P lease do eat food or drink in the c lassroom. N o gum C ough drops O r putting strange things in your mouth. K eep solutions away from f lame. I f y

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1 S cience Skills Unit Notes N ame: D O NOT LOSE! A rea of Focus: Lab Safety 1 H andle everything as if it's. P athogenic means that what you are handling c ould be an infective agent that could cause. w ork station periodically with p roper disinfectant. D o not vapors or put anything c lose to your nose to smell unless instructed. W hen smelling, do not hold smell below nose. M a ke a f rom one side to the other. A void a nd other bodily fluids. I f you are bleeding then please contact immediately to get wound c leaned and covered. P lease check for cracks or chips p rior to use. I f glassware is broken please contact. P lease be safe with glassware to avoid d ropping and breaking. Clean immediately. C lean spil ls from the i n. Apply paper towels over the spill, then, carefully s tarting from the outside, wipe in.

2 P lease do eat food or drink in the c lassroom. N o gum C ough drops O r putting strange things in your mouth. K eep solutions away from f lame. I f you have long then please arrange it s o that it will not hang down and catch on fire. K now where the fire extinguisher is and how to use i t. W e have a Carbon all purpose fire e xtinguishers. F ind key. P ull it out. (Stand back) P ull handle / trigger. P oint at the fire until extinguished. K eep equipment away from w ater and vice versa. U se pro per s p rotection. G c overing eyes. G ( Non- l atex) for allergy reasons. K now where the station is a nd how to use it. Where is the station? I f you get something in your G et it out now! H old eyelid open. G ently run water over your eyes 2

3 G o to school nurse immediately. C lean before and after use t o avoid harmful residue. A void yourself if we are using s harp objects. N ever cut toward y ourself or others. A pencil and other pointed objects can be very d angerous. U se common a t all times. N o horseplay. N o pushing. N o running. N o squirting with droppers. 3 A rea of Focus: Magnification M agnificati on: The act of s omething in apparent size. T he object does not c hange in size. De-m agnification: To make something i n appearance.

4 4 T his is a s tereoscopic microscope. It looks at things in w hich light p ass like a bumble b ee. Lets you see the image in 3D. This is a light microscope. It t hat lig ht can pass through. s lide and cover slip. lets you magnify images Uses

5 5 T his is an microscope. It can magnify specimens much smaller than a light, or stereoscope, but doesn t usually view live cells or s pecimens

6 6 L ight is a and a wave and goes o ut in a straight line unless it bumps something. R efraction: T he of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is d ifferent. Diffraction: Bending of.

7 L ens: A transparent optical device used to c or diverge transmitted light and t o form images. 7 C onvex top / Concave bottom Concavo-c onvex W hen carrying a microscope, carry it by the, a nd have one u nder the base. A lways the stage after use so the gears a re not strained. R emove any slide as well.

8 The finely tuned gears are what make m icroscopes expensive. 8 A rea of Focus: The Metric System. T h e international System of U ( SI) also known as t he metric system.

9 9 T he Metric System: A measurement t he powers of. system based on C onverting Units W rite the conversion as a fraction M ultiply C ancel units from the top and bottom Scien tific notation: A method for expressing, and w orking with, very or very n umbers.

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11 I am mm tall. I am cm tall. I am meters tall. I a m km tall. 11 King - m eter 1000m 10³ Henry - meter 100m 10² Died - met er 10m 10¹ While - S tandard 1 m 100 Drinking - m eter. 1m 10-¹ C hocolate meter. 01m 10-² Milk - m eter. 001m 10-³ Q uantity B ase Unit S ymbol L ength M M Kilogr am T emperature K K T S econd s A mount M m ol F orce N ewton N E lectric Current A a L uminous Int ensity C andela c d V L iter l A rea of Focus: Mass

12 M ass: The amount of in an object. Weight has to do with gravity. On earth, mass and w eight are the same. 12 M etric Ton: A meter filled with water or 1,000 k ilograms. T he standard unit of in the metric system is t he gram. 1 milligram = grams 1 centigram = 0.01 grams 1 decigram = 0.1 grams 1 kilogram = grams A rea of Focus: Volume, Liter, l Volume: The three-d imen sional an o bject occupies. T he standard unit of in the metric s ystem is the liter. 1 milliliter = liter 1 centiliter = 0.01 liter 1 deciliter = 0.1 liter 1 kiloliter = liters

13 V olume is also the that matter o ccupies. Matter is anything that has and takes u p. 13 H ow to find the volume of a cube? L ength x Width x Height - cm³ V olume of a cylinder: Where Pi = 3.14 D ensi ty: How much is contained in a g iven volume. We use grams/cm ³ (grams per cubic c entimeter) D ensity m ass v olume M ass D = = grams/cm³ V olume A n object will float in water. D ensity of less than one =. D ensity of more than one =. N ew Area of Focus: Temperature. Temperature: The degree of b ody or environment. hotness or coldness of a

14 C orresponds to its molecular activity. 14 T emperature: M eas ured in degrees. Zero Degrees Celsius is freezing point of water, 100 degrees Celsius is boiling point. K elvin Scale: Zero Kelvin is absolute where molecular motion stops. That is the coldest s omething can be. (never be en reached.) Water freezes at K; water boils at K. K = C N ew Area of Focus: Time. T ime: A measuring system used to sequence, to compare the durations of events

15 a nd the intervals between them, and to quantify the m otions of objects. 15 S peed: A measure of motion, = distance b y time. D/ T D i stance = Speed * time (M ) S peed = Distance divided by time T ime = Distance b y Speed Velocity = Spe ed (distance / time) and. v elocity = Distance Divided by Time A cceleration = The ra te of in v elocity. (m/s) T h e final velocity t he velocity, d ivided by time. also... a = ( v2 v1) /( t2 t1)

16 The S I Unit for acceleration is m/s² 16 D eceleration T o v elocity. T he same formula but value will be negative. m /s² M omentum: A measure of the of a body equal to the product of its mass and v elocity. M omentum = Mass v elocity Law Conservation of Momentum: The m omentum of an object is the product of its m ass and its. Angular momentum: Rotating objects tend to remain rotating at the same speed / direction u nless acted upon. W hen you draw the weights inward, your moment of inertia decreases, and your velocity i ncreases (spin faster). A mount of W ork (w) done depends on two things: T he amount of F ( F) exerted. The Distance (d) a pplied. over which the Force is Equation for Work - w = F x

17 J oule: Unit of, work, or amount o f heat. Equal to the energy expended in applying a f o rce of one newton through a o f one meter. 17 N ew Area of Focus: Some of the other SI units. T he mo le: The molecular of a s ubstance expressed in grams. A mpere: The u nit of measurement of c urrent, equal to one coulomb per second. C oulomb: The measurement of a number of. C andela: The unit of intensity. One c andela is equivalent to lumens. U se to be the light of a standard. New Area of Focus: S cientific Method. Observation, Inferences, and the S cience is A study of natural. A s ystematic study and.

18 K nowledge through experience. 18 A good Scientist is. I s! I s a ccurate, precise and. I s unbiased, a seeker of the truth. C an a nd question. C an fin d solutions,, and r esearch. W orks in all weather conditions if safe. C an overcome obstacles. C ollaborates ( ) with others. Science is a systematic attempt to get around human l imitations. S cience tries to remove personal experience f rom the scientific process. T RY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS. DO NOT USE I, me, you, he, she, we, you, t hem, theirs, names, etc they, T ypes of scientists B iology T he study of life. G eology T he study of earth. C hemistry T he study of Matter. P hysics T he study of matter and energy. M any more...

19 19 Scientific method: A process that is the basis for s cientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Observe Add to background information Form a new Hypothesis Analyze Support hypothesis the Repeat experiment data Reject hypothesis Collect data Do something With the findings. Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Everything in the experiment should be the same except for the independent variable which is the one thing that is different. V ariable: Changing quantity of something. I ndependent: ( ) The variable you have control over, what you can choose and m anipulate. D ependent: ( ) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected d uring the experiment. Control: ( ) Quantities that a scientist w ants to remain constant so it a fair test.

20 20 O bservation A nything you can see, hear, smell, t aste, (Using your ). touch, I nference: A based on your o bservations. H ypothesis: An educated to y our problem / question that is testable. H OLD O N TO THESE N OTES. D O NOT LOSE! C opyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy