GEOG 402 SURFACE ENERGY FLUXES
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1 GEOG 402 SURFACE ENERGY FLUXES
2 Some Point of Confuion Net Rdition Incident t the Sufce R n = K ( 1α + ( 4 εl εσ K L Veg Lye αk εl 4 εσ Soil
3 Some Point of Confuion Veticl empetue Pofile
4 Some Point of Confuion Veticl empetue Pofile
5 Some Point of Confuion Soil et Flux Upwd nd downwd conduction of enible het Diven by veticl tempetue gdient in oil Modulted by oil theml popetie Diection of gdient chnge ufce tempetue chnge K L αk εl 4 εσ G
6 Enegy, Cbon, nd Wte Sufce Enegy Blnce R n = K ( 1α + ( 4 εl εσ = + λe + G K L λe αs εl 4 εσ Note light diffeence in ymbol ued fo hotwve dition nd lbedo in the text: 4 R n = S ( 1 + ( εl εσ = + λe + G (Eq in Bonn, 2008 G
7 Enegy, Cbon, nd Wte Sufce Enegy Blnce R n = + λe + G K L λe αk εl 4 εσ G
8 Enegy, Cbon, nd Wte Sufce Enegy Blnce Ove 24-h peiod G = ~0 R n = + λ E λe R n Enegy Ptitioning
9 Globl Enegy Blnce
10 Globl Enegy Blnce
11 Regionl Enegy Blnce
12 Diunl Cycle
13 Diunl Cycle
14 Diunl Cycle
15 Enegy Blnce
16 Ltent et of Vpoiztion λ = x 10 6 J kg -1 t 20ºC Exmple fom the book: ypicl umme evp. te: 5 mm pe dy Wte denity: 1000 kg m -3 5 mm = 5 kg pe que mete kg 1dy J = m 2 dy kg 142 W m 2
17 Ltent et of Vpoiztion λ = x 10 6 J kg -1 t 20ºC Anothe wy of tting the ltent het of vpoiztion: he mount of ltent het flux pe mm/dy of evp: λ = W m -2 pe mm dy -1 Exmple: ( 5 mm pe dy: λe = 5 mm dy -1 x W m -2 pe mm dy -1 = W m -2 (b λe = 110 W m -2 : E = 110 W m -2 / W m -2 pe mm dy -1 = 3.88 mm dy -1
18 Sufce Enegy Blnce Recll tht in it implet fom, the ufce enegy blnce cn be expeed : R = + n λe At the Me S ttion in nothen hilnd, R n veged 150 W m -2 duing unny peiod in Mch. Auming i poitive, λe mut be le thn 150 W m -2, i.e. E mut be le thn 5.3 mm dy -1
19 Sufce Enegy Blnce hilnd: 25-y Secondy Vegettion Kd Rn Bzil: Be Soil Kd Rn 400 E G :00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0: G E :00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00
20 Men enegy fluxe. Sufce Enegy Blnce Site Kd Rn G λe dy ll + dy ll dy ll dy ll dy ll Bzil (W m ( Slhed vegettion (b Buned lh (c Be oil (dmtue cv (e Unued ptue (f 1/2 y. Secondy vegettion (g1-y Secondy Vegettion (h1-y Secondy vegettion (i 2-y Secondy vegettion (j 2-y Secondy vegettion (k10-y Secondy vegettion hilnd (l veted bley (m Fllow ice pddy (n Iigted be oil (o 2-y Secondy vegettion (p 3-y Secondy vegettion (q 8-y Secondy vegettion ( 25-y Secondy vegettion Dy efe to 12-hou peiod 6:00-18:00
21 Men enegy fluxe. Sufce Enegy Blnce Site Rn G E dy ll dy ll dy ll dy ll hilnd (l veted bley (m Fllow ice pddy (n Iigted be oil (o 2-y Secondy veg (p 3-y Secondy veg (q 8-y Secondy veg ( 25-y Secondy veg Dy efe to 12-hou peiod 6:00-18:00
22 Sufce Enegy Blnce o include oil het flux effect on the diunl nd nnul cycle, the ufce enegy blnce cn be expeed : o: R = G + + λe n R G = + λe n
23 Bowen Rtio One wy to decibe the ptitioning of enegy between nd LE (me λe i by tking the tio (clled the Bowen Rtio: β = LE igh vlue of β indicte etiction on the evpotnpition poce, i.e. limited wte vilbility. Low vlue of β indicte uneticted evpotion, i.e. bundnce wte vilbility.
24 Bowen Rtio β = LE We ll ee lte tht the Bowen Rtio cn be independently etimted fom meuement of the veticl gdient of i tempetue nd humidity. With n independent etimte of β, nd meuement of Rn nd G, LE cn be etimted : LE = Rn G 1+ β
25 Bowen Rtio β = LE Aid egion e chcteized by high Bowen Rtio vlue, becue limited vilble wte etict evpotion. Wte bodie nd lnd e with bundnce pecipittion nd vegettion cove hve low Bowen Rtio vlue. β > 3 β < 0.5
26 Bowen Rtio (ß of Defoeted Site in Bzil nd hilnd ß = /LE Bowen Rtio ( Slhed vegettion (b Buned lh (c Be oil (d Mtue cv (e Unued ptue (f 1/2-y Secondy vegettion (g 1-y Secondy vegettion (h 1-y Secondy vegettion (i 2-y Secondy vegettion (j 2-y Secondy vegettion (k 10-y Secondy vegettion (l veted bley (m Fllow ice pddy (n Iigted be oil (o 2-y Secondy vegettion (p 3-y Secondy vegettion (q 8-y Secondy vegettion ( 25-y Secondy vegettion Bzil hilnd
27 Enegy Blnce Model R = G + J + + λe n Net Rdition Soil et Flux Biom nd Ai Lye et Stoge Flux Senible et Flux Ltent et Flux
28 Net Rdition (eveting now to the ymbol ued in the text R n = S ( ( 4 + ε L σ 1 Extenl Focing Vible Downwd hotwve dition Downwd longwve dition hee vible e time-dependent nd mut be obtined vi field meuement o climte model imultion.
29 Net Rdition R n = S ( ( 4 + ε L σ 1 Sufce Pmete nd Stte Vible Albedo (pmete Emiivity (pmete Sufce tempetue (tte vible Albedo nd emiivity depend minly on the type of ufce. he ufce tempetue i contolled by the enegy blnce.
30 Net Rdition R n = S ( ( 4 + ε L σ 1 Albedo Sufce Albedo Sufce Albedo Ntul Ubn Feh now Rod Old now Roof Deet Wll Glcie Pint Soil White Coplnd Red, bown, geen Glnd Blck Deciduou foet Conifeou foet Wte
31 Net Rdition R n = S ( ( 4 + ε L σ 1 Emiivity (8-12 µm Sufce Ntul Ocen 0.99 Emiivity Feh now Melting now 0.99 Deet 0.90 Dy pet oil Wet pet oil Dy fine nd Wet fine nd hick geen g hin geen g on wet cly oil Deciduou foet Conifeou foet Sufce Emiivity Ubn Aphlt 0.93 Concete 0.85 Roof 0.91 Pint 0.96
32 Net Rdition R n = S ( ( 4 + ε L σ 1 Sufce empetue he ufce tempetue could be deived fom field meuement o etimted uing n enegy blnce model.
33 Soil et Flux Field Meuement Appoch: G ΔCd S = t G = oil het flux t the ufce(w m G 8cm Δ C fc fc = G 8cm + S = oil het flux meued t 8 cm depth (W m = chnge in oil tempetue(k = het cpcity of the moit oil d = depth of oil lye (m t = time intevl ( -2-2 O: Model Simultion Appoch: d S = K = K dz whee : K = theml conductivity of the oil (W m d dz ufce z ufce = the veticl tempetuegdient in the oil = ufce tempetue(k = tempetue t depth z (K z = depth of oil lye (m z z -2 K -1
34 Biom Enegy Stoge Flux Field Meuement Appoch: hemocouple to meue tempetue chnge in biom nd i lye Meuement of humidity pofile Suvey of biom mount nd ditibution O: Model Simultion Appoch: Simulte tempetue gdient within tee tem nd othe plnt element Simulte veticl tempetue nd humidity pofile Etimte biom mount nd ditibution
35 Senible et Flux = ρc p ( ufce
36 Ltent et Flux λe = ρc γ p ( e e [ W ufce ]
37 Enegy Blnce Model: Linking It All ogethe R = + λe + n G G = K ufce z z λe ρc = γ p ( e e [ W ufce ] R n = S ( ( 4 + εl εσ 1 = ρc p ( ufce
38 ( z K e e C C L S g W p p Δ + = + ] [ ( ( 1 4 γ ρ ρ εσ ε Eqution 13.13, Bonn, 2008, p. 202
![S ( 1 + εl = εσ 4 ρc p ( ρc γ p (e e [ ] + W K Δz g he left ide of the eqution h the two extenl focing tem, bobed ol](/docs-images/93/113855912/images/39-0.jpg "dition nd bobed longwve dition. he ight ide of the eqution h the ufce epone tem.")
39 S ( 1 + εl = εσ 4 ρc p ( ρc γ p (e e [ ] + W K Δz g he left ide of the eqution h the two extenl focing tem, bobed ol dition nd bobed longwve dition. he ight ide of the eqution h the ufce epone tem. Sufce empetue ( i key vible tht ppe in ll the tem on the ight ide of thi eqution. i detemined by the ufce enegy blnce nd tongly influence the ufce enegy blnce tem. epond to extenl focing to mintin enegy blnce. Fo given chnge in extenl focing, the necey chnge in will depend on ufce chcteitic.
40 ( z K e e C C L S g W p p Δ + = + ] [ ( ( 1 4 γ ρ ρ εσ ε hi eqution cn be ued ufce enegy blnce model. But it cnnot be olved nlyticlly nd ome of the pmete nd vible my be difficult to meue o etimte.
41 G R E n = ( λ G E R n + + = λ ufce p C ( = ρ Eqution 13.14, Bonn, 2008, p. 202 p n n C G R G R E ( ( ( + = = ρ λ Enegy blnce eqution: Renge the enegy blnce eqution: Subtitute the eitnce fomul fo :
42 ( ] [ ] [ * * e e + = W p e e C E ( ] [ ( * + = γ ρ λ Eqution 13.16, Bonn, 2008, p. 202 Stution vpo peue t the ufce tempetue cn be ppoximted : Whee i the lope of the tution vpo peue v tempetue cuve. Subtituting tht into the eitnce fomul fo λe: W ufce p e e C E ] [ ( = γ ρ λ Reult in:
43 ( ( E G R C n p λ ρ = W p e e C E ( ] [ ( * + = γ ρ λ p n C G R E ( ( + = ρ λ Eq Renging Eq , we get: Subtituting thi expeion fo into Eq , we get: Recll: Eq ( ] [ ( ( * W p n e e C G R E γ ρ λ + + = he Penmn-Monteith Eqution (Monteith (1965 Eqution 13.18, Bonn, 2008, p. 202
44 ( ] [ ( ( * W p n e e C G R E γ ρ λ + + = ( * W γ = γ Expeion fo nd cn lo be deived: he Penmn-Monteith Eqution (Monteith (1965 Eqution 13.18, Bonn, 2008, p. 202 * * * * * * ] [ ( ( ] [ ( ( γ ρ γ γ ρ γ + + = + + = e e C G R e e C G R p n p n Eqution 13.19, Bonn, 2008, p. 202 Eqution 13.20, Bonn, 2008, p. 203
45 Chpte 13 Review Quetion 1. Clculte oil wming te: Rnet 450 W/q m 350 W/q m LE 45 W/q m G 55 W/q m Cρd J/(q m deg C d/dt deg C/ deg C/h Rnet 600 W/q m 475 W/q m LE 85 W/q m G 40 W/q m Cρd J/(q m deg C d/dt deg C/ deg C/h
46 Chpte 13 Review Quetion 2. Diet nd wettet ite? Bowen tio:0.5, 1.0, 6.0 (diet, 1.5, 0.2 (wettet 3. Pecip nnul =800 mm Rnet nnul =70 Wm -2 Enegy o wte limit on evpotion? wte 4. Skip. 5. Pecip dily =8 mm Rnet nnul =120 Wm -2 Enegy o wte limit on evpotion? enegy
47 Chpte 13 Review Quetion 6. Fig. 13.7: Why i the LE/Rnet lope gete fo topicl infoet thn glnd? E i limited t glnd ite becue of lowe oughne, lowe lef e, hllowe oot, lowe wte vilbility. Do poblem 7, 8, nd 9 t home.
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