N. Toos Unversty of Technology February 2009 1 Introducton Stablty s the most promnent characterstc of
More informationLECTURE 9 CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS
LECURE 9 CANONICAL CORRELAION ANALYSIS Introducton he concept of canoncal correlaton arses when we want to quantfy the assocatons between two sets of varables. For example, suppose that the frst set of
More informationPerron Vectors of an Irreducible Nonnegative Interval Matrix
Perron Vectors of an Irreducble Nonnegatve Interval Matrx Jr Rohn August 4 2005 Abstract As s well known an rreducble nonnegatve matrx possesses a unquely determned Perron vector. As the man result of
More informationBOUNDEDNESS OF THE RIESZ TRANSFORM WITH MATRIX A 2 WEIGHTS
BOUNDEDNESS OF THE IESZ TANSFOM WITH MATIX A WEIGHTS Introducton Let L = L ( n, be the functon space wth norm (ˆ f L = f(x C dx d < For a d d matrx valued functon W : wth W (x postve sem-defnte for all
More informationYong Joon Ryang. 1. Introduction Consider the multicommodity transportation problem with convex quadratic cost function. 1 2 (x x0 ) T Q(x x 0 )
Kangweon-Kyungk Math. Jour. 4 1996), No. 1, pp. 7 16 AN ITERATIVE ROW-ACTION METHOD FOR MULTICOMMODITY TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS Yong Joon Ryang Abstract. The optmzaton problems wth quadratc constrants often
More informationMEM 255 Introduction to Control Systems Review: Basics of Linear Algebra
MEM 255 Introducton to Control Systems Revew: Bascs of Lnear Algebra Harry G. Kwatny Department of Mechancal Engneerng & Mechancs Drexel Unversty Outlne Vectors Matrces MATLAB Advanced Topcs Vectors A
More informationAppendix for Causal Interaction in Factorial Experiments: Application to Conjoint Analysis
A Appendx for Causal Interacton n Factoral Experments: Applcaton to Conjont Analyss Mathematcal Appendx: Proofs of Theorems A. Lemmas Below, we descrbe all the lemmas, whch are used to prove the man theorems
More informationGeorgia Tech PHYS 6124 Mathematical Methods of Physics I
Georga Tech PHYS 624 Mathematcal Methods of Physcs I Instructor: Predrag Cvtanovć Fall semester 202 Homework Set #7 due October 30 202 == show all your work for maxmum credt == put labels ttle legends
More informationIn this section is given an overview of the common elasticity models.
Secton 4.1 4.1 Elastc Solds In ths secton s gven an overvew of the common elastcty models. 4.1.1 The Lnear Elastc Sold The classcal Lnear Elastc model, or Hooean model, has the followng lnear relatonshp
More informationDifference Equations
Dfference Equatons c Jan Vrbk 1 Bascs Suppose a sequence of numbers, say a 0,a 1,a,a 3,... s defned by a certan general relatonshp between, say, three consecutve values of the sequence, e.g. a + +3a +1
More information= = = (a) Use the MATLAB command rref to solve the system. (b) Let A be the coefficient matrix and B be the right-hand side of the system.
Chapter Matlab Exercses Chapter Matlab Exercses. Consder the lnear system of Example n Secton.. x x x y z y y z (a) Use the MATLAB command rref to solve the system. (b) Let A be the coeffcent matrx and
More informationTime-Varying Systems and Computations Lecture 6
Tme-Varyng Systems and Computatons Lecture 6 Klaus Depold 14. Januar 2014 The Kalman Flter The Kalman estmaton flter attempts to estmate the actual state of an unknown dscrete dynamcal system, gven nosy
More informationPhysics 5153 Classical Mechanics. D Alembert s Principle and The Lagrangian-1
P. Guterrez Physcs 5153 Classcal Mechancs D Alembert s Prncple and The Lagrangan 1 Introducton The prncple of vrtual work provdes a method of solvng problems of statc equlbrum wthout havng to consder the
More informationConvexity preserving interpolation by splines of arbitrary degree
Computer Scence Journal of Moldova, vol.18, no.1(52), 2010 Convexty preservng nterpolaton by splnes of arbtrary degree Igor Verlan Abstract In the present paper an algorthm of C 2 nterpolaton of dscrete
More informationMore metrics on cartesian products
More metrcs on cartesan products If (X, d ) are metrc spaces for 1 n, then n Secton II4 of the lecture notes we defned three metrcs on X whose underlyng topologes are the product topology The purpose of
More informationLectures - Week 4 Matrix norms, Conditioning, Vector Spaces, Linear Independence, Spanning sets and Basis, Null space and Range of a Matrix
Lectures - Week 4 Matrx norms, Condtonng, Vector Spaces, Lnear Independence, Spannng sets and Bass, Null space and Range of a Matrx Matrx Norms Now we turn to assocatng a number to each matrx. We could
More informationThe Prncpal Component Transform The Prncpal Component Transform s also called Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT, Hotellng Transform, oregenvector Transfor
Prncpal Component Transform Multvarate Random Sgnals A real tme sgnal x(t can be consdered as a random process and ts samples x m (m =0; ;N, 1 a random vector: The mean vector of X s X =[x0; ;x N,1] T
More informationModule 1 : The equation of continuity. Lecture 1: Equation of Continuity
1 Module 1 : The equaton of contnuty Lecture 1: Equaton of Contnuty 2 Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer: Modules 1. THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY : Lectures 1-6 () () () (v) (v) Overall Mass Balance Momentum
More informationQuantum Mechanics I - Session 4
Quantum Mechancs I - Sesson 4 Aprl 3, 05 Contents Operators Change of Bass 4 3 Egenvectors and Egenvalues 5 3. Denton....................................... 5 3. Rotaton n D....................................
More informationEPR Paradox and the Physical Meaning of an Experiment in Quantum Mechanics. Vesselin C. Noninski
EPR Paradox and the Physcal Meanng of an Experment n Quantum Mechancs Vesseln C Nonnsk vesselnnonnsk@verzonnet Abstract It s shown that there s one purely determnstc outcome when measurement s made on
More information1 Matrix representations of canonical matrices
1 Matrx representatons of canoncal matrces 2-d rotaton around the orgn: ( ) cos θ sn θ R 0 = sn θ cos θ 3-d rotaton around the x-axs: R x = 1 0 0 0 cos θ sn θ 0 sn θ cos θ 3-d rotaton around the y-axs:
More informationLinear Approximation with Regularization and Moving Least Squares
Lnear Approxmaton wth Regularzaton and Movng Least Squares Igor Grešovn May 007 Revson 4.6 (Revson : March 004). 5 4 3 0.5 3 3.5 4 Contents: Lnear Fttng...4. Weghted Least Squares n Functon Approxmaton...
More informationHowever, since P is a symmetric idempotent matrix, of P are either 0 or 1 [Eigen-values
Fall 007 Soluton to Mdterm Examnaton STAT 7 Dr. Goel. [0 ponts] For the general lnear model = X + ε, wth uncorrelated errors havng mean zero and varance σ, suppose that the desgn matrx X s not necessarly
More informationFundamental loop-current method using virtual voltage sources technique for special cases
Fundamental loop-current method usng vrtual voltage sources technque for specal cases George E. Chatzaraks, 1 Marna D. Tortorel 1 and Anastasos D. Tzolas 1 Electrcal and Electroncs Engneerng Departments,
More informationLecture 10 Support Vector Machines II
Lecture 10 Support Vector Machnes II 22 February 2016 Taylor B. Arnold Yale Statstcs STAT 365/665 1/28 Notes: Problem 3 s posted and due ths upcomng Frday There was an early bug n the fake-test data; fxed
More informationFoundations of Arithmetic
Foundatons of Arthmetc Notaton We shall denote the sum and product of numbers n the usual notaton as a 2 + a 2 + a 3 + + a = a, a 1 a 2 a 3 a = a The notaton a b means a dvdes b,.e. ac = b where c s an
More informationNorms, Condition Numbers, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Norms, Condton Numbers, Egenvalues and Egenvectors 1 Norms A norm s a measure of the sze of a matrx or a vector For vectors the common norms are: N a 2 = ( x 2 1/2 the Eucldean Norm (1a b 1 = =1 N x (1b
More informationBallot Paths Avoiding Depth Zero Patterns
Ballot Paths Avodng Depth Zero Patterns Henrch Nederhausen and Shaun Sullvan Florda Atlantc Unversty, Boca Raton, Florda nederha@fauedu, ssull21@fauedu 1 Introducton In a paper by Sapounaks, Tasoulas,
More informationSome Comments on Accelerating Convergence of Iterative Sequences Using Direct Inversion of the Iterative Subspace (DIIS)
Some Comments on Acceleratng Convergence of Iteratve Sequences Usng Drect Inverson of the Iteratve Subspace (DIIS) C. Davd Sherrll School of Chemstry and Bochemstry Georga Insttute of Technology May 1998
More informationU.C. Berkeley CS294: Spectral Methods and Expanders Handout 8 Luca Trevisan February 17, 2016
U.C. Berkeley CS94: Spectral Methods and Expanders Handout 8 Luca Trevsan February 7, 06 Lecture 8: Spectral Algorthms Wrap-up In whch we talk about even more generalzatons of Cheeger s nequaltes, and
More informationAffine and Riemannian Connections
Affne and Remannan Connectons Semnar Remannan Geometry Summer Term 2015 Prof Dr Anna Wenhard and Dr Gye-Seon Lee Jakob Ullmann Notaton: X(M) space of smooth vector felds on M D(M) space of smooth functons
More informationRandom Walks on Digraphs
Random Walks on Dgraphs J. J. P. Veerman October 23, 27 Introducton Let V = {, n} be a vertex set and S a non-negatve row-stochastc matrx (.e. rows sum to ). V and S defne a dgraph G = G(V, S) and a drected
More informationLecture 6/7 (February 10/12, 2014) DIRAC EQUATION. The non-relativistic Schrödinger equation was obtained by noting that the Hamiltonian 2
P470 Lecture 6/7 (February 10/1, 014) DIRAC EQUATION The non-relatvstc Schrödnger equaton was obtaned by notng that the Hamltonan H = P (1) m can be transformed nto an operator form wth the substtutons
More informationOn Finite Rank Perturbation of Diagonalizable Operators
Functonal Analyss, Approxmaton and Computaton 6 (1) (2014), 49 53 Publshed by Faculty of Scences and Mathematcs, Unversty of Nš, Serba Avalable at: http://wwwpmfnacrs/faac On Fnte Rank Perturbaton of Dagonalzable
More informationRepresentation theory and quantum mechanics tutorial Representation theory and quantum conservation laws
Representaton theory and quantum mechancs tutoral Representaton theory and quantum conservaton laws Justn Campbell August 1, 2017 1 Generaltes on representaton theory 1.1 Let G GL m (R) be a real algebrac
More information2.3 Nilpotent endomorphisms
s a block dagonal matrx, wth A Mat dm U (C) In fact, we can assume that B = B 1 B k, wth B an ordered bass of U, and that A = [f U ] B, where f U : U U s the restrcton of f to U 40 23 Nlpotent endomorphsms
More informationPolynomial Regression Models
LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS MODULE XII Lecture - 6 Polynomal Regresson Models Dr. Shalabh Department of Mathematcs and Statstcs Indan Insttute of Technology Kanpur Test of sgnfcance To test the sgnfcance
More informationProf. Dr. I. Nasser Phys 630, T Aug-15 One_dimensional_Ising_Model
EXACT OE-DIMESIOAL ISIG MODEL The one-dmensonal Isng model conssts of a chan of spns, each spn nteractng only wth ts two nearest neghbors. The smple Isng problem n one dmenson can be solved drectly n several
More informationThe equation of motion of a dynamical system is given by a set of differential equations. That is (1)
Dynamcal Systems Many engneerng and natural systems are dynamcal systems. For example a pendulum s a dynamcal system. State l The state of the dynamcal system specfes t condtons. For a pendulum n the absence
More informationCalculus of Variations Basics
Chapter 1 Calculus of Varatons Bascs 1.1 Varaton of a General Functonal In ths chapter, we derve the general formula for the varaton of a functonal of the form J [y 1,y 2,,y n ] F x,y 1,y 2,,y n,y 1,y
More information4.2 Chemical Driving Force
4.2. CHEMICL DRIVING FORCE 103 4.2 Chemcal Drvng Force second effect of a chemcal concentraton gradent on dffuson s to change the nature of the drvng force. Ths s because dffuson changes the bondng n a
More informationTHEOREMS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
THEOREMS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS In order to develop methods to treat many-electron systems (atoms & molecules), many of the theorems of quantum mechancs are useful. Useful Notaton The matrx element A mn
More informationAsymptotics of the Solution of a Boundary Value. Problem for One-Characteristic Differential. Equation Degenerating into a Parabolic Equation
Nonl. Analyss and Dfferental Equatons, ol., 4, no., 5 - HIKARI Ltd, www.m-har.com http://dx.do.org/.988/nade.4.456 Asymptotcs of the Soluton of a Boundary alue Problem for One-Characterstc Dfferental Equaton
More information9 Characteristic classes
THEODORE VORONOV DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY. Sprng 2009 [under constructon] 9 Characterstc classes 9.1 The frst Chern class of a lne bundle Consder a complex vector bundle E B of rank p. We shall construct
More informationLecture 12: Discrete Laplacian
Lecture 12: Dscrete Laplacan Scrbe: Tanye Lu Our goal s to come up wth a dscrete verson of Laplacan operator for trangulated surfaces, so that we can use t n practce to solve related problems We are mostly
More information7. Products and matrix elements
7. Products and matrx elements 1 7. Products and matrx elements Based on the propertes of group representatons, a number of useful results can be derved. Consder a vector space V wth an nner product ψ
More informationMATH Sensitivity of Eigenvalue Problems
MATH 537- Senstvty of Egenvalue Problems Prelmnares Let A be an n n matrx, and let λ be an egenvalue of A, correspondngly there are vectors x and y such that Ax = λx and y H A = λy H Then x s called A
More informationPHYS 215C: Quantum Mechanics (Spring 2017) Problem Set 3 Solutions
PHYS 5C: Quantum Mechancs Sprng 07 Problem Set 3 Solutons Prof. Matthew Fsher Solutons prepared by: Chatanya Murthy and James Sully June 4, 07 Please let me know f you encounter any typos n the solutons.
More informationA PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATING THE NONLINEAR CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER IN A BODY WITH TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.
Proceedngs of the th Brazlan Congress of Thermal Scences and Engneerng -- ENCIT 006 Braz. Soc. of Mechancal Scences and Engneerng -- ABCM, Curtba, Brazl,- Dec. 5-8, 006 A PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATING THE NONLINEAR
More informationNumerical Heat and Mass Transfer
Master degree n Mechancal Engneerng Numercal Heat and Mass Transfer 06-Fnte-Dfference Method (One-dmensonal, steady state heat conducton) Fausto Arpno f.arpno@uncas.t Introducton Why we use models and
More informationISSN: ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013
ISSN: 2277-375 Constructon of Trend Free Run Orders for Orthogonal rrays Usng Codes bstract: Sometmes when the expermental runs are carred out n a tme order sequence, the response can depend on the run
More informationSection 8.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
80 Chapter 8 Secton 8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers From prevous classes, you may have encountered magnary numbers the square roots of negatve numbers and, more generally, complex numbers whch are the
More informationALGORITHM FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE TWO VARIABLES CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTION
ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII AL.I. CUZA DIN IAŞI (S.N.) MATEMATICĂ, Tomul LIX, 013, f.1 DOI: 10.478/v10157-01-00-y ALGORITHM FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE TWO VARIABLES CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTION BY ION
More informationChapter Eight. Review and Summary. Two methods in solid mechanics ---- vectorial methods and energy methods or variational methods
Chapter Eght Energy Method 8. Introducton 8. Stran energy expressons 8.3 Prncpal of statonary potental energy; several degrees of freedom ------ Castglano s frst theorem ---- Examples 8.4 Prncpal of statonary
More information3.1 Expectation of Functions of Several Random Variables. )' be a k-dimensional discrete or continuous random vector, with joint PMF p (, E X E X1 E X
Statstcs 1: Probablty Theory II 37 3 EPECTATION OF SEVERAL RANDOM VARIABLES As n Probablty Theory I, the nterest n most stuatons les not on the actual dstrbuton of a random vector, but rather on a number
More informationIndeterminate pin-jointed frames (trusses)
Indetermnate pn-jonted frames (trusses) Calculaton of member forces usng force method I. Statcal determnacy. The degree of freedom of any truss can be derved as: w= k d a =, where k s the number of all
More information12. The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation Michael Fowler
1. The Hamlton-Jacob Equaton Mchael Fowler Back to Confguraton Space We ve establshed that the acton, regarded as a functon of ts coordnate endponts and tme, satsfes ( ) ( ) S q, t / t+ H qpt,, = 0, and
More informationU.C. Berkeley CS294: Beyond Worst-Case Analysis Luca Trevisan September 5, 2017
U.C. Berkeley CS94: Beyond Worst-Case Analyss Handout 4s Luca Trevsan September 5, 07 Summary of Lecture 4 In whch we ntroduce semdefnte programmng and apply t to Max Cut. Semdefnte Programmng Recall that
More informationThis model contains two bonds per unit cell (one along the x-direction and the other along y). So we can rewrite the Hamiltonian as:
1 Problem set #1 1.1. A one-band model on a square lattce Fg. 1 Consder a square lattce wth only nearest-neghbor hoppngs (as shown n the fgure above): H t, j a a j (1.1) where,j stands for nearest neghbors
More informationTransfer Functions. Convenient representation of a linear, dynamic model. A transfer function (TF) relates one input and one output: ( ) system
Transfer Functons Convenent representaton of a lnear, dynamc model. A transfer functon (TF) relates one nput and one output: x t X s y t system Y s The followng termnology s used: x y nput output forcng
More informationTHE CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM. We should thank the Chinese for their wonderful remainder theorem. Glenn Stevens
THE CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM KEITH CONRAD We should thank the Chnese for ther wonderful remander theorem. Glenn Stevens 1. Introducton The Chnese remander theorem says we can unquely solve any par of
More informationThe internal structure of natural numbers and one method for the definition of large prime numbers
The nternal structure of natural numbers and one method for the defnton of large prme numbers Emmanul Manousos APM Insttute for the Advancement of Physcs and Mathematcs 3 Poulou str. 53 Athens Greece Abstract
More informatione - c o m p a n i o n
OPERATIONS RESEARCH http://dxdoorg/0287/opre007ec e - c o m p a n o n ONLY AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC FORM 202 INFORMS Electronc Companon Generalzed Quantty Competton for Multple Products and Loss of Effcency
More informationCausal Diamonds. M. Aghili, L. Bombelli, B. Pilgrim
Causal Damonds M. Aghl, L. Bombell, B. Plgrm Introducton The correcton to volume of a causal nterval due to curvature of spacetme has been done by Myrhem [] and recently by Gbbons & Solodukhn [] and later
More informationNON-CENTRAL 7-POINT FORMULA IN THE METHOD OF LINES FOR PARABOLIC AND BURGERS' EQUATIONS
IJRRAS 8 (3 September 011 www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol8issue3/ijrras_8_3_08.pdf NON-CENTRAL 7-POINT FORMULA IN THE METHOD OF LINES FOR PARABOLIC AND BURGERS' EQUATIONS H.O. Bakodah Dept. of Mathematc
More informationFeb 14: Spatial analysis of data fields
Feb 4: Spatal analyss of data felds Mappng rregularly sampled data onto a regular grd Many analyss technques for geophyscal data requre the data be located at regular ntervals n space and/or tme. hs s
More information), it produces a response (output function g (x)
Lnear Systems Revew Notes adapted from notes by Mchael Braun Typcally n electrcal engneerng, one s concerned wth functons of tme, such as a voltage waveform System descrpton s therefore defned n the domans
More informationCSci 6974 and ECSE 6966 Math. Tech. for Vision, Graphics and Robotics Lecture 21, April 17, 2006 Estimating A Plane Homography
CSc 6974 and ECSE 6966 Math. Tech. for Vson, Graphcs and Robotcs Lecture 21, Aprl 17, 2006 Estmatng A Plane Homography Overvew We contnue wth a dscusson of the major ssues, usng estmaton of plane projectve
More informationCHAPTER 4. Vector Spaces
man 2007/2/16 page 234 CHAPTER 4 Vector Spaces To crtcze mathematcs for ts abstracton s to mss the pont entrel. Abstracton s what makes mathematcs work. Ian Stewart The man am of ths tet s to stud lnear
More informationFall 2012 Analysis of Experimental Measurements B. Eisenstein/rev. S. Errede
Fall 0 Analyss of Expermental easurements B. Esensten/rev. S. Errede We now reformulate the lnear Least Squares ethod n more general terms, sutable for (eventually extendng to the non-lnear case, and also
More informationFormulas for the Determinant
page 224 224 CHAPTER 3 Determnants e t te t e 2t 38 A = e t 2te t e 2t e t te t 2e 2t 39 If 123 A = 345, 456 compute the matrx product A adj(a) What can you conclude about det(a)? For Problems 40 43, use
More informationPerfect Competition and the Nash Bargaining Solution
Perfect Competton and the Nash Barganng Soluton Renhard John Department of Economcs Unversty of Bonn Adenauerallee 24-42 53113 Bonn, Germany emal: rohn@un-bonn.de May 2005 Abstract For a lnear exchange
More informationχ x B E (c) Figure 2.1.1: (a) a material particle in a body, (b) a place in space, (c) a configuration of the body
Secton.. Moton.. The Materal Body and Moton hyscal materals n the real world are modeled usng an abstract mathematcal entty called a body. Ths body conssts of an nfnte number of materal partcles. Shown
More information1 Vectors over the complex numbers
Vectors for quantum mechancs 1 D. E. Soper 2 Unversty of Oregon 5 October 2011 I offer here some background for Chapter 1 of J. J. Sakura, Modern Quantum Mechancs. 1 Vectors over the complex numbers What
More informationHomework Notes Week 7
Homework Notes Week 7 Math 4 Sprng 4 #4 (a Complete the proof n example 5 that s an nner product (the Frobenus nner product on M n n (F In the example propertes (a and (d have already been verfed so we
More informationCHAPTER 5: Lie Differentiation and Angular Momentum
CHAPTER 5: Le Dfferentaton and Angular Momentum Jose G. Vargas 1 Le dfferentaton Kähler s theory of angular momentum s a specalzaton of hs approach to Le dfferentaton. We could deal wth the former drectly,
More informationA how to guide to second quantization method.
Phys. 67 (Graduate Quantum Mechancs Sprng 2009 Prof. Pu K. Lam. Verson 3 (4/3/2009 A how to gude to second quantzaton method. -> Second quantzaton s a mathematcal notaton desgned to handle dentcal partcle
More information332600_08_1.qxp 4/17/08 11:29 AM Page 481
336_8_.qxp 4/7/8 :9 AM Page 48 8 Complex Vector Spaces 8. Complex Numbers 8. Conjugates and Dvson of Complex Numbers 8.3 Polar Form and DeMovre s Theorem 8.4 Complex Vector Spaces and Inner Products 8.5
More informationh-analogue of Fibonacci Numbers
h-analogue of Fbonacc Numbers arxv:090.0038v [math-ph 30 Sep 009 H.B. Benaoum Prnce Mohammad Unversty, Al-Khobar 395, Saud Araba Abstract In ths paper, we ntroduce the h-analogue of Fbonacc numbers for
More informationFrom Biot-Savart Law to Divergence of B (1)
From Bot-Savart Law to Dvergence of B (1) Let s prove that Bot-Savart gves us B (r ) = 0 for an arbtrary current densty. Frst take the dvergence of both sdes of Bot-Savart. The dervatve s wth respect to
More information16 Reflection and transmission, TE mode
16 Reflecton transmsson TE mode Last lecture we learned how to represent plane-tem waves propagatng n a drecton ˆ n terms of feld phasors such that η = Ẽ = E o e j r H = ˆ Ẽ η µ ɛ = ˆ = ω µɛ E o =0. Such
More informationDIFFERENTIAL FORMS BRIAN OSSERMAN
DIFFERENTIAL FORMS BRIAN OSSERMAN Dfferentals are an mportant topc n algebrac geometry, allowng the use of some classcal geometrc arguments n the context of varetes over any feld. We wll use them to defne
More informationMath 217 Fall 2013 Homework 2 Solutions
Math 17 Fall 013 Homework Solutons Due Thursday Sept. 6, 013 5pm Ths homework conssts of 6 problems of 5 ponts each. The total s 30. You need to fully justfy your answer prove that your functon ndeed has
More information