Calculation of the Resistance of a Ship Mathematical Formulation. Calculation of the Resistance of a Ship Mathematical Formulation

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1 Ressance s obaned from he sm of he frcon and pressre ressance arables o deermne: - eloc ecor, (3) = (,, ) = (,, ) - Pressre, p () ( - Dens, ρ, s defned b he eqaon of sae Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4 eqaons o deermne 4 nknons: - Mass conseraon - Momenm balance (Neon s La) - Neonan Fld, shear sresses proporonal o he gradens of he eloc componens Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0

2 Mass conseraon - Dfferenal form 0 = Ressance and Proplson Lecre Inegral form = 0 ( ) 0 = o ds n = p ρ Momenm balance (Naer-Sokes eqaons) Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4 = = p g p ρ ρ m a / Conecon Pressre Dffson egh force scos forces

3 = p p ρ Momenm balance (=consan) (Naer-Sokes eqaons) Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 5 m a / = = p g p ρ ρ Conecon Pressre Dffson egh force scos forces Renolds nmber of he flo arond shps s larger han 0 6 and ma reach Mos flos are rblen. Transon from lamnar o rblen flo depends on he Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 6 lamnar o rblen flo depends on he Renolds nmber and all roghness. The mos sal approach s o assme ha he flo s fll-rblen (he rblence model s spposed o ake care of ranson)

4 Trblen Flo hp://.obe.com/ach?=xollkedog&feare=relaed hp://br.obe.com/ach?=7kkfgany hp://br.obe.com/ach?=qhxihpc Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 7 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0

5 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0

6 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0

7 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 3 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4

8 Trblen Flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 5 Trblen Flo. Aleaor. Three-dmensonal 3. Hgh dffson 4. Dsspae 5. Proper of he flo 6. Connos medm 7. Hgh Renolds nmber Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 6

9 Trblen Flo Drec Nmercal Smlaon, DNS Naer-Sokes eqaons soled nmercall h a grd spacng and a me sep sffcenl small o resole he smalles eddes of he flo. On he oher hand, smlaon me ms be large enogh o capre he effecs of he larges eddes Nmercal accrac of he solon s er mporan (o aod msleadng resls de o nmercal dffson) Dependen arables change n space and me,.e. he are he nsaaneos ales a a gen flo locaon Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 7 Trblen Flo Large-Edd Smlaon, LES Naer-Sokes eqaons flered n space. Era mahemacal model reqred o nclde he effec of he flered scales. Tme dependen nmercal solon. Nmercal accrac s also mporan ( on-gong debae abo ho mch ). Correc applcaon o near-all flos s dffcl. Dependen arables change h me, b hae a dfferen meanng of DNS, de o flerng n space Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 8

10 Trblen Flo Ml-Scale Smlaon Naer-Sokes eqaons spl n o small and large scales. Analcal mehods sed o oban an appromae solon of he small scales. Nmercal solon of he large scales n me h effec of small scales nclded from s appromae solon. Nmercal accrac s sll mporan. Applcaon near-alls roblesome ( small scales become oo small...) Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 9 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged eqaons Sascs appled o mass conseraon and momenm balance (conn and Naer-Sokes). Tpe of sasc handlng depends on flo properes:. Spaal aeragng. Tme aeragng 3. Ensemble aeragng Insaaneos eloc componens, ~, (dependen arables) spl n o a mean ale,, and a flcaon, ~ = Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 0

11 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged eqaons. Spaal aeragng n = = lm n ~ (,, ) n Homogeneos rblence Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged eqaons. Tme aeragng = lm T o T ~ o T d Sascall sead flo Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0

12 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged eqaons 3. Ensemble aeragng = = lm n n ( ~ ( ) ) n Mean ales are me dependen. Sable for perodc flos. Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 3 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Tme aeragng appled o he dependen arables and o conseraon prncples ~ = lm T o T o ~ d T = Φ ~ sands for an of he dependen arables (ncompressble flo,,,p) Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4

13 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Decomposon of he nsananeos arables ~ = Φ ~ Φ Insananeos arable Mean ale Flcaon arond he mean ale Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 5 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Conseqences of me aeragng Φ = 0 = 0 = 0 Tme derae of mean ale s ero Mean ale of he me derae of he flcaons s ero Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 6

14 Lnear erms ~ ~ Φ _ Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 7 = 0 Φ = Φ = Φ = ~ ~ _ Non-lnear erms = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 8 = ~ ~ ~ Φ = ~ ~ _

15 Conn eqaon Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Ressance and Proplson Lecre = = - eloc flcaons also sasf = P ρ Momenm eqaons Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 30 = = P P ρ ρ Renolds sresses The nmber of eqaons s smaller han he nmber of nknons ρ

16 Transpor eqaon of D D Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons = k k = k ρ _ p ρ k k ( ) Ssem remans h less eqaons han nknons k k p ρ k Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 3 k p Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Renolds sress models - 6 addonal ranspor eqaons - Mos of he erms of he Renolds sresses ranspor eqaons ms be modeled, ncldng pressre flcaons - There are alernae Eplc Algebrac Sress Models (EARSM) aalable - Trblence ansorop s aken no accon Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 3

17 Edd-scos models - Bossnesq hpohess: he Renolds sresses are proporonal o mean eloc deraes Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 33 are proporonal o mean eloc deraes - The proporonal consan s he edd-scos - I s dffcl o nclde he ansorop of rblence. Mos models are soropc,.e. edd-scos s a scalar qan ef ef ef P ρ = Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Momenm eqaons ncldng an effece scos Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 34 ef ef ef ef ef ef ef P P ρ ρ ρ = = =

18 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Momenm eqaons ncldng an effece scos s he edd-scos - Edd-scos s obaned from eloc and lengh scales of rblence - Seeral models proposed n he las 50 ears Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 35 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - Algebrac models - Trblence lengh scale l = κ Mng lengh - Trblence eloc scale l ω ω s he orc ecor = l ω Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 36

19 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - Algebrac models - Dampng fncon s appled o he rblence lengh scale n he near-all regon. Lengh scale ms be changed for he oer regon of he bondar-laer, akes and es - Smples model aalable, b h seere lmaons. Nmercal mplemenaon n comple flos ma be roblesome Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 37 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - -eqaon models ( old sle ) - Trblence lengh scale s dencal o ha sed n he algebrac models - Trblence eloc scale s he sqare roo of he rblence knec energ, hch has s on ranspor eqaon k = Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 38

20 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Trblence knec energ, k - Transpor eqaon (k balance) Dk D k = k = p ρ k _ Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 39 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Trblence knec energ, k p ρ k _ Conecon Prodcon Trblen dffson Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 40

21 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Trblence knec energ, k k scos dffson Dsspaon rae, e Mos of he erms nclde nknon qanes and so he ms be modeled Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models ~ c b, c b, c - -eqaons models Spalar & Allmaras ~ = c ~~ b S σ Consans s [ ( ~ ) ~ c ( ~ ~ )] f, = ~ f f b Fncons c f ~ d Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 4

22 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - -eqaon model of Spalar & Allmaras - ald don o he all - Edd-scos s proporonal o he dependen arable of he model - I reqres he dsance o he all,d, and n s orgnal erson he locaon of ranson Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 43 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - -eqaon models: rblence eloc scale s k k - k-ε model = Cµ ε k k = S k ε σ k ε ε ε = C S k σ C C, C, σ, σ Consans µ, k ε ε C Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 44 ε ε k

23 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - k-ε model - del sed, specall n flos ho alls and n hea ransfer problems - Poor resls for flos h aderse pressre gradens Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 45 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - k-ε model - Can no be appled n he near-all regon - To-laer models combne he k-ε model n he oer regon h a -eqaon model n he near-all regon - There are (oo man) Lo-Renolds nmber ersons of he model for s eenson o he near-all regon Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 46

24 - k-ω model ω k = Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 47 ( ) = = ω ω ω ω σ σ α β β βω ω ω ω σ α ω ω ω β σ F k F S k k S k k k k,,,, * * Consans Fncon - k-ω model Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models Ressance and Proplson Lecre Ma be appled don o he all - ω goes o nfn a he all (smooh alls) - Seeral formlaons aalable. One of he mos poplar s he SST (Shear-Sress Transpor) erson ha ncldes a lmer for he edd-scos

25 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Edd-scos rblence models - k-ω model - del sed for he calclaon of aderse pressre graden flos - Nmercal mplemenaon s no ral (ω all bondar condon) and some ersons (as for eample SST) reqre he dsance o he all Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 49 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Bondar condons - Sold alls τ a) No slp condon appled drecl a he all = µ = 0 b) all fncons µ, <, τ =, τ = ln C, > 30 50, <? κ τ τ ρ Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 50 τ =

26 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Bondar condons - Eernal bondar a) ndsrbed Flo b) Poenal flo solon Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 5 Trblen Flo Renolds-aeraged (RANS) eqaons Bondar condons - Free srface a) Srface rackng: doman fed o he free srface (erae procedre) here pressre s fed. A he free srface, normal eloc componens s ero and shear-sress s dencal for aer and ar b) Srface caprng: doman coers ar and aer olme of fld (OF) or Leel Se Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 5

27 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 53 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 54

28 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 55 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 56

29 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Model k-ω SST 3.5 Rn=4,6 0 6 C F k-ω ahbh h /h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 57 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker 0.8 k-ω Model k-ω SST Rn=4,6 0 6 C P h /h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 58

30 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker.55 Model k-ω SST Rn=, k-ω SST p=.8 C F Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 59 h /h Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Model k-ω SST Rn=, C P k-ω p= h /h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 60

31 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Cp: Model k-ω SST Rn=4,6 06 Cp: Rn=,03 09 Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 6 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Rn=4,6 06 Model k-ω SST Rn=,03 09 Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 6

32 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker : Model k-ω SST Z/Lpp Rn=4, Y/Lpp Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 63 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker : Model k-ω SST Z/Lpp Rn=, Y/Lpp Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 64

33 0 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker Model k-ω SST /L PP Rn=4, Ressance and Proplson /L PP Lecre Model k-ω SST -0.0 /L PP Rn=, /L PP Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 66

34 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker =-0.075L PP =-0.09L PP Model k-ω SST 0.5 = L PP Epermenal G G G3 G4 = L PP = L PP =-0.058L PP /L PP Rn=4,6 0 6 Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 67 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker 0.6 k-ω ah bh Model k-ω SST 0.56 f h /h ake fracon Rn=4,6 0 6 Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 68

35 Nmercal solon of RANS eqaons Flo arond he KLCC anker 0.8 Model k-ω SST k-ω p=.6 f Rn=, h/h.5 Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 ake fracon 69 Roghness effecs Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 70

36 Roghness effecs C F 0 3 Nmercal nceran h R =0 h.8 R /L=50µm p=.8 p= 0.9 h R /L=30µm h R /L=00µm.6 p=.0 h R /L=50µm X p * = h R /L=50µm h R /L=75µm p * = h R /L=300µm p * =.4 p * = p * = h R /L=00µm p= X X X X X X h /h Tanker C P h R =0 p=.5 h R /L=30µm p=.5 h R /L=50µm p=.6 h R /L=75µm p=.6 h R /L=00µm p=.6 X X h /h h R /L=50µm p=.6 h R /L=00µm p=.6 h R /L=50µm p=.7 h R /L=300µm X X X X X Frcon ressance, C F Pressre ressance, C P Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 7 Roghness effecs Roghness effecs on he flo feld Frcon ressance, C F C F /C F (h R =0).5 Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Car carrer, Rn= C F /C F (h R =0).3.. Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn=. 0 9 Car carrer, Rn= h R ( µm) = h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 h R R 7 R

37 Roghness effecs on he flo feld.5 Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Car carrer, Rn=. 0 Roghness effecs Pressre ressance, C P Car carrer, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Car carrer, Rn=. 0 9 C P /C P (h R =0).3.. C P /C P (h R =0) h R ( µm) = h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 h R R 73 R f / f (h R =0) Roghness effecs on he flo feld.5 Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Car carrer, Rn= Roghness effecs ake fracon, f.5 Car carrer, Rn= h R ( µm) f / f (h R =0) Tanker, Rn= Tanker, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn= Conaner shp, Rn=. 0 9 Car carrer, Rn= = h Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 h R R 74 R

38 Roghness effecs Roghness effecs on he flo feld Non-dmensonal roghness hegh, h R Ressance and Proplson Lecre RANS, Eamples of Nmercal Solons Seres 60 nscd flo `h / L;Y/L;3 scos (model) `h / L;Y/L;3 scos (shp) `h / L;Y/L;3 epermens (model) `h / L;Y/L;3 / L pp = / L pp Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 76

39 5 RANS, Eamples of Nmercal Solons Dna Tanker nscd ;Y/L;3 flo scos ;Y/L;3 (model) scos ;Y/L;3 (shp) epermens ;Y/L;3 (model) / L pp = Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 77 RANS, Eamples of Nmercal Solons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 78

40 RANS, Eamples of Nmercal Solons Ressance and Proplson Lecre 0 79

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