AND OTHER CLAY PRODUCTS

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1 s 4. QS: CIR^-5- C.J g STATE F ILLINIS DEPARTMENT F REGISTRATIN AND EDUCATIN LNG-TERM DIMENSINAL CANGES IN ILLINIS BRICKS AND TER CLAY PRDUCTS J. S. sking W. A. White W. E. Parham ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY Jhn C. Frye, Chief URBANA CIRCULAR

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.. LNG-TERM DIMENSINAL CANGES IN ILLINIS BRICKS AND TER CLAY PRDUCTS J. S. sking, W. A. White, W. E.

Reslts have been mpared with thse fr Astralian briks and labratry test bars that have been stdied fr p t ten years The Illinis briks, like thse in Astralia, expanded when expsed t the atmsphere,

A nmber f the Illinis briks, hwever, have shwn little hange fr sme time, and nne has reahed the stage f ntins ntratin after earlier expansin nw shwn by mst f the Astralian briks.

3 .. LNG-TERM DIMENSINAL CANGES IN ILLINIS BRICKS AND TER CLAY PRDUCTS J. S. sking, W. A. White, W. E. Parham ABSTRACT A fr-year stdy has been made f the lng-term dimensinal hanges in Illinis lay briks and in labratry test bars made frm lays sed in varis erami prdts manfatred in Illinis. Reslts have been mpared with thse fr Astralian briks and labratry test bars that have been stdied fr p t ten years The Illinis briks, like thse in Astralia, expanded when expsed t the atmsphere, after leaving the kiln, and this expansin has ntined fr the fr years f expsre. A nmber f the Illinis briks, hwever, have shwn little hange fr sme time, and nne has reahed the stage f ntins ntratin after earlier expansin nw shwn by mst f the Astralian briks. General behavir patterns f the Illinis and Astralian labratry test bars are similar when expansins are nsidered in relatin t the temperatres f firing. The expansins f the three varieties f Illinis brik mmn, redfaing, and bff-faing are lw mpared t the Astralian briks. The lw expansins f the mmn briks rrespnd with the relatively lw expansin f their lays at all temperatres f firing, and in this respet the mmn briks resemble the lw-expanding red briks frm Adelaide, Sth Astralia. The lw expansins f the red- and bff-faing brik, mpared with thse in Astralia, are explained n the basis f their higher indstrial firing temperatres. The magnitdes f expansin f the Illinis erami bdies are related t the ntents f kalinite and illite as well as t thse f ther mpnents f the lays A lwer inidene f damage in Illinis brikwrk, mpared with that in parts f Astralia, has been attribted partly t the higher firing temperatres and the nseqently

ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 lwer expansin f the briks, and partly t the mre general praties f sing lime-rih mrtars, f allwing mvement jints in the brikwrk, and, in sme ases, t lng

INTRDUCTIN Undesirable expansin f erami materials de t the srptin f mistre, sffiient t ase razing f the glaze n whiteware, was first regnized by Merritt and Peters (926) and Shreht (928) abt 40 years

4 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 lwer expansin f the briks, and partly t the mre general praties f sing lime-rih mrtars, f allwing mvement jints in the brikwrk, and, in sme ases, t lng distane halages that allw sme expansin in the briks befre se. INTRDUCTIN Undesirable expansin f erami materials de t the srptin f mistre, sffiient t ase razing f the glaze n whiteware, was first regnized by Merritt and Peters (926) and Shreht (928) abt 40 years ag. nly in the past deade, hwever, has ertain seris damage t brikwrk and tiling been anted fr by a similar expansin f strtral lay prdts (MBrney, 954; eber and Milne, 955; sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960a). Cnseqently, mh effrt in Astralia (sking and eber, 958, 959, 960a, 960b, 96, 962; sking et al., 959; Waters, sking, and eber, 960; eber and sking, 96; sking, 964; sking, eber, and lland, in press), in the United States (MBrney, 954; Jhnsn and Plmmer, 958; Yng and Brwnell, 959), and elsewhere (Nrris et al., 958) has been devted t the stdy f the hanges in length that strtral lay prdts nderg when expsed t the atmsphere after leaving the kiln. Stdies f this natre were started in 954 in the Divisin f Bilding Researh, Cmmnwealth Sientifi and Indstrial Researh rganizatin, in Astralia. They were ndertaken in rder t determine hw t prevent damage in strtres in whih erami prdts were sed. Tw main lines f attak have been fllwed: ne has been the stdy f indstrial prdts, and the ther that f labratry speimens prepared frm lays sed in making the prdts, bt fired nder ntrlled nditins in the labratry. The stdy f the frmer has enabled nlsins t be drawn as t the atal behavir f prdts in pratie, and that f the latter has enabled a better assessment t be made f the inflenes f varis fatrs n the dimensinal hanges f varis lay prdts, and t sme extent f the ases f expansin. bservatins f bildings thrght the wrld have shwn that damaging expansins may be apparent nly a few weeks after the beginning f nstrtin and that they an ntine fr years. wever, it was sn realized that many years f expsre nder natral nditins might pass befre these expansins reahed maximm vales, i.e. thse vales pn whih final expansin jinting in erami strtres shld be arately based. The pssibility f aelerating this expansin by immersing bdies in water r atlaving them in steam was then nsidered. Unfrtnately, thgh immersin inreased the swelling f lwbrned bdies, it did little r nthing t hasten the expansin f bdies brned at indstrial temperatres (sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960b, 962), and the rrelatins between expansins at high and nrmal temperatres f expsre were s lw as t prelde the appliatin f atlave data t the behavir f prdts expsed nder natral nditins (Waters, sking, and eber, 960; sking and eber, 962). As a reslt, measrements are being ntined indefinitely n prdts and labratry speimens expsed at nrmal temperatres, and the reslts are analyzed peridially fr lng-term trends (sking and eber, 959; sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960a, 96, 962; sking, 964; sking, eber, and lland, in press).

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS In 959, the senir athr was invited by the Illinis State Gelgial Srvey t inagrate a stdy f the expansin f Illinis briks similar t the Astralian stdy.

and t seek reasns why damage frm expansin in brikwrk did nt appear as prevalent in the United States partilarly in Illinis as in Astralia.

Aknwledgments The athrs wish t thank Dr.. W. Rees f the Illinis State Gelgial Srvey fr the hemial analyses, Dr. I. E. dm, frmerly f the Srvey, nw with Nrthern Illinis University, and Mr. C.

5 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS In 959, the senir athr was invited by the Illinis State Gelgial Srvey t inagrate a stdy f the expansin f Illinis briks similar t the Astralian stdy. In additin t determining the lng-term expansins f the lal briks, ther prpses f the stdy were t mpare the behavir f the briks and f the bdies prded frm varis Illinis lays with that f Astralian prdts, and t seek reasns why damage frm expansin in brikwrk did nt appear as prevalent in the United States partilarly in Illinis as in Astralia. This paper dissses the reslts f the first fr years f the stdy and mpares the lng-term dimensinal hanges f Illinis briks and labratry speimens with thse in Astralia. Aknwledgments The athrs wish t thank Dr.. W. Rees f the Illinis State Gelgial Srvey fr the hemial analyses, Dr. I. E. dm, frmerly f the Srvey, nw with Nrthern Illinis University, and Mr. C. Lanki f the Divisin f Bilding Researh, Cmmnwealth Sientifi and Indstrial Researh rganizatin, Astralia, fr the X-ray analyses, and Mrs. N. M. Niksn f the Divisin fr the differential thermal and mehanial analyses f the lays. The athrs are als gratefl t Dr. N. R. Brien, nw f the State University f New Yrk, Ptsdam, fr assistane in preparatin f the test bars. BRICKS AND LABRATRY SPECIMENS Illinis has a well established erami indstry, whih is widely dispersed thrght the state. It is well prvided with lays and shales sitable fr making a variety f prdts (White, 959; White and Lamar, 960), and needs t imprt nly prer kalins, ball lays, and ther speial raw materials fr prelain type whiteware and speial refratries. When these stdies were started in 959, apprximately 60 erami plants were perating in Illinis; f these, 26 were prding briks (Bsh, 959). As it was nt pratiable t examine briks r lays frm all plants, a seletin was made s that the briks sampled were as representative as pssible, and the lays were typial fr the varis prdts made in the state. Briks were lleted frm 0 plants, with three samples eah f mmn, red-faing, and bff-faing bilding briks and ne firebrik. The mmn briks were frm the viinity f Chiag, where they are mainly prded, bt the faing briks were lleted frm plants thrght the state. The bilding briks were all frmed by the extrded wire-t r stiff-md press and the firebriks by the semi-dry press methd. The faing briks and firebriks were fired in tnnel kilns, exept when peridi rnd dwndraft kilns were sed. The mmn briks were prded in large sve kilns with abt, 250, 000-brik apaity. The Astralian briks, with whih the Illinis briks are being mpared, were frmed by ne f the three presses stiff-plasti press, semi-dry press, r wire-t and they were fired in a variety f kilns, whih inlded ntins ffmann, Patent r tnnel kilns, and intermittent retanglar dwndraft kilns. Samples fr this stdy were taken frm the kilns while still ht, dring nrmal drawing peratins. Six adjaent briks were taken frm six sites n the tnnel kiln ars r frm the setting fae f the peridi dwndraft r sve kilns,

A ttal f 2 lays have been investigated; f these, 9 were spplied by manfatrers, and tw, ne a kalin and the ther an illite, were sampled in the field.

6 4 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 with sites being hsen t represent a rss setin f firing nditins in the kiln. The briks were transprted immediately t the labratry, where the temperatre and relative hmidity are ntrlled at 80±5 F and 55±5 perent, respetively. A ttal f 2 lays have been investigated; f these, 9 were spplied by manfatrers, and tw, ne a kalin and the ther an illite, were sampled in the field. The indstrial lays inlde thse frm whih the varis briks and firebriks were made, an additinal firebrik lay, three lays fr making bilding and drain tiles, and ne lay eah fr making sewer pipes, sanitaryware, hinaware, stneware pttery, and art pttery. Frm eah f the lays, 00 labratry speimens r test bars, A\ inhes by inh by inh, were prepared by extrsin. After air-drying, the speimens were fired in grps f eight in an eletri mffle frnae. Firing temperatres ranged frm 800 C (472 F) t either the melting pint f the sample r t 00 C (272 F), in 50 C (90 F) intervals. The frnae temperatre was raised t the reqired level at a ntrlled rate and held at that temperatre fr fr hrs. After firing, the frnae was allwed t l natrally t 400 C (752 F), and the speimens were remved and led rapidly t rm temperatre by fan draft. They were then transferred t the temperatre and hmidity ntrlled labratry. Eah plant frm whih the briks and lays were sampled is identified by a tw-letter de mbinatin, the first letter "I" fr Illinis and the send fr the partilar nnamed plant in the state. The Astralian samples are indiated by the letter "N" fr New Sth Wales, "S" fr Sth Astralia, and "V" fr Vitria. EXPERIMENTAL PRCEDURES Cmpsitin and Partile Size f the Clays Eah f the lays has been hemially analyzed and its mineral mpsitin apprximately determined frm the mbined hemial, X-ray, and differential thermal analyses. X-ray diffratmeter patterns f the samples were prded in the Srvey, and X-ray pwder diffratin phtgraphs f six f the samples were made in the Divisin f Bilding Researh f Astralia. The pwder phtgraphs were taken with ameras that allwed spaings f the rder f 40A t be rerded sing C- K a radiatins. Pwder phtgraphs were taken f the whle sample and f riented aggregates f the less than 2 M- fratins after varis treatments, inlding glyerl satratin and heating t 600 C. After treatment with warm hydrhlri aid, the presene f hlrite was determined by X-ray diffratin methds. X-ray phtgraphs f the heated lays were taken with a Ginier type fssing amera sing mnhrmati radiatin. Differential thermal analyses f the lays and their less than 2(jl fratins were rn with the apparats develped by Carthew and Cle (95) and later mdified by Cle and Rwland (96). The rate f heating was 0 C/min. and the inert material was alined almina. The less than 2 jjl fratins were separated by sedimentatin methds, grnd t pass a 70-mesh sieve, and dried vernight at 40 C befre analysis. Fr partile size analysis, samples were peptized with sdim hexametaphsphate and mminted with high-speed stirring. The amnts f the varis sized fratins were determined with a hydrmeter. Crves f the partile size distribtin were pltted and frm these data a trianglar diagram was prepared.

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 Physial Prperties f Briks and Test Bars Dring preparatin f the test bars, lsses in weight and shrinkages n drying and firing were determined.

Measrement f Length and Cnditins f Expsre Measrements f dimensinal hanges in the briks and test bars were determined with an adjstable mparatr f the type desribed in the British Standard Methd f

7 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 Physial Prperties f Briks and Test Bars Dring preparatin f the test bars, lsses in weight and shrinkages n drying and firing were determined. Water absrptin, bth after standing in water fr 24 hrs and after biling fr 5 hrs, and satratin effiients were determined n all briks and test bars arding t the British Standard Methd f Testing Clay Bilding Briks (B. S ). The lr and nditin f the speimens were assessed by visal bservatin befre and after firing, and their hardness estimated frm the ring emitted when samples were strk tgether r with a hammer. Measrement f Length and Cnditins f Expsre Measrements f dimensinal hanges in the briks and test bars were determined with an adjstable mparatr f the type desribed in the British Standard Methd f Testing Clay Bilding Briks (B. S ). Invar rds f knwn length were sed as standards f mparisn and were measred alng with the speimens thrght the tests; measrements btained are nsidered rret t ± inh. The briks were prepared fr measring by drilling a nial avity f \- inh diameter in the enter f eah end. The avities were drilled in the green test bars befre firing. Remvable steel balls were plaed in these avities, and the lengths were measred with the mparatr. The briks and test bars were stred in the labratry where the relative hmidity is kept between 50 and 60 perent and the temperatre between 75 and 85 F. The Astralian samples have been standing in an air-nditined rm maintained at relative hmidities between 50 and 65 perent and a temperatre f abt 70 F. The briks were measred immediately when they reahed the labratry, and the test bars were measred as sn as they led t rm temperatre. Changes in length were measred at the end f the first and send week, the first, send, and third mnth, at three-mnth intervals fr the next 5 mnths, and at six-mnth intervals thereafter. CMPSITINS AND PRPERTIES F TE CLAYS, AND LABRATRY SPECIMENS BRICKS, Chemial and mineral mpsitins, mehanial analyses, and drying and firing behavir f the Illinis lays are given in a series f figres and tables in the text and Appendix. Chemial analyses fr eah f the lays stdied are given in table. Mehanial analyses f the lays and mineralgial mpsitin f a lay typial fr eah type f prdt, determined frm a mbinatin f hemial, X-ray, and differential thermal analyses are given in table 2. The dimensinal hanges are given in table. The prperties f the briks nder examinatin, f the green speimens prded frm the lays, and f the fired test bars are given in tables 4, 5, and 6, respetively. Changes in length n firing, water srptin, satratin effiients, and dimensinal hanges at the end f fr years fr the test bars are shwn in figres and 2. Crves fr the three varieties f bilding brik, the bilding and drain tiles, and the firebriks are averages fr the speimens examined; the ther rves are fr the individal lays. Relevant infrma-

absrptin after biling fr 5 hrs, and (4) satratin effiient fr the Illinis brik,

8 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 '8 9 0 II 2 Temperatre Figre - Crves fr () permanent expansin n standing in air fr fr years, (2) firing shrinkage, () water absrptin after biling fr 5 hrs, and (4) satratin effiient fr the Illinis brik, firebrik, bilding tile, and sewer pipe lays fired in the labratry at temperatres frm 800 t 00 C,

$0 a> 0.8 y "ai 0.6 0.4 2 0.2 5 a> - -0-2 4r 4- Art pttery 4 2 0. -. -2-5 02-5,-4-6-.I-g-8 2 V "" \I^ \ "n\ \ w w \ IS \.$ 20-6 - 0.8, I - 2 = - 8.0 0.6 8 04 2 2 V) - -0 J L 0.4 Chinaware 4 IR Sanitaryware IQ 20.0 0.- 6 08 --2 JC 0.

2 2 0 - -0- -2 II 2 8 9 Temperatre - C x 00 Figre 2 - Crves fr () permanent expansin n standing in air fr fr years, (2)

9 I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS g ' > -2 " 4 ~ -6 Kalin (Anna) 647 Illite (Fithian) ^ a> 0.8 y "ai a> r 4- Art pttery ,-4-6-.I-g-8 2 V "" \I^ \ "n\ \ w w \ IS \ , I - 2 = V) - -0 J L 0.4 Chinaware 4 IR Sanitaryware IQ JC «2 p (A 8 «06 i> 0 a> II Temperatre - C x 00 Figre 2 - Crves fr () permanent expansin n standing in air fr fr years, (2) firing shrinkage, () water absrptin after biling fr 5 hrs, and (4) satratin effiient fr the Anna kalin, Fithian illite, art pttery, stneware, hinaware, and sanitaryware lays fired in the labratry at temperatres frm 800 t 00 C.

Cmmn Briks Cmmn briks in Illinis are made frm lays taken mstly frm Pleistene glaial tills, the mineralgy f whih has been desribed by Willman, Glass, and Frye (96).

10 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 tin n the Astralian lays, briks, and labratry speimens are given by sking et al. (959), sking and eber (960a, 962), and Cle and Segnit (96), The varis Illinis lays and labratry speimens are disssed belw. Cmmn Briks Cmmn briks in Illinis are made frm lays taken mstly frm Pleistene glaial tills, the mineralgy f whih has been desribed by Willman, Glass, and Frye (96). The brikmaking depsits, whih ntain sme less, nsist f yellwish t yellwish brwn srfae layers ver heavy gray t ble lays belw. The lays are mpsed mainly f illite and qartz with smaller amnts f kalinite (whih may be absent in sme samples), hlrite, feldspar, and irn xides, and varying amnts f arbnate minerals. The lays are harateristially alares (tables and 2), and arbnate minerals, with dlmite predminating ver alite, may amnt t as mh as 20 perent. Mehanial analyses (table 2) shw the three samples examined are silty lays with lay and silt ntents at 7.5 perent eah and sand abt 25 perent. The lays are readily mlded and shrink between and 4 perent n drying (table 6). n firing t 800 C (472 F), test bars shrink very little and have a high water absrptin f 8 t 20 perent (table 6 and fig. ). Test bars shw little hange between 800 and 050 C (472 and 922 F), bt abve the latter temperatre they shrink rapidly t dense, vitrified bdies at 50 C (202 F) and are mlten at 200 C (292 F). The samples belw 950 C (742 F) are bff lred and nderbmed. Between 950 and 00 C (742 and 202 F), they are pink t salmn-red, hard, and well brned, and at 50 C (202 F) they are dark brwn and verbrned. Indstrial briks are reamy pink. The arbnate in the lays is shwn by the sft white r gray ndles f lime and magnesia in the briks and test bars. n standing, the lime and magnesia beme hydrated and ase spalling, r even raking in sme ases. Faing Briks The raw materials fr faing briks are drawn mainly frm Pennsylvanian strata. The red r lred briks are made frm rn f pit mixtres f shales, siltstnes, sandstnes, and lays, bt fr the bff- r ream-lred briks nly lays r shales f lw irn ntent frm the Spn Frmatin (Ksanke et al., 960) are sed. These lays and shales have been desribed, and their mineralgy disssed, by Grim, Bray, and Bradley (97); Grim, Bradley, and White (957)-, Glass, Ptter, and Siever (956); Glass (958); Ptter and Glass (958); and Parham (964) The erami ptentialities f the materials, partilarly fr bff-bming prdts, have been disssed by Lamar (948), Parham (959, 960, 96), Parham and White (96), and White (96). The raw materials fr brikmaking are essentially mixtres f kalinite, illite, and qartz, with smaller amnts f ther minerals. In the red-brning lays, illite is generally in exess f kalinite, and ther lay minerals sh as hlrite and mixed-layer types are present. Feldspar is mmn, and irn minerals inlding hematite, siderite, pyrites, and hydrated xides are harateristi. In the bff- brning lays, n the ther hand, kalinite is generally in exess f illite, qartz is higher, irn minerals are lw, and there may be a little feldspar. The

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS predminane f kalinite in the bff-brning lays and f illite in the red-brning lays was determined by X-ray and differential thermal methds.

Table 2 shws that the red-faing brik lays, whih average abt 42 perent lay and 9 perent silt, are a little heavier, in the textral sense, than the mmn lays; the bff-brning lays are even heavier, with

n the average, the lays shw between and 4 perent drying shrinkage; the bff-brning lays, bease f their higher lay ntent, shrink a little mre than d the red nes.

11 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS predminane f kalinite in the bff-brning lays and f illite in the red-brning lays was determined by X-ray and differential thermal methds. Raw materials giving pink- r salmn-lred briks have mineralgial mpsitins intermediate between thse fr bff- and red-brning lays. Table 2 shws that the red-faing brik lays, whih average abt 42 perent lay and 9 perent silt, are a little heavier, in the textral sense, than the mmn lays; the bff-brning lays are even heavier, with 50 perent lay. Bth types f lay are plasti and mld readily. n the average, the lays shw between and 4 perent drying shrinkage; the bff-brning lays, bease f their higher lay ntent, shrink a little mre than d the red nes. The bff-brning lays are mre refratry than the red-brning nes, and this is refleted in the differenes in their behavir n firing, as seen in table 6 and illstrated by the firing shrinkage and water absrptin rves f figre. The test bars f the red-bming lays shwed a slight expansin at 800 C (472 F) and shrank slightly n frther heating at 900 C (652 F). They shrank rapidly abve this temperatre t reah a minimm vlme at 00 C (202 F), after whih they blated appreiably befre melting at 250 C (2282 F). The test bars were sft t medim hard and salmn r bff-brwn belw 950 C (742 F), bt hard and dense and light t dark red between 000 and 00 C (82 and 202 F). n blating, abve 00 C (202 F) the bars pened p and the lr hanged t dark red- brwn. The bff-brning lays als shwed an initial small expansin at 800 C (472 F), bt they shrank mre slwly than the red -brning nes, reahing their highest density between 50 and 250 C (202 and 2282 F). n frther heating, they expanded slightly, bt shwed n signs f melting at 00 C (272 F). The test bars were sft t medim hard belw 950 C (742 F), bt the hardness and density inreased as the temperatre was raised t 200 C (292 F), when they were vitrified and very hard. The bars were gray-white t pink p t 50 C (202 F), then stne gray. Abve 200 C (292 F), blak speks appeared n the srfae. Bilding and Drain Tiles Tw f the bilding and drain tile lays (IK, IJ), like thse fr the mmn briks, were btained mainly frm the Pleistene glaial tills. The third was a mixtre f srfae till and nderlying Pennsylvanian lays and shales. Mineralgially, therefre, the first tw lays resembled thse fr the mmn briks and the third a mixtre f the mmn and red-faing brik lays. All were alares with dlmite again predminating ver alite (table 2) and were similar t the mmn brik lays in their partile size analyses (table 2). As may be seen frm table 6 and the firing and shrinkage rves f figre, fired speimens frm the three lays behaved like thse fr the mmn briks. Little hange was shwn by the speimens fired in the 800 t 050 C (472 t 922 F) range, bt beynd 050 C (922 F) they shrank rapidly. Tw f them melted at 50 C (202 F), the lwest melting temperatre fr all the indstrial lays stdied, and the third at 200 C (292 F). The test bars were medim hard and salmn-red belw 950 C (742 F); abve this temperatre they were hard and darker in lr. In the sample ntaining shale, sme blating rred befre melting, and the highest brned sample was red-brwn (table 6).

0 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 Sewer Pipes The sewer pipe lay, like thse fr the red-faing briks, was btained frm Pennsylvanian lays and shales and was therefre similar mineralgially

wever, it ntained a higher qartz ntent, and this is refleted in the larger sand and lwer silt and lay fratins in the partile size analyses (table 2), Figre and table 6 shw that in its firing behavir

When fired t 800 C (472 F), the test bars expanded a little, bt the expansin was fllwed first by a slight and then a rapid shrinkage as the temperatre was raised t 50 C (202 F).

12 0 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 Sewer Pipes The sewer pipe lay, like thse fr the red-faing briks, was btained frm Pennsylvanian lays and shales and was therefre similar mineralgially (table 2). wever, it ntained a higher qartz ntent, and this is refleted in the larger sand and lwer silt and lay fratins in the partile size analyses (table 2), Figre and table 6 shw that in its firing behavir the lay als resembles that f the red-faing briks. When fired t 800 C (472 F), the test bars expanded a little, bt the expansin was fllwed first by a slight and then a rapid shrinkage as the temperatre was raised t 50 C (202 F). Blating rred at 200 C (292 F), and the lay melted at 250 C (2282 F). Up t 900 C (652 F), the test bar was bff lred and sft; frm 000 t 050 C (82 t 922 F), it was salmn t light red and hard; frm 00 t 200 C (202 t 292 F) it was red t hlate brwn, hard, and dense; and at 200 C (292 F) it was dark gray-brwn and blated. Firebriks As the bff-brning lays f the Spn Frmatin f the Pennsylvanian System, whih are similar t the lays rring belw the als, are sed fr making bth bilding briks and firebriks, it is nderstandable that the tw lays sampled t represent the firebriks shld resemble the bilding briks in bth their mineralgy and firing behavir (tables 2, 6; fig. ). The samples f the firebrik lay examined had high ntents f bth kalinite and qartz, a lwer ntent f illite, and little pyrites. The mehanial analysis (table 2) shws that the sample illstrated was mre sandy than the bilding brik lays, with rrespnding lwer ntents f silt and lay. Referene t figre and table 6 shws the similarity in the firing behavir f the firebrik and bff-faing brik lays. The firelays shwed a gradal shrinkage ver the firing range t a minimm vlme at 250 C (2282 F) and then a slight expansin at 00 C (272 F). The test bars were medim hard with pink r bff lrs belw 950 C (742 F), bt abve this temperatre they beame reamier and hardened appreiably. Abve 200 C (292 F) they were stne gray and vitrified. Stneware The lay sed fr making stneware is als frm the Spn Frmatin f the Pennsylvanian sediments and in its mineralgy and firing behavir resembles bth the bff-brning faing brik and firebrik lays. As shwn in figre 2 and table 6, the lay shrank gradally n heating t 250 C (2282 F) and blated slightly at 00 C (272 F). The test bars belw 950 C (742 F) were sft t medim hard and pale pink, between 950 and 50 C (742 and 202 F) were hard and ffwhite t ream, and between 200 and 00 C (292 and 272 F) were dense, hard, vitrified, and stne gray. Whiteware The raw materials fr the hinaware, sanitaryware, and art pttery are mpnded mixtres f prer lays, silia, and flxes. Fr the hinaware, they are'

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS kalin, ball lays, silia sand, feldspar, nepheline syenite, and grnd limestne The hemial and mineralgial mpsitins fr the three mixtres f the^sanitafy ware and art

The lays are grnd t fine size befre mlding; the partile size analyses f the sanitaryware and art pttery are given in table 2 Eah bdy behaved differently dring firing, as may be seen in figre 2 and

The sanitaryware test bars were slightly expanded at 800 C (472 F); they shrank nly slightly n heating t 050 C (922 F), bt rapidly abve this temperatre, and they melted between 250 and 00 C (2282 and

13 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS kalin, ball lays, silia sand, feldspar, nepheline syenite, and grnd limestne The hemial and mineralgial mpsitins fr the three mixtres f the^sanitafy ware and art pttery raw materials are shwn in tables and 2, respetively. The lays are grnd t fine size befre mlding; the partile size analyses f the sanitaryware and art pttery are given in table 2 Eah bdy behaved differently dring firing, as may be seen in figre 2 and table 6. The sanitaryware test bars were slightly expanded at 800 C (472 F); they shrank nly slightly n heating t 050 C (922 F), bt rapidly abve this temperatre, and they melted between 250 and 00 C (2282 and 272 F). The bars were sft at 850 C (562 F) bt hardened at 950 C (742 F) and were dense and vitrified at 50 C (202 F). The test bars f the hina mix als shwed a small expansin between 800 and 900 C (472 and 652 F); they shrank nly slightly n heating t 000 C (82 F) and then markedly, althgh nt as rapidly as the sanitaryware, n heating frther t 00 C (272 F). They remained fairly sft p t 950 C (742 F), were hard, dense, and vitrified at 00 C (202 F), and very dense between 200 and 00 C (292 and 272 F). The test bars f the art pttery mix, after shrinking slightly at 850 C (562 F), shwed little hange t 50 C (202 F) bt then shrank rapidly and were mlten at 250 C (2282 F). The test bars f the three mixes were white thrght the whle firing range, althgh the art pttery bars had a reamy tinge between 000 and 00 C (82 and 202 F). All samples had a prelainlike appearane at the higher temperatres. Anna Kalin The kalin frm Anna, in sthern Illinis, is a Cretaes lay that ntains abt 5 perent qartz and 5 perent mntmrillnite (table 2). It is extremely fine grained, ntaining nearly 90 perent f the lay fratin (table 2). The extremely fine grain and small amnt f mntmrillnite renders the lay very plasti. It mlds readily and has a drying shrinkage f mre than 6 perent. n firing (fig. 2 and table 5), the test bars shrank nly slightly at 800 and 850 C (472 and 562 F). Between 850 and 050 C (562 and 922 F) they shrank at a medim rate, and then very rapidly t 200 C (292 F) with perent ttal shrinkage. They expanded slightly n frther heating t 00 C (272 F). They remained sft with a pale pink lr p t 950 C (742 F), beame light ream and hard between 950 and 00 C (742 and 202 F), ff-white and dense t 250 C (2282 F), and pale gray and vitres at 00 C (272 F) Fithian Illite The sample f illiti shale frm belw a al seam f the Bnd Frmatin, in the Pennsylvanian sediments at Fithian, in eastern Illinis, ntains abt 45 perent illite, 40 perent qartz, and small amnts f feldspar, irn minerals, and gypsm. It ntains n kalinite (table 2). The sample is medim fine grained with 5 perent silt and perent lay (table 2). n firing, the test bars shrank very rapidly between 800 and 000 C (472 and 82 F), bt n frther heating, they blated nsiderably, and at 00 C (202 F) they were larger than at 800 C (472 F). They melted between 00 and 50 C (202 and 202 F). The bars were sft and light brwn t salmn-

2 2 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 red frm 800 t 850 C (472 t 562 F) bt hardened and hanged lr t range ver the next 00 C (80 F). The blated bars were red-brwn.

The reslts are smmarized, alng with thse fr several varieties f Astralian brik, whih have been nder investigatin fr p t 0 years, in table and figres and 4.

14 2 2 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 red frm 800 t 850 C (472 t 562 F) bt hardened and hanged lr t range ver the next 00 C (80 F). The blated bars were red-brwn. DIMENSINAL CANGES Briks Dimensinal hanges have been measred n 08 bilding briks and 2 firebriks frm Illinis, while standing fr fr years in the labratry. The reslts are smmarized, alng with thse fr several varieties f Astralian brik, whih have been nder investigatin fr p t 0 years, in table and figres and 4. The expansins f the Illinis briks were small mpared with thse f the majrity in Astralia. In bth their rates and amnts f expansin, the Illinis briks (average maximm expansin perent) were similar t the red briks frm Adelaide, Sth Astralia (average maximm expansin 0.00 perent), a grp with the send lwest mvement f the varieties s far stdied in Astralia (fig. 4). The general behavir pattern f the Illinis briks was similar t that f the Astralian varieties; they shwed an early, relatively rapid expansin, a slwer ne after sme mnths, and then a fairly steady state. Fr years were evident -.Ir Bff-faing 2 4 I Time in years Figre - Mean (), maximm (2), and minimm () permanent expansin rves fr the Illinis mmn, red-faing, and bff-faing briks standing in the labratry fr 4 years and averages fr all f the briks.

. DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS ly t shrt fr any ntratin tendeny t be nted, as nw apparent fr many Astralian briks (sking, eber, and lland, in press), althgh a few briks did shw signs f shrinking

Differenes were nted in the rates and amnts f expansin f the briks f eah variety as well as amng thse frm a single wrks, bt n the whle, little differene was seen in the general behavir f the three

15 . DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS ly t shrt fr any ntratin tendeny t be nted, as nw apparent fr many Astralian briks (sking, eber, and lland, in press), althgh a few briks did shw signs f shrinking and the average expansin f eah f the three grps f briks at the last measrement was atally slightly less than it had been earlier. Differenes were nted in the rates and amnts f expansin f the briks f eah variety as well as amng thse frm a single wrks, bt n the whle, little differene was seen in the general behavir f the three varieties f bilding brik and the firebriks. The expansins f the bff-faing briks were slightly lwer n the average than thse f the red-faing and mmn briks, and the range between the highest and lwest expansins f the frmer was narrwer than fr the thers Reslts fr Astralian briks and ther lay prdts shw that althgh all indstrial prdts expand n expsre t the atmsphere after leaving the kiln, and althgh this expansin may ntine fr years, expansins are by n means permanent, as was previsly thght t be the ase. Expansins may be fllwed by ntratins as great as r greater than the earlier expansins (sking, eber, and lland, in press). Figre 4 shws that the briks expanded rapidly at first, thgh with nsiderable differenes in rates and amnts f expansin fr different varieties. Expansin was slwer after three t six mnths, and beynd 2 mnths, marked differenes in behavir f the varieties beame ap- U.S.A. I. Illinis - mmn, faing (red, bff) 6. Sydney - semi-dry press, faing 7. Sydney - semi-dry press, mmn Astralian 2. Melbrne - wire -t 8- Adelaide - st i f f- plsti, ream - Melbrne - stiff- plsti, ream 9- Adelaide - wire - t, rem 4. Melbrne - stiff- plsti, red 0- Adelaide - red, all varieties 5- Sydney - wire - t, textre 5 6 Time in years Figre 4 - Mean lng-term dimensinal hange rves fr the Illinis briks and the varieties f briks examined in Astralia, after standing in air fr p t 0 years.

4 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 parent. Sme briks ntined t expand; thers remained the same fr several years. thers started t ntrat at an early age.

variety shwn signs f ntrating. By ntrast, the Sydney semi-dry press mmns expanded nly slightly befre they started t ntrat after a few mnths expsre, and they have been shrinking steadily fr years.

16 4 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 parent. Sme briks ntined t expand; thers remained the same fr several years. thers started t ntrat at an early age. f the Astralian briks, the stiff-plasti nes frm Melbrne, whih have been nder investigatin fr 0 years, expanded ntinsly fr eight years, and nly reently have the ream briks remained steady and the red variety shwn signs f ntrating. By ntrast, the Sydney semi-dry press mmns expanded nly slightly befre they started t ntrat after a few mnths expsre, and they have been shrinking steadily fr years. Until abt three years ag, the ntratin f these briks was nsidered exeptinal, bt at abt that time, mst ther Sydney briks, the Adelaide briks, and the firebriks, whih after expanding fr a year r s had remained fairly steady fr the next three r fr years, als started t shrink and have been shrinking ever sine. In all, abt 50 perent f the Sydney and Adelaide briks are nw smaller; n the average, the Sydney briks after expanding retrned t their riginal lengths in seven years. Table and figre 4 shw that f the Astralian briks, the ream stiffplasti nes frm Melbrne have expanded mst, with an average maximm expansin f 0.5 perent in nine years, thgh the Sydney mmns expanded least, with an average maximm expansin f nly ne tenth f this at abt 2 mnths. The ther briks had maximm expansins lying between these extremes, bt there was a wide spread in the expansins f the varieties frm any ne state. Labratry Speimens The dimensinal hanges that have rred ver fr years in the test bars made frm the Illinis and several Astralian lays are smmarized in figres 5 t. Frm these it is lear that the general behavir patterns f the lays frm the tw ntries are similar, whether the dimensinal hanges are nsidered in relatin t time r t temperatre f firing. Althgh peak and near-peak expansins fr the Illinis test bars are, n the whle, lwer than thse fr the Astralian speimens, the magnitdes f these expansins are f the same rder, and ths d nt reflet the marked differenes in the expansins f the indstrial briks. It will be shwn belw that the lwer expansins f the Illinis faing briks are, in fat, related t their higher temperatres f firing. Several nlsins regarding the inflene f sh fatrs as time f expsre, temperatre f firing, and raw materials r bdy mpsitin n expansin, whih have been drawn frm the stdy f Astralian lays (sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960a, 962; Cle, 962), are nfirmed. ther nlsins regarding the mre speifi rles f kalinite, illite, and flxing mpnents are presented. Time f Expsre In figres 5, 6, and 7 the mvements f the test bars are pltted against time fr eight Illinis and six Astralian lays. The lays seleted illstrate the range in expansins between maximm and minimm vales fr varis lays and in the temperatres f firing at whih the maximm expansins r. n the whle, the behavir f the test bars was similar t that f the briks, exept that expansins were mh higher fr speimens brned at intermediate temperatres, and fr sme lays, the speimens brned at the highest and lwest temperatres ntrated rather than expanded at the start. After fr years, sme f the

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 test bars were still expanding appreiably, while thers, partilarly thse brned at the extreme temperatres, have shwn little mvement fr sme time.

Sme f the bars that shrank t begin with have sine expanded; thers have remained ntrated, althgh there has been little mvement in the last few years.

Sine then, the mvements f the test bars fr individal lays have settled dwn t fairly steady and similar rates s that the families f rves fr eah lay are rghly parallel.

17 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 test bars were still expanding appreiably, while thers, partilarly thse brned at the extreme temperatres, have shwn little mvement fr sme time. Nne f the bars has yet shwn any marked tendeny t ntrat after expanding. Sme f the bars that shrank t begin with have sine expanded; thers have remained ntrated, althgh there has been little mvement in the last few years. The mvement verss time rves shw that generally the differenes in expansin fr mst f the test bars were determined by differential rate f expansin in the first few mnths t a year r mre. Sine then, the mvements f the test bars fr individal lays have settled dwn t fairly steady and similar rates s that the families f rves fr eah lay are rghly parallel. wever, fr sme test bars f ne lay, different rates f mvement may persist fr sme time, as shwn by the rssing f rves in figres 5, 6, and 7. Temperatre f Firing The inflene f the temperatre f firing n dimensinal hanges, while evident in figres 5, 6, and 7, is brght t mre learly in figres 8 t, where mvements f the test bars at 6 mnths and 4 years are pltted against the temperatre f firing fr the 2 Illinis and 9 Astralian lays. Frm these figres, it is seen that at lw temperatres, dimensinal hanges were sally small and the test bars either expanded r shrank at the beginning. As the firing temperatre was 20r 250 ^ Ld Time in Figre 5 - Lng-term dimensinal hange rves arding t temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f fr Illinis brik lays: mmn (IA), redfaing (II), bff-faing (IE), and firebrik (IP).

... 6 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 raised, the test bars all expanded and the expansin inreased t a maximm and then dereased, ntil at the highest temperatres f firing, as at the lwest,

In figre 2, maximm expansins attained at fr years by the test bars are pltted against the temperatres f firing at whih they rred, fr eah Illinis and 5 Astralian lays.

18 ... 6 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 raised, the test bars all expanded and the expansin inreased t a maximm and then dereased, ntil at the highest temperatres f firing, as at the lwest, nly lw expansins r even shrinkages were again evident. In figre 2, maximm expansins attained at fr years by the test bars are pltted against the temperatres f firing at whih they rred, fr eah Illinis and 5 Astralian lays. The firing temperatres rrespnding t maximm expansin ver a wide range, frm 800 t 00 C (472 t 202 F), althgh they lie mstly in the narrwer range, between 900 and 050 C (652 and 922 F). The three Illinis lays, with their firing temperatres f maximm expansin tside the latter range, are the art pttery lay at 800 C (472 F), a mmn brik lay at 850 C (562 F), and the sanitaryware lay at 00 C (202 F) The art pttery lay, whih had its maximm expansin in the sample brned at shwed a send bt smaller peak expansin in the lwest temperatre f firing, the sample brned at 950 C (742 F) Raw Materials and Bdy Cmpsitin Althgh the patterns f dimensinal hanges f the lays f figres 5 t are bradly similar, they differ in imprtant detail, whih mst reslt frm differ- 050 = II-II Time in Years Figre 6 - Lng-term dimensinal hange rves arding t temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f fr Illinis lays: Anna kalin (647), Fithian illite (648), sanitaryware (IQ), and hinaware (IR)

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 7 Time in years Figre 7 -

labratry speimens f six Astralian brik lays: Adelaide wiret red

(VMP), Sydney semi-dry press/(ub#, Sydney nr mi n rlr y prps-q

19 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 7 Time in years Figre 7 - Lng-term dimensinal hange rves arding t temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f six Astralian brik lays: Adelaide wiret red (SKr), Sydney wire -t textre (NC), Melbrne stiff-plasti ream (VMP), Sydney semi-dry press/(ub#, Sydney nr mi n rlr y prps-q >>tn smmii (0D ^ ), and Sydney semi-dry press faing (NG). (sq Ctn**LM.(s B^

8 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 enes in mpsitin, as has already been shwn fr Astralian lays (sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960a, 962; Cle, 962; Cle and Segnit, 96).

whih were artifiial mixtres f kalinite, silia /'feldspar^ r nepheline syenite, with minr ntents f ther mpnents.

20 8 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 enes in mpsitin, as has already been shwn fr Astralian lays (sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 960a, 962; Cle, 962; Cle and Segnit, 96). All the lays were natral mixtres f kalinite, mia r illite, and qartz, with smaller amnts f ther lay minerals, irn xides, feldspars, and arbnates, exept fr the whiteware mixes, the raw materials fr whih were artifiial mixtres f kalinite, silia /'feldspar^ r nepheline syenite, with minr ntents f ther mpnents. The prprtins f the nstitents varied widely in the lays, thse with the higher ntents f illite, feldspars, irn xides, and lime being the less refratry. Apart frm the Anna kalin and the Fithian illite, the natral Illinis lays fall mineralgially int three grps (tables and 2): () light-lred, refratry Pennsylvanian lays and shales sed fr bff-faing briks, firebriks, and stneware; (2) red-brning, mixed Pennsylvanian lays and shales, rih in illite and kalinite, with flxes sh as feldspar, siderite, and irn xides, sed fr red-faing briks and pipes; and () Pleistene tills and srfae lays, rih in illite and arbnates bt lw in kalinite, sed fr red mmns and bilding and drain tiles. Several mehanisms have been sggested fr the expansin f lay bdies. The phenmenn has been attribted t the hydratin f nnrystalline mpnents 0.2 r IA II ID 0 0.2r I C II 2 Temperatre - C x I I 2 Figre 8 - Crves f lng-term dimensinal hange in air verss temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f nine Illinis brik lays expsed fr 6 mnths () and 4 years (2): mmn (IA, IB, IC), red-faing (II, IG, I), and bff- faing (ID, IE, IF).

sking and eber (96, 962) have sggested that stress release in and between mpnents f the bdies, and atmi rearrangements in these mpnents, ld als ntribte.

21 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 9 (ill, 95; eber and Milne, 955; Dal, Zeleger, and Berden, 956; sking and eber, 958; sking et al., 959; Demedik and Cle, 960; Cle, 962), t physial adsrptin f water (Nrris et al., 958), r t a mbinatin f physially and hemially srbed water (Smith, 955; Yng and Brwnell, 959). sking and eber (96, 962) have sggested that stress release in and between mpnents f the bdies, and atmi rearrangements in these mpnents, ld als ntribte. Speifially, expansin has been related t the frmatin f amrphs alminsiliates, amrphs silia, /-almina, and glass (Demedik and Cle, 960; Cle, 962), as well as t the presene f dehydrated lay minerals (ill, 95), free lime, and hydrateable salts (sking et al., 959). The relative prprtins f these nstitents ld ant fr the differenes in rates and amnts f expansin in different bdies and at different firing temperatres (sking and eber, 962), and the maximm develpment f nnvitrified amrphs material at a partilar temperatre ld be respnsible fr peak expansin at that firing temperatre (Cle, 962). Cnsideratin f firing shrinkages and water absrptin f the Illinis lays nw leads t sme frther general nlsins n the relatinships between expansin and vitrifiatin, and the behavir f the Anna kalin, Fithian illite, and related lays gives evidene as t the inflene f partilar nstitents f the lays n expansin. Expansin and Physial Prperties. Crves fr firing shrinkage and water absrptin are lsely parallel fr eah lay (figs., 2; sking and eber, 960a, fig. 5). Frm the rves, it is seen that lw-fired bdies have a lw shrinkage and high water absrptin, indiating a prs, lw density bdy in whih there has been little reatin between the nstitents. With inreasing temperatre, there was little hange t begin with, bt then a sharp inrease in shrinkage and II 2 Temperatre - C x 00 Figre 9 - Crves f lng-term dimensinal hange in air verss temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f six Illinis lays expsed fr 6 mnths () and 4 years (2): bilding tile (IJ, IK, IL), sewer pipe (IM), and firebrik (I, IP).

j i i i i i i i. 20 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 derease in water absrptin indiated the start f vitrifiatin and the beginnings f rystallizatin f new phases.

partial melting. The Anna kalin and Fithian illite differed markedly in their firing and expansin behavirs (figs. 2, 6). The illite had a marked maximm expansin f 0.2 perent at 900 C (652 F).

22 j i i i i i i i. 20 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 derease in water absrptin indiated the start f vitrifiatin and the beginnings f rystallizatin f new phases. Finally, a high shrinkage and lw absrptin indiated a dense bdy and refleted strng vitrifiatin and rystallizatin; a sbseqent expansin and inrease in water absrptin in sme lays reslted frm blating with partial melting. The Anna kalin and Fithian illite differed markedly in their firing and expansin behavirs (figs. 2, 6). The illite had a marked maximm expansin f 0.2 perent at 900 C (652 F). The kalinite, n the ther hand, had its maximm expansin at abt 050 C (922 F) and was nly a fratin f that bserved fr the illiti lay. Fr bth lays, expansin fell when shrinkage and water absrptin indiated the beginnings f vitrifiatin. The firing temperatres f maximm expansin and the average maximm expansin f the bdies frm the bff-brning Pennsylvanian lays, the red-brning mixed Pennsylvanian lays, and the Pleistene tills were 950 t 000 C (742 t 82 F) and 0.6 perent, 950 C (742 F) and 0.4 perent, and 850 t 900 C (962 t 652 F) and 0.07 perent, respetively. In all ases, peak expansins were assiated with the temperatre at whih vitrifiatin began, and hene, at whih there was maximm develpment f amrphs alminsiliar.es The parallelism f the rves in figre t indiates that the rate f derease in expansin beynd the peak expansin fllwed the rate f vitrifiatin. With rapid 0.2 r IN IR 0. r IQ IS ' f\ r \ // \ -( ' \ \ \ \ - \ \ \ \\ \\ <- ^<i V Bs' 9 0 II II Temperatre - C X 00 Figre 0 - Crves f lng-term dimensinal hange in air verss temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f six Illinis lays expsed fr 6 mnths () and 4 years (2): stneware (IN), sanitaryware (IQ), hinaware (IR), art pttery (IS), Anna kalin (647), and Fithian illite (648).

$NG - 2/7 V- - -N/,l \^ \ / V NC 8 9 0 II 2 7 8 9 0 II 2 7 8 9$ 0 Temperatre - C x 00 2 Figre - Crves f lng-term dimensinal

nine Astralian brik lays expsed fr 6 mnths () and 4 years (2):

23 i DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 2 SK. NG - 2/7 V- - -N/,l \^ \ / V NC II II Temperatre - C x 00 2 Figre - Crves f lng-term dimensinal hange in air verss temperatre f firing fr labratry speimens f nine Astralian brik lays expsed fr 6 mnths () and 4 years (2): stiff-plasti (SA^ VP, VMP), semidry press (SAy, NG, NM), and wire -t (SK R) SB C> NC).

22 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 0.5r linis Briks - mmn 0.

0 8 8 X t X a B Art pttery - Kalin (Anna) Jjj- lllite (Fithian) Astralian Briks - Melbrne Briks - Sydney Briks - Adelaide 0.

24 22 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR r linis Briks - mmn 0.0 Briks - red-fing Briks - bff-faing Bilding tile A Sewer pipe X Firebriks B Stneware <*. 0 Sanitaryware K China <^ 0.20 t a. x X t X a B Art pttery - Kalin (Anna) Jjj- lllite (Fithian) Astralian Briks - Melbrne Briks - Sydney Briks - Adelaide _L J_ Temperatre - C X 00 j 200 Figre 2 - Maximm expansin after fr years expsre in air, pltted against the temperatre f firing at whih it rs, fr the labratry speimens f the 2 Illinis lays and 5 Astralian brik lays examined.

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 2 0.25 648 (900 C) i * --.

(648), mmn (IA), bff- faing (IF), red -faing (II), bilding tile (IJ), and sanitaryware (IQ). The temperatre at whih maximm expansin rs fr eah lay is shwn in parentheses, 0.20 0.

25 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS (900 C) i * --..(IA) Figre - Relatinship between the maximm expansin f the fired speimens f seven Illinis lays after fr years expsre in air and the kalinite ntent f the raw lays: Anna kalin (647), Fithian illite (648), mmn (IA), bff- faing (IF), red -faing (II), bilding tile (IJ), and sanitaryware (IQ). The temperatre at whih maximm expansin rs fr eah lay is shwn in parentheses, lm IQ'-, r (II00 C) N ii/ if\ (950 C)/ (I000 C)\ \ \ / I IA (t)/ / (850 C) (900 C) \ \(D \ \ \ *I647 (I050 C) Kalinite - % vitrifiatin, derease in expansin was rapid, with a nseqent narrw expansin peak (fig., red-faing briks; fig. 2, Fithian illite); where initial vitrifiatin was slw, a brader expansin peak reslted (fig., bff-faing briks; fig. 2, stneware). f the mpnded lays, the expansin behavir f the hinaware and sanitaryware varieties nfrmed t thse f the natral lays, bt that f the art pttery lay was different. The small hanges in the physial state f the hinaware and sanitaryware test bars between 800 and 00 C (472 and 202 F) are refleted in the mre gradal rise in the expansin t the maxima at the high temperatres f 050 and 00 C (922 and 202 F), respetively. Unlike these, the art pttery test bars shwed their maximm expansin at 800 C (472 F) with a send weak peak at 950 C (742 F). This behavir ld be de t the presene f the tal, whih is als added t wall tile bdies t rede lng-term expansin (Lintz, 98; Sprat, 96). Expansin and Mineralgy. Any attempt t relate expansin data t the mineralgy f the lays at this stage indiates that mre detailed stdies are needed befre the inflene f speifi nstitents n the lng-term expansin f fired bdies an be learly defined. Mre detailed data will be available in a later paper. Nevertheless, ertain trends appear frm this wrk regarding the inflene f kalinite, illite, and ther minerals, whih at as flxes. In erami bdies there are three main grps f mpnents free silia (sally qartz r flint), lay minerals, and flxes. The free silia is mre r less inert and prvides the skeletn f the bdy. The^lay minerals give rise t the nnvitirified, amrphs alminsiliates n firing, and peak expansin generally an be attribted t maximm develpment f these materials. Flxes, sh as feldspar and arbnate, appear t mdify these effets. The maximm expansin f the test bars frm the Fithian illite was the highest f the lays examined and that f the test bars frm the Anna kalin the lwest. Test bars frm mixtres f illite and kalinite therefre ld be expeted t have intermediate expansins related t the ntents f the tw minerals. wever, fr test bars frm indstrial lays ntaining bth kalinite and illite this is nt nee-

24 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 essarily tre. In figre, expansin verss kalinite ntent is pltted fr the illite, the kalin, and five indstrial lays fr whih mineralgial data are available.

It is therefre evident that ther nstitents are playing an imprtant part in the expansin behavir f fired lays.

26 24 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 essarily tre. In figre, expansin verss kalinite ntent is pltted fr the illite, the kalin, and five indstrial lays fr whih mineralgial data are available. Fr the indstrial lays, the maximm expansin inreases with the kalinite ntent, indiating that mre mplex relatinships than thse invlving kalinite and illite alne exist fr the grp f lays nerned. It is therefre evident that ther nstitents are playing an imprtant part in the expansin behavir f fired lays. f the lays represented in figre, nly IE an be nsidered t be essentially an illite-kalinite lay, and it is perhaps signifiant that it has an intermediate expansin that lies lse t the line jining the expansins f illite and kalinite. The expansin f the sanitaryware bdy IQ als lies lse t this line, despite the lw amnt f illite. The high feldspar ntent in this ase may affet the natre f the breakdwn prdts f the kalin and ths inflene the expansin. The effet f the ther flxes is seen in the reslts fr the remaining three lays, all f whih have a high arbnate ntent (siderite in II and dlmite in IA and IJ). The apparent reslt f dereasing kalinite in the mixed lays is a redtin in expansin. wever, at the same time, the flx ntent (arbnates, tgether with the illite) is inreased markedly. This reslts in earlier vitrifiatin with the frmatin f a mre rigid bdy, and evidently inhibits the frmatin f nnvitrified, amrphs alminsiliates and ther phases that strngly adsrb water and expand in the press. In smmary, it is lear that all the mpnents f the lays play sme rle in determining the amnt f the expansin f fired bdies n expsre. Fr the Illinis lays that are essentially mixtres f kalinite, illite, and qartz, the maximm expansins f the fired bdies might be expeted t nfrm apprximately t the rve ABC f figre 4. In 025r general, therefre, the prtin f the,p rve AB may represent the expansin '" ///. behavir f light- r bff-brning lays > in whih the kalinite ntent ranges '. dwn t abt 5 r 40 perent. wever, B as the kalinite ntent dereases 0.5- frther in the ther Illinis lays, the flx ntent inreases and apparently J* \ has a greater inflene in dereasing,0.0 \ <t/ \\ expansin than the inreasing illite ntent has in inreasing it. Beynd the \ pint B (fig. 4), lays with an inreas ing ntent f flxes ther than illite ld ths nfrm apprximately t the rve BD, and the mpsite rve ABD ld express the verall relatinship between expansin and kalinite fr the Illinis indstrial lays nder examinatin. CNCLUSINS Frm the present stdy it is lear that Illinis erami bdies, when - */ 57 \ */ \ \ Figre Kalinite - % Theretial rves shwing the relatinships between maximm expansin f the fired speimens f figre after fr years expsre in air and the kalinite ntent f Illinis indstrial lays.

.. DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 25 expsed t the atmsphere, exhibit the same patterns f expansin behavir as their Astralian nterparts. All ntine t expand fr years.

in trn t thse f their raw materials Fr lays that are essentially mixtres f kalinite, illite, and qartz, and little else, the magnitdes f maximm expansin appear t be related t the relative amnts f

27 .. DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 25 expsed t the atmsphere, exhibit the same patterns f expansin behavir as their Astralian nterparts. All ntine t expand fr years. The maximm expansins f the bdies, and the firing temperatre at whih they r, vary markedly frm ne lay t anther, and these variatins are ndbtedly related t the mineral r hemial mpsitins f the bdies and in trn t thse f their raw materials Fr lays that are essentially mixtres f kalinite, illite, and qartz, and little else, the magnitdes f maximm expansin appear t be related t the relative amnts f kalinite and illite in them. ighly kaliniti lays have lw expansins. Expansins inrease with dereasing kalinite and reah the highest vales when illite is prbably the sle lay mineral. Fr indstrial lays, hwever, this relatinship appears t hld nly fr kalinite ntents dwn t abt 5 r 40 perent. Belw these perentages, flxes ther than illite inrease in amnts, and they play sh a rle that the trend tward inreasing expansin with dereasing kalinite is reversed. As these flxes inrease, expansins derease t very lw vales The Illinis briks all expanded after leaving the kilns, bt the lng-term expansins fr all three grps, mmn and red- and bff- faing, were nifrmly lw mpared with the briks in Melbrne, Astralia. At fr years, like mst Astralian briks at the same perid f expsre, nne f the Illinis speimens has yet reahed a stage where marked ntratins fllwing expansin are apparent, althgh many f them have remained steady fr sme time. The lw expansins f the Illinis briks an be explained tw ways: first, the firing temperatre is high, and send, the mineralgial mpsitin f the lay is sh that the fired bdy has lw expansin. Fr bth Astralian and Illinis briks, indstrial firing temperatres are abve thse that are respnsible fr maximm expansins fr the varis lays and, hene, with few exeptins, the expansins f the briks derease with inreasing firing temperatres. In Astralia, firing temperatres are sally 950 t 050 C (742 t 92 F), and these are, nfrtnately, nly slightly abve thse at whih maximm expansins r. This ants in part fr the relatively high expansin f many Astralian briks. In Illinis, faing briks are fired t higher temperatres than thse in Astralia the bff briks in partilar t between 00 and 200 C (202 and 292 F). This is the majr reasn fr the lw expansin f these tw varieties. The Illinis mmn briks, whih are made frm lays ntaining appreiable amnts f alim and magnesim arbnates, are fired at abt the same temperatres as the Astralian briks. wever, test piees, when fired at temperatres that reslt in maximm expansin, shw a mh lwer perentage expansin than d Astralian briks and Illinis faing briks. This lw expansin is prbably attribtable t the presene in abndane f alim and magnesim arbnates. Examinatin f many brik bildings thrght Illinis shws that damage de t expansin is mh less apparent than in sme ities in Astralia, and this lw inidene an be explained as de t the higher firing temperatre f the faing briks. Bearing in mind that brik walls may be expeted t expand abt 40 perent mre than the briks they ntain (sking et al., 959; sking and eber, 962; sking, eber, and lland, in press), brik walls in Illinis may be expeted t mve abt 0.5 t 0.7 inhes per 00 feet mpared with 0.5 t 2.8 inhes per 00 feet fr Astralian briks. ther fatrs that rede the liability t damage in brik walls in the United States are the mmn praties f allwing ^-inh mvement jints t every 0 feet f brikwrk; the se f lime-rih mrtars, whih take p expansin thrgh mpressin, rather than straight, mre rigid ement

26 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 mrtars; and the lng distane halages f many briks, whih allws time fr sme expansin t take plae befre se.

bservatins in Pennsylvania, Texas, Indiana, and even in Illinis indiate that the expansins f many briks in the United States may be mh higher than thse examined.

28 26 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 mrtars; and the lng distane halages f many briks, whih allws time fr sme expansin t take plae befre se. Unfrtnately, nt all briks r bilding tiles in the United States have the lw expansins f the Illinis briks tested, fr reprts f damage by MBrney (954, and private mmniatins) and thers and persnal bservatins in Pennsylvania, Texas, Indiana, and even in Illinis indiate that the expansins f many briks in the United States may be mh higher than thse examined. wever, t rede the hanes f damage, the fllwing five preatins shld be taken: (l) se well brned briks r tiles nly; (2) allw all briks r tiles t stand as lng as pssible befre se; () se lime-rih mrtars nly, instead f strng ement mrtars; (4) inlde engh effetive mvement jints at sitable intervals in brikwrk, erami veneer, and tiling t take p all expansin; and (5) design all strtres in whih erami prdts are sed s that the effets f expansin f these prdts and the effets f differential mvement between them and ther bilding material, partilarly nrete, are minimized. REFERENCES Bsh, W. L., 959, Mineral prdtin in Illinis in 958: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 279, 4 p. Carthew, A. R., and Cle, W. F., 95, An apparats fr differential thermal analysis: Astralian Jr. Instrm. Teh., v. 9, p Cle, W. F., 962, Mistre expansin harateristis f a fired kalinite-hydrs mia-qartz lay: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 45, p Cle, W. F., and Rwland, N., 96, An abnrmal effet in differential thermal analysis f lay minerals: Am. Mineralgist, v. 46, p Cle, W. F., and Segnit, E. R., 96, igh temperatre phases develped in sme kalinite-mia-qartz lays: British Cerami S. Trans., v. 62, p Dal, P.., Zelger, W. A., and Berden, N. J.., 956, Vhtexpansie van Aardewerk: Klei, v. 6, p Demedik, Thaisa, and Cle, W. F., 960, Cntribtin t the stdy f mistre expansin in erami materials: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 4, p Glass,. D., 958, Clay mineralgy f Pennsylvanian sediments in sthern Illinis, in Clays and lay minerals: Fifth Natl. Cnf. n Clays and Clay Minerals Pr, Natl. Aad. Si., Natl. Researh Cnil, Pb. 566, Washingtn, D. C, p Glass,. D., Ptter, P. E., and Siever, Raymnd, 956, The lay mineralgy f sme basal Pennsylvanian sandstnes, lays and shales: Am. Ass. Petrlem Gelgists Bll., v. 40, n. 4, p Grim, R. E., Bradley, W. F., and White, W. A., 957, Petrlgy f the Palaezi shales f Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Rept. Inv. 20, 5 p.

DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 27 Grim, R. E., Bray, R.., and Bradley, W. F., 97, Mia in argillaes sediments: Am. Mineralgist, v. 22, n. 7, p. 8-829. ill, R. D.

sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 958, Permanent mistre expansin f lay prdts n atlaving: Natre, v. 82, p. 42-44. sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 959, Permanent mistre expansin f lay prdts n natral expsre: Natre, v.

29 DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 27 Grim, R. E., Bray, R.., and Bradley, W. F., 97, Mia in argillaes sediments: Am. Mineralgist, v. 22, n. 7, p ill, R. D., 95, The rehydratin f fired lay and assiated minerals: British Cerami S. Trans., v. 52, p sking, J. S., 964, Preventin f damage de t mistre expansin in erami strtres: C.I.B. Bll., n., p sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 958, Permanent mistre expansin f lay prdts n atlaving: Natre, v. 82, p sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 959, Permanent mistre expansin f lay prdts n natral expsre: Natre, v. 84, p sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 960a, Mistre expansin f lay prdts with speial referene t briks: Vllth Internatl. Cerami Cng. Pr, Lndn, p sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 960b, Mistre expansin, "mistre mvement" and "drying shrinkage" f strtral lay prdts: British Cerami S. Trans., v. 59, p sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 96, The mistre expansin f lay bdies: Bilding Materials (Astralia), v. 4, n. 2, p. 48-5, 9, 9. sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 962, Dimensinal hanges de t mistre in briks and brikwrk, _in_ Sympsim n masnry testing: Am. S. Testing Materials, ASTM STP N. 20, p sking, J. S., eber,. V., and lland, A. E., in press, Lng term expansin and ntratin f lay prdts: Natre. sking, J. S., eber,. V., Waters, E.., and Lewis, R. E., 959, The permanent mistre expansin f lay prdts. I. Briks: Cmmnwealth Sientifi and Indstrial Researh rganizatin, Astralian Div. Bilding Researh Teh. Paper N. 6, 56 p. eber,.v., and sking, J. S., 96, Preventin f damage ased by mistre expansin in erami strtres: Astralian Bilding Researh Cng., Paper N. 2CB, 5 p. eber,. V., and Milne, A. A., 955, Expansin and deteriratin f erami bdies: Natre, v. 76, p Jhnsn, P. V., and Plmmer,. C, 958, Sme fatrs affeting drability f strtral lay prdts masnry, _in_ Sympsim n sme apprahes t drability in strtres: Am. S. Testing Materials, ASTM STP N. 26, p. -. Lamar, J. E., 948, Clay and shale resres f extreme sthern Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Rept. Inv. 28, 07 p. Lintz, E.., 98, The se f tal and pyrphyllite in semi-vitres dinnerware bdies: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 2, p MBrney, J. W., 954, Masnry raking and damage ased by mistre expansin f strtral lay tile: Am. S. Testing Materials Pr, v. 54, p

28 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 Merritt, G. E., and Peters, C. G., 926, Interfermeter measrements f the thermal dilatin f glazed ware: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 9, p. 27-42. Nrris, A. V.

, 959, Light-brning lay resres in LaSalle Cnty, Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 277, 27 p. Parham, W. E., 960, Lwer Pennsylvanian lay resres f Knx Cnty, Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 02, 9 p.

30 28 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 Merritt, G. E., and Peters, C. G., 926, Interfermeter measrements f the thermal dilatin f glazed ware: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 9, p Nrris, A. V., Vaghan, F., arrisn, R., and Seabridge, K. C. J., 958, Size hanges f prs eramis ased by water and slble salts: Vlth Internatl. Cerami Cng. Pr, Wiesbaden, p Parham, W. E., 959, Light-brning lay resres in LaSalle Cnty, Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 277, 27 p. Parham, W. E., 960, Lwer Pennsylvanian lay resres f Knx Cnty, Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 02, 9 p. Parham, W. E., 96, Lwer Pennsylvanian lay resres f Rk Island, Merer, and enry Cnties, Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 22, 40 p. Parham, W. E., 964, Lateral lay mineral variatin in ertain Pennsylvanian nderlays, in Clays and lay minerals: 2th Natl. Cnf. n Clays and Clay Minerals Pr, Natl. Aad. Si., Natl. Researh Cnil, Washingtn, D. C. Parham, W. E., and White, W. A., 96, Bff-brning lay resres f sthwestern and sthern Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 52, 24 p. Ptter, P. E., and Glass,. D., 958, Petrlgy and sedimentatin f the Pennsylvanian sediments in sthern Illinis: A vertial prfile: Illinis Gel. Srvey Rept. Inv. 204, 60 p. Shreht,. G., 928, Methds fr testing razing f glazes ased by inreases in size f erami bdies: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v., p Smith, A. N., 955, Investigatins n the mistre expansin f prs erami bdies: British Cerami S. Trans., v. 54, p Sprat, I. E., 96, The se f pyrphyllite in wall tile bdies: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 9, p Waters, E.., sking, J. S., and eber,. V., 960, Tests fr ptential and past mistre expansin f erami bilding nits: Am. S. Testing Materials Bll. N. 245, p White, W. A., 959, Chemial and spetrhemial analyses f Illinis lay materials: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 282, 55 p. White, W. A., 96, Bff-brning lay resres f western Illinis: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 5, 2 p. White, W. A., and Lamar, J. E., 960, Cerami tests f Illinis lays and shales: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 0, 72 p. Willman,. B., Glass,. D., and Frye, J. C, 96, Mineralgy f glaial tills and their weathering prfiles in Illinis, Part I. Glaial tills: Illinis Gel. Srvey Cir. 47, 55 p. Yng, J. E., and Brwnell, W. E., 959, Mistre expansin f lay prdts: Am. Cerami S. Jr., v. 42, p

31 APPENDIX

in ' ^ i i i r-- ' ^ I I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS C iv N <f N C C n in C N C N t.

I- CN PS CM -<f 00 <(" C r~ -f jn m r-t N N n m r-t 00 C r»»* t ^ rs «> h m <f r-.

-* r^ N C i- N N r CM N N r- i-l N i- C N C N -* t 4-> CN N n a* N N d d N N N N n N N N,- t-l i-t i t- '""' - r- i- r- r- i- i-, C - r> Sn in n in n i- 00 CM 00 C CM C i- m 4J 00 S 0 - n i-h in n r~

33 in ' ^ i i i r-- ' ^ I I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS C iv N <f N C C n in C N C N t.0 C N r n C N 00 <f CM C C C C m t>0 M nj i-t r- i- C, n r~ 00 r^ -* 00 C CM i- r r- CN i-l <lf N CM r~ <r 00 <N CM i- N i- ( i- m i r <f N i- N ^ CM CM -* r-~ r^ CM d d <r CN -* t * CJ B tn C r- l-l I- CN PS CM -<f 00 <(" C r~ -f jn m r-t N N n m r-t 00 C r»»* t ^ rs «> h m <f r-. r-t r- CM + m tn r-* n C C CM m N* 00 CM N CM l ^ nj N <f CN N m n CN r~ m CM x C C C n rs -J- -d- tn N m m N C N CN m C CM CM C r- r-. -* r^ N C i- N N r CM N N r- i-l N i- C N C N -* t 4-> CN N n a* N N d d N N N N n N N N,- t-l i-t i t- '""' - r- i- r- r- i- i-, C - r> Sn in n in n i- 00 CM 00 C CM C i- m 4J 00 S 0 - n i-h in n r~ r^ N CM r^ 00 CM 00 r- C (0-0 C m n-t nd C C n rs i-i i-h r^ N tn n N m N 00 i- i- r- J T< CN r-4 C CM i- n r^. i- CN r r^ m n N r^ r- -Cf C CM C <j- m m m m i- i- 00 m CM N r^ i- CM 5 W C C C C C C r CM t- C C CM C r-i r- CM C N m m i-l CN h <r xd -d- 00 N m <r r N C C r-* CM r-~ r-~ r^ m r^. r- r- CM r~ r^ i-h i- i- r- CM i- CM N tn -* t la r-4 d d i-h * i- -< C 00 N C -d* r-» m C n <fr r-~ m r*. m m CM CM C N N r^ - m <fr M0 C C C m -J- m 00 n m CM CM <f N <f i- rs C n n n N d i- r- m r-^ n v <t N>*0 <! N N <f i N N -J" n CM C t r^ r* C tn n N -* r~ CM N 00 s -d- m m CM CM CM <r m CM I-l > <f a> ^ <f m in i- CM i- 00 ~-t C N <f N CM C m CN v r*. m * m ~t -/ C C <f tn in N r- <f CN N CM CM CM <r m v i-h i-h m m CM en n m <* <t CM -*,- N v CN i- m n CM <f m C m CN CM in * v r-» <f m N i-h r^ i-l CM i- N C i- <r 9 h CM i- i- J- m «-< CM i-t <r ^ i- r- i- CN C m r*- r- < NtN CM 00 CM r~ N m <r C N m n n IT n C d" CM >-t C CM C m 00 <f C 00 -* <N i- eg CM i- <t CM tn m i-t CM CM 00 CN N i- 00 <* N < I- I- T- CM CM CM CM CM CM r- i- CM i- CM CM CM i- CM CM C CN CM N 00 N C N 00 CM CM r in tn t p^ N N m m m C CM r- N N C C <r in N N r-* r- i-l r- 6 6 i- i -«^ CM n r^ n <f m n \0 r-. CM N N CN CM r~ m r*. CM -* C *f -d- -d- r-^ C i-4 N <f C CM CM N CM N N m n N CM nj v sin n tn m CM r-~ (^ CN C tn ntj- -rt m <r m m n n m m m N n tn N r^ N <f tn tn xqe -I jiqapf BXdiBg < CQ M M * -X * X M M M QUIn -4 I- i->**u MUM s Ph M M s S - l- C I- -r N C C W i «C U C C It C 4 T> 0 t JZ U M a t M >N 0 t t C VI I-l T y > a M 0 0 t Ph 00 0 ^ I h C t a. i t t U Cm t t t i r- s C C <U.* J! ^ tj -r M A 0 C a. r4 U CJ I- 4- t 0 - i i a 4- i-4 r M 0 C V-t PQ pq f-t. t C < -2

CM i-l 60 0 TXB0 m sseqev Ph - r-t aq-tasp-tg m aqfrqag C r rl - i,, I BUI in Pi ' P ' L V jedsptai CM rl m m PL, Ph PL, Pi Pi CM rl m s V Tl - - - ; C C C C n ««re w M M I-l M < a n C M I-l M i-l 0

34 * - ( v i 2 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 r<02< 'pss ^ ^ ^ ^ C.0 0 in N p^ m m CM > N CM r-l C C CM CN rl ID v Q r ^ 'TTS 00 C* C CM C C C C C C CM C <f CM -* L»n t4 4J U C pl, T i-^ CM f-i %> '^E T0 -f in C C C CM ^t L C P>- C N C T-r en msdxg V fmxg C r CM i-l 60 0 TXB0 m sseqev Ph - r-t aq-tasp-tg m aqfrqag C r rl - i,, I BUI in Pi ' P ' L V jedsptai CM rl m m PL, Ph PL, Pi Pi CM rl m s V Tl ; C C C C n ««re w M M I-l M < a n C M I-l M i-l 0 - * «LJ -5 C C n rn ^j 0 0> ti) ' C - -* 0 a. a. a. PJ, e e R C C C ig (0 C (0 C U 4 * 4 XJ a IjJ 0 0 0) ai C Tl n 0 0 C C C C (0 CJ 0 r 0 0 0> 0 li > > > > l, <: < < <; II " ^-,-^,-s, zqjenft m CM m CM m C PL, Pi Pi Pi PL, in C i-l = TBI - ' CM C aqtx^fanriw V i aq-tjtqa m l PL, Pi,, 5TXXT-BTW l m C Pi PL, PL, Pi ' L L Pi <t 4 L C m C L r^ E CM C C rl P Pi Pi PL, qtuf[b)i n 4 UT q BDT jt qapf ajdibs r C 0 rl rl U 4J 00» a C rl rl rl PL, s 0 I-l I-l C r^ U5 M i- - TJ C n C C 4 C h 4-4 i-l CM 4 a 0 C A 4 C >> a JJ 0 it 0 B C h 5 CJ M J a. A! 0 0 0) < Ph rl 4J pf a. rf C M 4J C C ri li 9 C a 0 ^.* ^ ja > C JJ PL, rl 4J CJ CJ l-l 0 0 C rl rl rl rl rl S rl C li 0 4J C a pa pa C/ PL, C 6 C < 8 >> PL i-> P, a C 0 rl p^ PL, >. h a rl rl 0 B U x; PL CD m 0 U 0> r-t a h >^ ad C (Tl F-l XI 0 rl?^ B L4 C rl C 0 td a. m C ^ 0 m t PL rl AJ a> ra r^ PL I-l aj 0) rl DB 0 rl d m rl a 0) s ai a^. z

$JJ eh in \ in v -J" s 00 en r-l en en m m >n 00 JJ >N4 r-l S i- rs -i en r-l m -- 00 s l <t <t CM r-l CM i-i 4J JJ 4- C a) -t s JJ > C ^v 0 ri "2^ m * r^ en S s en -a- s m en r-l s <r r- 5 en en m en$ $<t S en r-l en CM CM r-l CM CM r-l f-i r-l r-l <? CU >2 as ~.JtSiJP JC Jf -* ~* «* <r CM rs r~ r^ S s S s \ <f v (yrs. «-i.-e r-l r-~ -J- <r r-l JJ r-.$

35 Perid exps DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS n 00 /-s s -- s S r^ S en i- J- r^ r^ r-* <t r-~ en en 00 «?«? r*. r-l m m t-i CM =r Cf?? C «_~ jj jj jj JJ JJ JJ jj JJ 4J JJ JJ JJ JJ 4J J JJ JJ JJ. JJ eh in \ in v -J" s 00 en r-l en en m m >n 00 JJ >N4 r-l S i- rs -i en r-l m s l <t <t CM r-l CM i-i 4J JJ 4- C a) -t s JJ > C ^v 0 ri "2^ m * r^ en S s en -a- s m en r-l s <r r- 5 en en m en <t S en r-l en CM CM r-l CM CM r-l f-i r-l r-l <? CU >2 as ~.JtSiJP JC Jf -* ~* «* <r CM rs r~ r^ S s S s \ <f v (yrs. «-i.-e r-l r-~ -J- <r r-l JJ r-. -4 m ^ r-l 00 r>- r- 00 CM i-i r- en en r CM r-l r CM r-l h r-l C a) d d d d. X C 60-^ s-s JJ JJ JJ 4J JJ JJ JJ jj JJ JJ JJ jj jj JJ JJ J-J JJ a~ 00 S s S r*- m r^ CM s CM m en rs- rs CM CM s as *- S i- S s in <f s m m s m U"t C CM i- CM r-j r r-l r-l r-l C m C X Ps C ^ in S <r m -f en -et CM 00 ^~ CM CM C ^ en en m en» CM m r-l S> -* en en m en -* tn C E -^ r-l r-l ""J ""J X C as T >* -- <! -T S m -* m m -J- vc <f ^- -sfr <f C t4 JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ jj jj JJ JJ jj C JJ i-l JJ +J CU C JJ -a en <f J(SI JC >* si- CM CM CsJ JJ CM ~\ S r-l \ en m CM SM CM C i-l i-c r r-l r-i i-t r-l i-l r-l a < J - s s s 00 r-. <f r-l CM s E en en en CM CM m r-l en -a CM <0 r-l Z X s r-l CM m m -i 00 CM i- s s CM CU M-l TJ 4- >> J T) JJ 0) U CU rl C M C C E p E U E C - ' C M JJ JJ (0 > E r-l CU T C CU X CU - CU T r-l C C I-t -. U CU i- <$! UlKlK <: U S < C ( «: a < C W C C w - U E JJ 05 a. (0 0* CU CU C JJ r-l C jj '-*-* JJ >s JJ jj ts >, F-l U C. J JJ Q C Vi CU <fi «r-l <n M-J CU J-> +4 (U Y aj en * ^ rj <4 -J r-l as j-i g h a, CU C/> rl E w r4 r-l < +J C M r-l i l < s.j rl U C r JJ JJ» >s. - C T* C/s. C X k «C C X jj y JJ - CU U U (U +J 4J C/j T w 0) CU CU C >s M > Z *0 C i l LA en <C < M < >> C JJ JJ C CJ C JJ /j < «C M JJ (U CU 4J JJ C i-l G U < JJ 00 J2 C w rl J<! J f-l ' CU U 0, J C 0) ft) Z C J_l JJ

$<J C N fsi CM in CM r^- CM N ** <t m in n C r n m 00 r-» 00 r CM r m C r* N r-* in m "- r C m 00 CM C eg 00 r r^» C -X) n r <j ^ <t N C r m CM G r- r-l * C N <J- m N CM -J- Q m m st \0 C *l m -9 -^$

36 4 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 C C < * C i-4 U a. (0 n CN nd -* r>. m r^ C vd N C C )-«C 00 T-i C n CM ** r«m ^D 5-S m J--' t CM w4 >"* - ' CM r CM CM CM CM CM CM CM l- r r r CM r C r~- Cr> C 4 <f ^ *- C CM ** N en N C C CM N N n m <r CM N m C n f^- sj rs. t **" r CM CM 00 CM r~~ in C C C CM -si - r-l <r C CM C CM N I s* N r- n r- r,-h,_, rs, r^ N ^- *- sd n 4J C h <r C 00 C CM N r r-i m <r r^. r,_! <J C N fsi CM in CM r^- CM N ** <t m in n C r n m 00 r-» 00 r CM r m C r* N r-* in m "- r C m 00 CM C eg 00 r r^» C -X) n r <j ^ <t N C r m CM G r- r-l * C N <J- m N CM -J- Q m m st \0 C *l m -9 -^ CM W CM CM CM r-l CM CM rfi ^ n CM <r - <f r-* sd J ** >d- CM <t 00 v C C N r N j C r«. C r CM N en 60X N - r ^ '-, r-l CM f r CM - -, n m r«. ^ m n N r r r CjJ >w <f C d- <r <r <t ** <f <r <r <r <r ^t <! <f -* <t - ^J- <t -* -<t N* <r <r 4" -J" -t <t <f <r <f ** <f w CJ ^-n 5 CJ «in m CM <t N C r^ m r>i k r-. m N N CM CM r CM CM CM CM CM C CM C CM C CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM C CM <t N CN) CM CN CM CM C CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM g CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM rg CM CM CM CM CM CM C J= /-N W 4J 00 C m C en n n r*» en C m m <f 00 C r~- C <r n m C <t > > N N r-. k0 C J" C T C N r \D v > * *** n r-» r^ r*- '"- r>- ^,,,, rv. v n x> ^ UD ^ n m U") m m l m N *JD N > > U"t n 5 i-l w m C C C C C C m C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Q -C U. C C C G m n N N C CM N CM C C m r*. n m «C C CM C C <T r^ 00 N n N G N N N N N r,-j r- C C X' 00 C N N C C CJ - r* r^ C r^. r-. r^ C C G r-«. r*- C C C C C r^- r-»,n' r- l>» r*» ^ C 00 C 00 ^ r^. C QJ,*.h C a a. C C 0 C C V e 2 < «CJ a w Ph CJ < PQ CJ a w \M Q) < PQ CJ Q Pn Ji < PQ a w fa CJ < CQ CJ Q w f CJ ^ C8 C S X a a P <s> CU U >*,* >N^J fs^ e B C E C C - C - C - M CJ Q. j a a) a. -v U 0) CJ CJ C (U h a 00 JJ ^-, I C (C }-i C C X ^ QJ D,^ - i *"* f CJ Q> a. > > a) > < a CJ >n C C C ^_,,_, UT^ED TJ tqapi s pa r-c ajdieg CJ S - V C 0) p. rj >n C

t DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 e a> - 4-i ai nj C j a. CJ C - n N N N 00 00 C C C r»» N X) n in n m N 'X) 'C r-^ N m N C N CM CM x> m r> r** r* rs" C r*. m r*s N st r-~ r^* in C C C C N p*.

$st n N n ^_, CM n st 00 JC ^J ^ CM tt\ st N N n N r» -rt m C m r-. CM N r>. m m st r^- r** r*. x> CM ^ 4 5 N r*.$

37 t DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 5 e a> - 4-i ai nj C j a. CJ C - n N N N C C C r»» N X) n in n m N 'X) 'C r-^ N m N C N CM CM x> m r> r** r* rs" C r*. m r*s N st r-~ r^* in C C C C N p*. G J-l iw 4-t f,_(,_,,_( 0 St N C n n st r-. N n N»n n C st r C C 00 C in X) >-J r n C n p*. St st C m r in N st C m N CM CM X> m r^. r 00 N r-) C X> m N X - S*2 CM CM CM N r m n n st N n n St l- rn St st st X> X5 in m m m m X m m x X N U m XI ^.-( r-l -< -' "-< -* 0 C Vj n St N st r*. x> <r P*. n* sr r^ n CNJ r^. in,_ C r^. N r*. st n N n ^_, CM n st 00 JC ^J ^ CM tt\ st N N n N r» -rt m C m r-. CM N r>. m m st r^- r** r*. x> CM ^ 4 5 N r*. CM < CM st m CM m st st n st st n st st St St <t st st st C n m m tn st CM 0 r i x: ^ <D 0X» i-l w n -t p- N N st st st st St l - st st st St *t St p^ st <t St N st st st st k C N St st st st st St C St St st <-* r^» N m St m st st st l st st st st st m St N N X CM n st n st st st -t st st- st st st r St St N X) N N CM -- N N -N N 'X X' X) x> nd N n St 0 ^"N J - *-' CM CM CN CM CM CM CM CM m CN CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM J= - "i n n n N CM CM G St st st N 4- m n flh N N C n st sf C r n n C CM n CM CM CM CM CM CM r-l CM CM CM en en n CM C m n m m m m (A e J= /-v 0 00 m en N n N N in 00 N N N St N st N m m m r CM st N CM C 00 r*» 00 r-. N p*. N r^ X> X5 N r- N N vd x> v X> N r-*. r r-. P-- ps. r p 9 B >> en m n n n n n n n n n m n n m rn m m n n en n n n en n en n st st st st -t st st C C J ^ CM st r r N X N 00 st CM St m \0 st CT-. N N N N N N m * x> C CM r^- st N N N N N N st \ r^ r*» x> x> X) 00 N m en C C g n n, N i^. X n n C C C C p*. r*. 00 p- r-. r*. r>- r- f^. r*» r>- r- r^ r^ ^. r^. r^. r^. r-*. i^. fs. r* r-. ps. C C C C C s 00 0).* -> C C C a a (0 (0 C C C h E < CQ t_) Q UJ \M 0) < PQ a Ph CU < CQ CJ Q UJ Ph CU <; pq Q UJ U-, J < PQ CJ a UJ P4 CU E S S 2 K PS «M C XI at x: J 0) SQ, N 4-t CJ )-i X5 4J i-i - - at - *w 0) S rl XI 00 tc - a j-j S w <fi M a) S ^ S C t - ^ m n m P- X V 0 ^ ffl -.^-* r ^ " i a C at > x: a> m 'It UTJE -TJTUp-t M a U. r axdieg ^ * * 60 TD I-l T) s?s at 4J X) & -! G CJ Xl C C CU ft t. ^

! ' 6 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 >N >N C X J >N >N C C >N rj t t - C CU a n 4J r 00 >s 00 >, 0 0) 00 >N S>N 0 M t 0 0 0 C 4J 0 X r-l X.

C 0 >N X T >> B C X 5N 4J 4- CD 0 4 J 4J 4- >N 0 t t ) t 00 00 0 C M J-l - K U U r -i-l U r-l r -r JDJ JrJU J J C r-l 5»4 I C U * 0 >N^-, e» (^ v m n N CM N - 00 st 00 C CM CM r v a t U r r r r CM CM

38 ! ' 6 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 >N >N C X J >N >N C C >N rj t t - C CU a n 4J r 00 >s 00 >, 0 0) 00 >N S>N 0 M t C 4J 0 X r-l X. r4 t-l j: t-l r-l 4J C C C J r J U C 0) SN,*> J 0 X >N >N >>, J.C 0 >N X T >> B C X 5N 4J 4- CD 0 4 J 4J 4- >N 0 t t ) t C M J-l - K U U r -i-l U r-l r -r JDJ JrJU J J C r-l 5»4 I C U * 0 >N^-, e» (^ v m n N CM N - 00 st 00 C CM CM r v a t U r r r r CM CM CM r-l CM I-l --I N N 0 i CM CM CM CM CM CS CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM,_! CM* r CM r CM U Q w 00 0 U <f m f^ n CM n C r r- n UKtv m r-l - CM C C C rs r-. 4= CM N C St CNI N CM C r-~ N st N i d C r-l r- Ct N «*P rs st 00 C ^ r-l m r C 00 C N 4J 0 IP4 St C «* -* -* <f C st st C st r CM CM CM CM U r- s.-i r-4 r-t <f r-i N N 00 st St CM r r C in C 0 B st s m v C <t C N m N m m r~ in N.- mmv r^. st S >* m st r-i m in 00 v m 00 st C CM > ^ N S - N N N n n v N N N N N N >n N N N N N 0- l v ( st i C 00 r-i in st st 00 r CM r C r^ C r C N sf r CM i-i rs en m st n m r-4 r-l 00 r-. C 00 st i B ChCA r N N N r-- n r-l m N N 00 r-. 00 x i-> -h r r r-l r-l r-l 00 0 J i i r r r r r r. r-l r-l r-l r-l ( r-t i r r-l r r IT) C7S C CM in N m n C n r-l m N r m N st 00 CM CM st r^ n N Cn ST C C- r-l N C C N 00 i N C CM C CM C C CM CM C C C C r CM C CM CM CM <t <f <f <f -* <j st st st stst * st st st st st st st st st * ^ >n C S-! U - n_- Q r-i X D N N N C N 00 N C st CM 00 r r^ CM st st m N m C r^ in in in st N r-l st N N <t N C C i-i CM st C st st m in st CM C C r^ N st st N m V* S-i» M«^ m m m in in m m m 4J s-s a. B -h n~- * rs ^ in i i v CM -r CM r-s st N C N st CNl CM r 0 $ r CM r-l r-l r-l r CM r-l CM r-l r-l r-l r CM CM CM C CM >, ^ C CM vg M m C r-^ C N C r-l C -, r^ n - n C 00 C i~- C <f <t -t C <f UTB -xjfqapf <; t _> UM M W M a j, - >i r-l M r-l l-l M r-l s P< - C st r-l r-l I-l a M N -[dlubs i r 00 st N C 0 I-l s r-l (J C M a y-i 4- C I -a t V C X 4- C >N 4- M C r-l 0 C 0) t C - v. n J a Jt U a. rl t C 4-4- C t C (0 a 0 ^ 0 <: [>i Jti A!.i! Xi 0 C 4J C 4J U r-l 0 0 ( i - f-l rl I-l C 4J M M 0 4J X C >J r C PQ C m C fa C C < 0-.*» r~i 0 D B 0) 4- X Mh M G g M C l h QJ > ri < <a

i 0- i I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 7 d 60 60 rl rl D C e t d rl 4J m 60 C 60 C d a TJ TJ TJ a 00 TS - d rl VI l-i n m n l-l i-i M n t- l-l t- I-I «-rl - a ra re re 4- re e U re re re -0 4-.

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i- d a, C r-l re <0 a - ^ rl C C C r4 0] 0 rl X 0 t a) a. I a.*-' N-','-' N^ > xi 0 0 4 4 4-4- E e e 4-4- i m 4 4 ^ J<!

39 i 0- i I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 7 d rl rl D C e t d rl 4J m 60 C 60 C d a TJ TJ TJ a 00 TS - d rl VI l-i n m n l-l i-i M n t- l-l t- I-I «-rl - a ra re re 4- re e U re re re e js -C rc 0 r-l j= rc 0 i X X. JZ 0 r r4 CU rl 0 rl 0 e e 4- e B G 44 E rj r4 s 4- g t4 l-l l r4 - T -a rl 4- rl -4 " " li W l-l -r-l -r4 TJ rrj it-j -rj U 4- T> T " T> P 4- T - M IJ M l-l r4 4J TJ ' T-J U U U P 4-0) < 0> re re re r4 0 J a re re re re *r re re re re rl X S 2 S * X X > s E SB SB X S» S X s > U g Q w s p* w /-v/^"0 T) «l N S~\ T 0 0) r-l 0 0 a a C -- E G g B M -a V E 6 X 0 0) C 0 ^ 0 ^ 5 0 r i-,- C U 4 5 i- d a, C r-l re <0 a - ^ rl C C C r4 0] 0 rl X 0 t a) a. I a.*-' N-','-' N^ > xi E e e 4-4- i m 4 4 ^ J<!-, i -i a: ^ >N CU r-l r - ( ; d d re d re t re re re 0 fl S -r4 -rl M -rl -rl PQ «0 pq en C f* PQ CJ CQ pq pq PL, en PQ PQ PQ pq PQ Cm PL, t l-l 4 4J n N en N r-l - C 00 m n r-i -tf m d 4h C N N N N C N m T> N N N N n r^ -* en en m r~. N n N N 00 C m *rl r C r-l r 4-i < CTJ i rl C 4- CJ <r v r-l «-* CM r^ N en r- rj <r 00 n m <) r~- N CM m n m m > N r^- «* CM en r-l > MfliNt en n m n <t m n r t X> n N 00 r^ CM l-l i-i N r>. 00 N 00 r^ CM C CMS r m fl ^ i- CM - r-i r-i r-l r CM r-l i i- r-l r-l r-4 l-l r-l r-4 CM CM r-4 r-l nj B-S rl a re -* n m m C N <r r>» r-l n n n r*. r~ > m m en r*. f~. xi ^ /-s N r-l CM N 00 r^ m N en r-» N CM r-l n p^ 00 CM -* i- i-i m m m I w b-s <f ^ N N r> p- \0 in r-4 i C f~ f~~ N N v r-l r~. n m n CM <0 CM r-l t t r-l i r-l t- -4 rlrl 4J N N m in n N < N m n m m n (T n N N en C m r-4 N N r^- r-4 n a m en en 00 -Cf 00 C m MNCS n n_> C C «* <- «* <T r^ r> en f» m <f en -- -* i-i C<) C^ <*} CI P~l <t 0> S-S 00 r-l i- 5 rl 60 -r- X a rl /-> r~- 00 N n r-l r-l r * CM <r t> m m r~«r^ en r-4 r-l en r-4 CM i- r-4 i-i m m m n N i-i -* <t <) r-i -d- n S-! l-i n_/ en m r 00 r r-«rl fn 4J 60 in ri r-l r^ C -* i-4 -* r<. en X m en C n r~ r-l r-l m CM N N in r~ m N N r-l r n m 00 N C C r^ rs n r~. 60 C l /-N rl 0) l-i B-S CM CM CM CM CM C n en CM rsl CM m m en <) ~f en en en en en m m m I i n-' r-i i-i r-l i- i- r-l r-l r-4 i- r-l ^4 r-l r-l r-l r r-l l-l l-l l-l r r r r i- i-h m 60* ^ rl Q.C_> m m m in in m m m m m m n l-i B C N N r-l i- 00 XI N N r-l r-l n Clrl r^ rl «I r-l r. (- r-4 r-4 r-l i r r r r4 h ^ UftJE -fjt^apt -[dulbg i- PQ w 4- a T «C 6 ^ e Ph rl CJ l-l «

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41 I DIMENSINAL CANGES IN CLAY PRDUCTS 9 E E m m 4-i m -.rl - - JJiJ-rl-rlXJXJXJ>-lVj -l>j iwfl'diiiiij lllll0<l0>><rl< wsscww>>>> 0) Bl 0 a 0) B J C 0 Rl X) - X) J rl 0 XJ -rl * A n A M t 0) U X) -n T) X) w d i-i 4J 0) 0) 0 0) rl 0 "4- -rl rl XI XJ XJ xj >j t a m in S S S S S IS S > XJ -n > 4J XJ 4-> > t l-i t «Xj -rl XJ r-4 XJ r-4 l-l U > U J U J t t t t 0)l0l0S^>.>s>> 4J4-l4-l4-l4-l4J4Jtttt rl - -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl J5 J2 J J2 J5 J J2 5 5 U U U U I I I I I I I >*>>>*>-.^>>;>,e C C ttttttt >-i>-ii-im _I>-iVj4->4J4J4-I t CCCCCCCMM >-. >S >.XJ 0->XJ J<!A!J<i^iA!A!^!tt tit) p^l^r-l rl -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl ^ 00 a a ^ a a a a. a, ) 0) I0CC CCUCrrri-i-li-li Wt ttttttt04j4j 4-4J aicmpmp^pmpmic C w m 4- C >M C C 4-0 J t rl MNrlrl-J<4vN NNiff>t(]a\DMt / 4 -Q m a rl 4J 0 a Rl S-S l J ^ J 4 J>! NNNNC Mn<fintMnN JflUIl-JI'lN i-lt-li-i00l--r-ir-4 flflpinm CCCCNCTSvr-I -j-<t>4"^^r^r^tnanan nn-j-firnist CNI 00 C 4J 00 -C bl t - ^v Bl V4 5~S 0 - v-' -I m 00* a -^ rl Q. ("* -- -tjtupf "[dieg r-ir-ifr,ninmm<f Cftv mmmmm MlMJli-INN in r^. <\i n in in in N<fni^Ns)-in00r. hm n<t^ ^fvinmnv <t<fv>a\r-ift ^tin mmmm BtivN 00 r-l l M 0 0) a 0 r-l r-l t. r. X> > m 4J J5 C 4- tw Ml rl rl r-l - ( 0 rl > 4- tl m n a. x 4-0 I J C C 0 U > 4-0) J C M-4 U t a. m -4 CJ r-4 XJ U Rl > U rl 0) 0 4- M r-l X rl 00

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46 I 44 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 405 T 0 --I en U a a 0 04 T > ti'tj'0, t h- Jeai-iD 0 0) 0 en C t C 0 5 a - n T) T> a C nj r 4J 4J 4J 4-ITJ''U'U''' '-y-i4_,mvjvjj_,ljmi-,m ggeqgeg TT rj CD 0 60 ti B C C U i-l, xi t U U " TJ TJ TJ " 4-4- U U U U U m eg imasaaa I 4- m i-i aj 0 x 4-4- s X X!»i >-. B m m 4-0 0) i-l U tig ^.* B C.. ass C C C CD 0 0) >-. U U U 4-4J 4- C CJ - - -rj (J X! X! Xi S [J S 60 4J J 4-0) 0) -I i-l A! C.*! C X! X! Xi I I I 0) "W " i-l C C i-l - i-l t t I 4- M-l C CL) (ilipl,ai hj l_i hjeli a 0 0) 4J n b 4= B C 60<-l 0) <D i-l C j M h4 C - Xi > I 0 0 a <** V 0) i-l - -U U <J -j-jinnm CJ\\r^r^ i-li-lr-i x: -n <-s s-s - Xl v^ ^r^i^-* vm<fi-*-*n i-ii-ii-ii-i~i-ii-ii-i M»)Cv^-JrN nnci'jlfl N M <f C l-jrt M<lC C I s-s - > >r> r^~ -s CTn x> r-t en CT> n CN m r^ 00 ^ - en CN CM i-l CT> ey>«*r-r^t-~.irif-in-*r) isr-in-^i-ir^-* * i- i-l N 00 C r^ -* v PI N <T i-i n in m eg ^n s-s ^ r^ 00 m n v ~,.- C N -4 -N C C m N t- - v*s*40v40s^v400 Mrvtii\Nj»Jrsv r\inpii\(iifin r^\nct*si <t v r^ as ~* e t J= 60 0] i-l s-\ 4 8*2 ) '-' i-l M-l 60* C ^ i-i a n rf D MI M^'jneinN i-i-li-li-l immtai CVdCNN miflcmcw-jcn -*si-*a\-iln. i-tcmcinn^vcnncm \in<ti«iin CMLTlvDr^i-l CMCCCCCCMCCMCMC ii-jmm 0000\a\i-li-ICMCMCi"> ~* m -* -* r~ CN N A\0 i-i m -* -i m i-i n -> m m CCiv rt a. g 4- A CU I-l en 0 0 fi 0 r-4 I-l C «Xl > C 4-0 J 0 4J J C 4J A r d 6-I a -4 CU in > a UTE -Tjxqap-i 0) A M 4-4- CD Rl en a"[dig ^-i < C > 0 4- CD XI a a C i- i-i 4J m 5 CD 0 4J I-l C X 00

Illinis State Gelgial Srvey Cirlar 405 44 p., 4 figs., app.

47 Illinis State Gelgial Srvey Cirlar p., 4 figs., app., 966 Printed by Athrity f State f Illinis, Ch. 27, IRS, Par

48 CIRCULAR 405 ILLINIS STATE GELGICAL SURVEY URBANA

Physics I Keystone Institute of Technology & Management, Surajgarh Unit V. Postulates of Einstein s special theory of relativity

Physics I Keystone Institute of Technology & Management, Surajgarh Unit V. Postulates of Einstein s special theory of relativity Physis I Keystne Institte f Tehnlgy & Manageent, Srajgarh Unit V Pstlates f Einstein s speial thery f relativity. Priniple f Physial Eqivalene The laws f physis, (bth ehanis and eletrdynais) epressed in