COUNTING IS THE BASIC MATHEMATICAL
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2 COUNTING IS THE BASIC MATHEMATICAL ACTIVITY EVERY HUMAN ACTIVITY, DAY IN AND DAY OUT INVOLVES THIS COUNTING, IN ONEWAY OR THE OTHER. House wife in the kitchen to A space scientist Farmer on the field to AN industrialist A petty hawker to A great economist All of them play paywt with numbers sto achieve their targets.
3 As the human Endeavors advanced simple counting has become computation, calculations and estimations. To make calculations, computations and estimations, easier and quicker, operations on numbers are used.
4 An operation is said to be well defined in a set, if it is possible to effect the execution of the process of operation.
5 IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO HAVE THE SET OF ELEMENTS TO OPERATE WITH AND TO KNOW THE PROCESS OF EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION
6 ALGEBRA An ALGEBRA is a structure, consisting of a non empty set, along with well defined operation (s) in it. Example: SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS WITH ADDITION OPERATIONS [N,+] SET OF REAL NUMBERS WITH MUILTIPLICATION OPERATIONS [R, ] ]
7 ALGEBRE REAL NUMBER ALGEBRA VECTOR ALGEBRA MATRIX ALGEBRA COMPLEX ALGEBRA ALGEBRA OF FUNCTION etc
8 The fundamental operations on set of real numbers widely accepted are ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
9 ADDITION is the process of counting the elements of two sets taken TOGETHER Eg: Adding the number of students of section A & B of class 10 of aparticular school
10 SUBTRACTION is the process of counting the remaining elements of a given set, after TAKING AWAY a few elements from it. Eg: How many students of class consisting 50 students are left, after 15 students leave the school.
11 MULTIPLICATION is a process of REPEATED ADDITION OF THE SAME NUMBER Eg: is same 6 times 4 6 4=24
12 DIVISION is the process of SUCCESSIVE SUBTRACTION of the same number. Eg: = 0 4 can be successively subtracted 6 times from 24 to get the reminder 0 24/4 = 6
13 All fundamental operations on Real numbers involve two facts at a time. Basic operations are denoted by symbols in mathematical sentences The most basic operation on Real numbers is Addition Other operations are derived from addition SUBTRACTION NEGETIVE ADDITION MULTIPLICATION REPEATED ADDITION DIVISION SUCCESSIVE SUBTRACTION
14 THE PROPERTIES OF OPERATIONS ON REAL NUMBERS CLOSURE PROPERTY: If the result of the operations is a member of the set on which the operation is effected, the operations is said to have closure property. Eg: Addition in the set, of Natural numbers has the closure property 4+7 = 11
15 COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY: If the result of the operations remain same, when the facts are inter change, the operations has commutative property Eg: Multiplication of Real numbers is commutative 7 5 = 5 7 = 35
16 ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY: if the result of the operations is independent of the association of facts the operation is said to have associative property. Eg: Addition of Natural numbers is Associative (4+5)+7 = 4+(5+7)
17 DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY: In this property two operations are involved Addition and Multiplication. Eg: 3 (7+5) = 36 (3 7)+(3 5) = 36 Multiplication is distributive over Addition Note: Addition is not distributive over Multiplication in the set of Real numbers
18 UNARY OPERATIONS These operations involve only one fact at a time. For Eg: 81=9, 64=8, 6.25=2.5, 5 4=2 5² = 25, 10³ = 1000 Note: every positive Real number has a unique real square root
19 Operations on Real numbers need not be basic operations only We can define other operations with defined symbols Eg: a*b = a/b + b/a a,b 0 x y= x + y x,y> 0 p q= p² q²
20 All operations on Real numbers essentially consist fundamental operations ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
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