A Scalable Distributed QoS Multicast Routing Protocol

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1 A Slle Dsued QoS Muls Roung Poool Shgng Chen Depmen of Compue & Infomon Sene & Engneeng Unvesy of Flod, Gnesvlle, Flod 32611, USA Eml: Yuvl Shv Depmen of Elel Engneeng - Sysems Tel-Avv Unvesy, Rm Avv 69978, ISRAEL Eml: shv@eng.u..l As Mny Inene muls pplons suh s eleonfeenng nd emoe dgnoss hve Quly-of-Seve (QoS) equemens. I s hllengng sk o uld QoS onsned muls ees wh hgh pefomne, hgh suess o, low ovehed, nd low sysem equemens. Ths ppe pesens new slle QoS muls oung poool (SoMR) h hs vey smll ommunon ovehed nd eques no se ousde he muls ee. SoMR heves he fvole deoff eween oung pefomne nd ovehed y efully seleng he newok su-gph n whh ondus he seh fo ph h n suppo he QoS equemen, nd y uo-unng he seleon odng o he uen newok ondons. Is elywnng mehnsm helps o dee nd oue ound he el oleneks n he newok, whh neses he hne of fndng fesle phs fo ddve QoS equemens. SoMR mnmzes he sysem equemens; eles only on he lol se soed eh oue. The oung opeons e ompleely deenlzed. I. INTRODUCTION Muls s n effen wy o delve onen o lge goup of eeves y usng ee suue emedded n he newok. Gven QoS equemen suh s ounded end-oend dely, fesle muls ee s one h ssfes he equemen. A fesle ee nh (ph) s ph h onnes new goup meme o muls ee nd hs he esoues o suppo he equed QoS. The sk of QoS muls oung s o fnd fesle ee nhes fo new goup memes. A suvey n hs eseh e n e found n [1]. Fndng fesle ee nhes s dfful n vey lge newoks suh s he Inene euse s mpl o mnn he glol QoS se ny sngle node. A ue-foe floodng lgohm h sehes ll possle phs n he newok gunees o fnd fesle nh f one exss. Howeve, he exessve ovehed of full-sle floodng deems o e mpl fo ll u smll newoks. Thus, fo pplons h eque QoS gunees, een eseh fouses on dsued muls oung lgohms h seh seleed suse of he newok o fnd fesle ee nhes fo new goup memes [2], [3], [4], [5]. A good QoS oung poool heves fvole deoff eween he oung ovehed nd he ly of fndng fesle ph (ofen qunfed s suess o o suess poly). In ddon, good poool exhs o opmzes ohe hess, suh s mnmzng he ex se nfomon he poool mnns n he newok; deenlzng he oung opeons o sped he woklod; nd dpng he oung vy odng o he uen newok ondon nd vodng he e whee ff ongeson ous. QMRP [2] s poool h exhs vey good deoff eween he oung ovehed nd he suess poly. In ddon, QMRP hs mny of he good mes menoned ove. Howeve, QMRP suffes fom wo poloms. Fsly, QMRP deposs empoy se n he oues fo eh jon eques. I s hghly desed h he oues only mnn pe goup nfomon u no pe-goup-pe-jon nfomon. Seondly, QMRP ws desgned fo pplons wh non-ddve QoS equemens suh s ndwdh nd uffe spe. I lks he mehnsm o hndle ddve QoS equemens suh s dely. Whle spnnng jon [3] nd QoSMIC [5] do no hve he ove polems, hey hve hghe ovehed nd lowe suess poly [2]. Hene, fuhe sudy fo slle, effen QoS muls oung poool s unde ll. Ths ppe suggess slle QoS muls oung poool, SoMR, h shes he dpve ph-nhng de of QMRP, u elmnes he empoy use of pe-goup-pe-jon oung se. In QMRP, eh new meme nes seh ee, whh gows owds he muls ee. The seh ee s pe jon se nfomon. In SoMR, he muls ee gows owds he new memes. The poool does no eque o soe ny ex oung se ohe hn he muls ee self. I no only ges d of pe jon oung se u lso llows he dynm ggegon of mulple jon equess, whee sngle ee nh my gow owd mulple new memes. By elmnng he seh ee, SoMR emoves he se mhne n QMRP h govens he onsuon of he seh ee, nd heefoe smplfes he mplemenon. SoMR uses novel ely-wnng (EW) mehnsm h kes he ddve nue of he dely equemen no oun nd emps o denfy he mos ppope pon o exploe lenve phs n ode o mxmze he hne of suess. The es of he ppe s ognzed s follows. Seon II pesens ou newok model. Seon III deses he oung poool. Anlyss nd smulon esuls e povded n Seon IV nd Seon V, espevely. Seon VI dws he onluson. II. NETWORK MODEL We mke he followng ssumpons ou he newok. IEEE Communons Soey 1161

2 1) Thee exss n undelyng uns oung poool whh n delve messge eween ny wo onneed nodes n he newok. A node knows he lengh (nume of hops) of he uns oung ph o ny desnon. Mny wdely used uns oung poools suh s RIP nd OSPF povde hs nfomon. 2) Evey node mnns s up-o-de lol se, suh s he dely of eh ougong lnk, whh nludes he poessng me, uffeng dely, nd lnk popgon dely. Assume h one esoues e ommed, suh dely n e ssued dung he lfeme of d ommunon. How o mke esoue esevon [6] nd wh pke shedulng lgohms e used [7] e ou of he sope of hs ppe. We ssume h ny new meme s le o mp muls goup ddess o he oo node of he ee on demnd possly y quey/esponse Sesson Deoy [8]. We defne he noons n he followng. Le k nd e wo on-ee nodes. The ph n he muls ee onneng hem s lled he n-ee ph, denoed y P k,. The guneed dely ound of hs ph s lled he n-ee dely, denoed y dely(p k, ).LeT e he se of on-ee nodes nd e he oo of he ee. A dely-onsned muls ee ssfes h, T, dely(p, ) D. We eque eh on-ee node o know dely(p, ). In f, ou poool mkes sue h ny node jonng he ee wll hve hs vlue. We ssume h eh lnk (, j) n ensue en dely ound (whh mgh e nfny) fo he Clss of Seve (CoS) wh whh he muls goup s ssoed. Ths ound of he lnk dely s denoed s dely(, j). III. A NEW QOS MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOL A. Poool Despon SoMR onsss of wo phses. The fs phse s sml o shoes ph oung (SPR), n whh JOIN messge s sen fom he new meme o he oo long he uns oung ph. The JOIN messge umules he ph veses. I lso umules he dely of he ph n he evese deon. When he JOIN messge ehes n on-ee node k, f he umuled dely plus he n-ee dely fom o k does no vole he dely equemen, fesle ee nh s deeed, whh s he vesed uns ph. A CONSTRUCTION messge s hen sen k long he ph (soue oung) o onsu ee nh onneng he new meme. Sne he new meme jons he ee suessfully, he seond phse wll no e ved. On he ohe hnd, f he dely equemen s voled k, he JOIN messge onnues vellng o he oo. When he oo eeves he messge, ss he seond phse, whh employs mul-ph oung. The oo sends messges o s neghos. These messges wll hen vel long he uns oung phs owds he new meme. As hey vel, hey y o onsu new ee nhes hop y hop long he wy. Eh messge es he dely equemen D. I lso umules he dely of he onsued ee nh. Hene, when n nemede node eeves, knows he n-ee dely fom o, dely(p, ). Below we dese he ons h wll ke fe eevng. Fs, does n EW (Ely Wnng) es o see how lkely he poeedng uns ph wll ssfy he dely equemen D. If he EW es psses, oung onnues long he uns ph owds ; Ohewse, emps mul-ph oung whh my esul n mulple downsem phs o e onsued. Le j e he nex hop on he uns ph. The EW es eps fou pmees, D, dely(p, ), dely(, j), nd l, whh s he lengh of he uns ph fom o he new meme. The EW es s defned s follows. f dely(, j) > (D dely(p, ))/l hen wnng else pss D dely(p, ) s he emnng slk of he dely equemen h fuhe ee onsuon s llowed o hve. (D dely(p, ))/l s he f she of hs slk fo eh lnk on he ph fom o. The ove EW es ses h f he dely of he lnk s lge hn he f she, wnng should e ggeed; ohewse, he es s pssed. Moe sophsed EW es n e used, u e no onsdeed hee. In ou smulon, he ove EW es woked well. If he EW es s pssed, whh mens h he poeedng ph s lkely o ssfy he QoS equemen, dds lnk (, j) no he muls ee nd fowds he messge o he nex hop j. If evey nemede node psses he EW es, fesle nh s eslshed fo he new meme. Howeve, f he EW es wns h he poeedng ph my vole he QoS equemen, ex effo needs o e ken. Sehng mulple downsem phs wll nese he hne of suess. Nmely, he ee onsuon needs o nh ou. We ll nhng pon. messges e sen o suse of djen nodes x h ssfy he followng QoS es: f dely(, x) >D dely(p, ) hen fl else pss Appenly, x n e he node j h jus fled he EW es, u x should no e he djen node fom whh he ws pevously sen o. Fo he pupose of ovehed eduon, we lso mgh sele only some of he nodes h pss he QoS es (see seon III-C). If he QoS es s fled fo evey djen node, messge s sen k o m he plly onsued ee nh. When node k eeves messge fom node, fs delees lnk (k, ) fom he muls ee, nd hen f k eomes lef node nd s no meme of he muls goup, wll delee self fom he muls ee nd popge he messge o s pen node. As vels k o, he new ee nh s deleed. Thee s dffeene eween he EW es nd he QoS es. The EW es es o mke ely guess on whehe he poeedng ph s lkely o ssfy he dely onsn. If sees sgns of oule, gges nhng o mpove IEEE Communons Soey 1162

3 he hne of suess. The QoS es s o hek f he dely onsn hs ledy een voled. If s, no fuhe onsuon wll e done owds hs deon. A he egnnng of he seond oung phse, ou poool eques he oo o e mndoy nhng pon (n EW es s no neessy). Ou smulons onssenly show h SoMR pefoms ee hs wy. The eson s h n ely nhng wdens he seh nge nd gves he susequen ee onsuon moe flexly. Wheneve messge ehes, fesle ee nh s suessfully eslshed. my eeve mulple messges fom dffeen nhes. In hs se, sends k messges o e down ll u he es nh. n use he nfomon (dely, olenek ndwdh, e.) olleed y he eeved messges o deemne whh nh should e kep. Theefoe, lhough mulple messges n gow mulple ee nhes empoly fo he sme new meme, only one nh wll emn nd he ohe ex ones wll e deeed nd puned uomlly. Alhough sngle jon n esul n mulple empoy ee nhes, one mpon pon s h, no me how mny smulneous jons hee e, eh node keeps only muls eny (one pe goup), nd does no keep ny nfomon ou pul jon lke he se mhne n QMRP. So he mxmum memoy onsumed y muls goup on oue s onsn (n eny n he muls oung le), ndependen of he nume of smulneous jons. B. Bekng loops As ee nhes e onsued owds he new meme, loops my fom n he muls ee. Fg. 1 gves one exmple. Befoe we povde genel soluon o he loopng polem, we need o sudy messges moe losely. Consde messge h onsus ee nh long uns ph P o he new meme. Some of he lnks on P my e ledy n he muls ee whle he ohes e no. When messge vels long lnk h s ledy n he muls ee, we ssgn olo of lue o he messge. When messge vels long lnk h s no n he muls ee, we ssgn geen o he messge. 1 Only geen- messges my fom loops, euse geen- messges jon new lnks o he ee whle lue- messges follow exsng ee lnks. The sende of messge n deemned he olo of he messge s follows. When node sends o n djen node j, fj s he pen o hld of n he muls ee, mks he o e lue; ohewse, mks he o e geen. Usng he olong sheme, loop deeon s esy. When n on-ee node eeves geen- messge, loop s fomed. In Fg. 1, he on-ee node dees loop when eeves geen- messge fom. A messge s sen k o ek he loop, whle he messge onnue onsung ee nh owds he new meme. 1 The geen- messge wll jon hs lnk o he muls ee. Avng, he messge hs he n-ee dely of he new ee nh ( ). knows he nee dely of he old ee nh ( ). The messge n e sen o e down he new nh, n whh se he n-ee dely n he messge needs o e upded o equl h of he old ee nh. O he messge n e sen o ek he old nh sed on en opmzon e (e.g., he n-ee dely of he new nh s smlle), nd n hs se he n-ee dely soed needs o e upded. C. Opmzon Wheneve he EW es genees wnng n nemede node, he node eomes nhng pon nd mulple ee nhes my gow ou fom hs node owds he new meme. 2 The nume of nhng pons, f no esed, n poenlly e lge, whh wll esul n lge oung ovehed. We defne wo poool pmees h e used o es he nume of onsued ee nhes. Mxmum Bnhng Level (MBL): An esy wy o onol he nume of nhng pons s o mnn n sseon: eween he oo nd ny on-ee node, hee e mos m nhng pons. In ohe wods, he mxmum nume of nhng pons s ounded y m 1 =0 (d 1), whee d s he mxmum degee of node. When d =2, m 1 =0 (d 1) = m; when d>2, m 1 =0 (d 1) = (d 1)m 1 d 2. Suh esed veson of SoMR s denoed s SoMR-m. Ths nume m s lled he mxmum nhng level. An lluson of SoMR- 3 s gven n Fg. 2. SoMR-m n e esly mplemened y ugmenng he messges wh oune. Devy n e mplemened o dsouge ee nhes gowng wy fom he new meme. When s sen fom o j, f he dsne fom j o s no shoe hn he dsne fom o, he oune fo MBL s se o zeo, ndng h hee s no nhng pon llowed fo hs messge. Mxmum Bnhng Degee (MBD): A nhng pon my hve lge nume of djen lnks, whh n lso use exessve ovehed. SoMR-m n e fuhe gumened wh n ddonl pmee, mxmum nhng degee, whh spefes he mxmum nume of messges h e llowed o e sen y nhng pon. If he mxmum nhng degee x s smlle hn he node degee mnus one, 3 he node seles x ougong lnks (sed on dsne o he new meme o ndomly) fom whh hs no een eeved, nd sends messges ou long hese lnks. We sugges oh MDL nd MBD o e mplemened. Wh MDL = m nd MBD = x, he mxmum nume of nhng pons s Σ m 1 =0 x = xm 1. Theefoe, he ovehed n e onolled y hese wo pmees. 2 The messges wll u ll u one nh. Hene, hee wll e only one ee nh onneng he new meme evenully. 3 The node should no send o lnk fom whh messge hs een eeved pevously. IEEE Communons Soey 1163

4 lue- geen- geen- Fg. 1. Bek loops j Fg. 2. n exmple of SoMR-3 IV. ANALYSIS Due o he spe lmon, we om he poof of he followng heoems. Theoem 1: SoMR neve foms pessen loop n he muls ee. Theoem 2: SoMR neve pons he ee. Theoem 3: SoMR-m emnes n fne me. Theoem 4: Suppose he uns oung phs e he shoes phs n ems of hops. Fo SoMR-m, ee nh fom he oo o meme s mos 2m hops longe hn he shoes ph. If he devy s mplemened, ee nh s mos wo hop longe hn he shoes ph. In he followng, we ompe he wos se ovehed of hee poools: spnnng jon, QoSMIC, nd SoMR. To smplfy he polem, we onsde newok of n unfomly onneed nodes. Le he dmee of he newok e 2ω hops. Assume he nume of nodes n he k-neghohood of node, N k, gows qudlly wh k,.e., N k = αk 2. Thus, he dmee s gven y αω 2 = n. When he spnnng jon poool odss n neghohood wh dus of k hops, he nume of messges sen s αk 2. Hene, n he wos se he ol nume of messges sen n onseuve odss e ω ω(ω + 1)(2ω +1) n(2ω +1) Σ k=1 (αk2 )=α O(nω) 6 6 The lol seh of QoSMIC odss n smll neghohood wh onsn dus. The messge ovehed of hs p n e onsdeed s onsn. Le T e he sze of he muls ee. The wos se ovehed of he ee seh s O(T ). Fo dense ee h popules he ene newok, O(T )=O(n). Consde SoMR-m wh MBD = x. The mxmum nume of nhng pons s xm 1 (Seon III-C). The mxmum nume of nhes s x xm 1. Noe h x nd m e oh smll onsns. The lengh of ny nh s ounded y O(2ω). Theefoe, he ol nume of messges sen s ounded y O(x xm 1 2ω) = O(ω) n he wos se. We shll do moe deled sudy on ovehed n Seon V y smulon. Wh he ove nlyss ells us s h, s he newok sze neses, he wos se ovehed of spnnng jon, QoSMIC, nd SoMR neses n he ode of nω, n, nd ω, espevely. Fo pefe unfomly-onneed newok wh evey node degee eng d, ω = O( d/2 n). Among he hee, SoMR s he les sensve o he sze of he newok, whh mens ee slly. V. SIMULATION Two pefomne mes, suess o nd vege messge ovehed, e defned s follows. suess o = vg. msg. ovehed = nume of suessful jons ol nume of jon equess ol nume of messges sen ol nume of jon equess When he messge ovehed s luled, sendng messge ove ph of l hops s ouned s l messges. Fou muls oung poools wee smuled: SPR, SoMR-3, QoSMIC, nd spnnng-jons. The mxmum nhng degee of SoMR-3 s 5,.e., nhng pon n send mos 5 messges o s neghos. Fo QoSMIC [5], he lol seh nd he ee seh e mplemened s sequenl poedues; he ee seh s exeued only when he lol seh fls. Devy, lol mnm, nd fonl hoe [5] wee lso mplemened. Fo spnnng jons [3], we mplemened s deed floodng veson, lled deed spnnng jons [3]. The mjo dvnge of SoMR ove QMRP [2] s h SoMR does no mnn ny pe-goup-pe-jon se nfomon. Noe h he muls ee s pe-goup nfomon nd hs o e hee. QMRP needs o mnn he empoy seh ees, IEEE Communons Soey 1164

5 suess o (%) SPR SoMR-3 QoSMIC spnnng jons dely equemen (un of me) messge ovehed (# of messges) SPR SoMR-3 QoSMIC spnnng jons dely equemen (un of me) Fg. 3. Powe-Lw opology, 600 nodes, 5% lnks sued whh s pe-goup-pe-jon nfomon. In hs seon, we do no ompe SoMR wh QMRP euse SoMR s mnly desgned fo ddve QoS equemens suh s dely whees QMRP ws desgned fo non-ddve QoS equemens suh s ndwdh. Ou smulons wee ondued on Powe-Lw newok opologes [9] wh 600 nodes. In he smulon, fve peens of ll lnks n he opology e ndomly seleed s sued lnks, whh efuse o ep moe QoS ff due o he lk of esoues. The delys of hese lnks e hus onsdeed o e nfne. 4 When he uns ph hs lnk h s sued fo QoS ff, SPR wll fl u he ohe poools my sll sueed euse hey exploe moe phs hn he uns one. In eh smulon un, he delys of unsued lnks e ndomly geneed n he nge of [0, 200] uns of me. The oo of he ee s ndomly seleed, nd dely equemen fo he muls ee s se. Then, he nodes n he newok s o jon he ee n ndom ode; eh node emps one. Upon ompleon, he nex smulon un ss. Two hunded smulon uns e ondued on eh of sx ndomly geneed opologes. The vege esul (suess o/messge ovehed) of ll smulon uns yelds one d pon n he fgue. Fg. 3 ompe he suess o nd he messge ovehed of he fou oung poools. The hozonl xs epesens dffeen dely equemens of he muls ees. The fgue shows h he suess o of SoMR-3 s ee hn hose of QoSMIC nd spnnng jons. Remkly, SoMR-3 heves ee suess o muh lowe messge ovehed, s shown n he gh plo. When he dely equemen s smll (.e., 100), he spnnng jons poool hs vey lge ovehed (moe hn 600 messges pe jon eques). Th s euse he muls ee s lwys smll nd mos jon equess esul n lge sle floodng. Alhough he ovehed of SoMR-3 s hghe hn h of SPR, woh menonng h fo jon equess SPR s le o fnd fesle phs, SoMR-3 ehves jus lke SPR nd hus hs he sme ovehed. Only fo jon equess SPR s unle o fnd fesle phs, SoMR-3 sends moe onol messges. VI. CONCLUSION We pesened SoMR, new QoS muls oung poool h hs fvole deoff eween he ommunon ovehed nd he suess poly. I ws shown h he poool ovehed s lowe hen pevously suggesed poools, spnnng jon nd QoSMIC, whle s suess poly s hghe n mos ses hn ohe poools (In some ses QoSMIC hs omple suess poly u wh hghe ovehed). The poool mnns no se n he newok nd woks wh oh ddve nd non-ddve QoS equemens. REFERENCES [1] B. Wng nd C.-J. Hou, A suvey on muls oung nd s QoS exenson: polems, lgohms, nd poools, IEEE Newok, Jnuy/Feuy [2] S. Chen, K. Nhsed, nd Y. Shv, A QoS-Awe Muls Roung Poool, IEEE JSAC, vol. 18, no. 12, pp , De [3] K. Cleg nd J. Cowof, Buldng Shed Tees Usng One-o- Mny Jonng Mehnsm, Compue Communon Revew, pp. 5 11, Jnuy [4] I. Cdon, R. Rom, nd Y. Shv, Mul-Ph Roung Comned wh Resoue Resevon, IEEE INFOCOM 97, pp , Apl [5] M. Flousos, A. Bneje, nd R. Pnkj, QoSMIC: Quly of Seve sensve Muls Inene poocol, SIGCOMM 98, Sepeme [6] L. Zhng, S. Deeng, D. Esn, S. Shenke, nd D. Zppl, RSVP: A New Resoue ReSeVon Poool, IEEE Newok, Sepeme [7] H. Zhng, Seve Dsplnes Fo Guneed Pefomne Seve n Pke-Swhng Newoks, Poeedngs of he IEEE, vol. 83, no. 10, Ooe [8] Hndley nd V. Joson, SDP: Sesson Deoy Poool (df 2.1), Inene Df Wok n Pogess, Feuy [9] M. Flousos, P. Flousos, nd C. Flousos, On Powe-Lw Relonshps of he Inene Topology, ACM SIGCOMM 1999, Aug Eh lnk yplly hs quo on he mxmum moun of esoues llowed o e eseved fo QoS ff n ode no o sve he es-effo ff. One hs quo s ehed, he lnk efuses o ep moe QoS ff. I s hen sued lnk. Noe h he dely of sued lnk s nfne fo new QoS ff u s no nfne fo he es-effo ff. Whle he undelyng uns oung lgohm woks on he es-effo ff, my sele sued lnks on s oung phs. IEEE Communons Soey 1165

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