Detecting Movement SINA 07/08
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1 Deecing Moemen
2 How do we perceie moemen? This is no a simple qesion becase we are neer saionar obserers (ees and head moe An imporan isse is how we discriminae he moion of he eernal world from he moion cased b or own moemen direcion of moemen objec saionar ee saionar reinal moemen (slip/opical flow reinal moemen
3 Moion is so imporan o adapie behaior in animals ha simple animals (like frogs and rabbis canno een see objecs nless he are moing Reinal ganglion cells in frog and rabbi hae been fond o be sensiie o moemen in pariclar direcions In cas and monkes ganglion cells are no sensiie o moemen howeer cells in he isal core are Direcionall selecie cells in he hman isal ssem cold form he basis of he image-reina moemen ssem
4 Moion afereffec (waerfall illsion These are probabl cased b adapaion of he moion-specific deecors ha are ned o he direcion of moemen of he simli in he scene These effecs sgges ha moion deecors are no reinal in origin ample: ineroclar ransfer and binoclar rialr sgges ha moion deecors are locaed in an area of he brain where inps from he wo ees are combined
5 Anoher eample (Tnan and Sekler 1975 phanom graing in he blank area moing in he same direcion as he bars phanom disappears if half one half of he simls is occlded (op/boom porion again ineroclar ransfer
6 Visal Moion in he Core Large proporion of cells which respond o isal moion wih selecii for he direcion of moemen is large in laer 4B of V1 Middle Temporal Area (MT V5 and Medial Sperior Temporal Area (MST V5a Magnocelllar LGN projecs o laer 4C of V1 and from here o MT hrogh laer 4B of V1 I is epeced ha processing of isal moion informaion progresses along his pahwa. R. Kandell J.H. Schwarz T.M. Jessel Principles of Neral Science
7 Direcionall sensiie recepors in V1 direcion-selecie nerons fire maimall when a bar of ligh moes hrogh heir recepie field preferred direcion
8 Aperre problem ms be inegraed o resole he ambigi. R. Kandell J.H. Schwarz T.M. Jessel Principles of Neral Science
9 Componen direcion Paern direcion Componen direcion Nerons in V1 and majori of MT are componen direcion selecie he respond o moion of he single componen of he plaid b some nerons in MT are paern direcion selecie he respond o moion of he plaid
10 Neron in V1 aciaion Neron in MT aciaion
11 Componen Selecie Neron (MT or V1 aciaion Paern Selecie Neron (MT aciaion aciaion
12 . R. Kandell J.H. Schwarz T.M. Jessel Principles of Neral Science
13 Uniqe proper of MT is ha he preferred direcion of indiidal cells is reglarl arranged in localized regions Cells preferring he same direcion are clsered in a region elongaed erical o he corical srface he preferred direcion gradall changes in a clockwise or conerclockwise direcion along he corical srface
14 from: Keiji Tanaka Represenaion of Visal Moion in he rasriae Visal Core
15 Percepion of self-moion Moemen can be cased b: moemen of eernal objecs moemen of he obserer s bod (self moion Self moion affec a larger par of he isal field Objec moemen and obserer s moemen ofen occr a he same ime he moemen of he objec wih respec o he backgrond shold be eraced
16 Opical Flow Moion oer a wide field of iew (OF is relaed o self-moion. amples: parallel ranslaion: image componens moe in he same direcions wih he same speed forward/backward moion: image componens moe in radial direcions (epansion/conracion head roaion (arond he opical ais: roaion of he image componens Percepion of self-moion is criical for: conrolling acion (locomoion balance or ee-moemens obsacle aoidance (ime o conac
17 The (dorsal MST conains nerons which respond seleciel o epansion/conracion and cw/ccw roaion SINA 06/07
18 racion of objec erss backgrond moion Criical when he obserer moes he ees/head or bod in general Nerons in MT hae cener/srrond inhibiion selecie for direcion and speed of moemen
19 SINA 06/07
20 Opical Flow (Horn and Schnck 1981 Assme objec is fla inciden illminaion is niform Image inensi is differeniable reflecance aries smoohl Derie eqaion ha relaes change in image brighness a a poin o he moion of a cerain paern
21 Assme brighness does no change oer ime: 0 d d ( ( Consider a pach ha moes of δ δ in δ ( ( δ δ δ Firs order epansion of (: 0 0 when ( ( d d d d δ δ δ δ δ δ δ
22 d d d d rae of or ( flow componens change of rae of ( Aperre problem illminaion of a single poin/pach change along (image gradien 0 Fndamenal Flow qaion we need addiional consrains o sole he problem
23 Assme poins hae same eloci find a leas sqares solion of an oer consrained ssem n n n n n n ( ( ( ( ( ( A A A T T 1 ls ( A
24 Horn and Schnck (81: add a smoohness consrain: C his is eqialen o assming ha neighboring poins hae similar eloci
25 Horn and Schnck (81: add a smoohness consrain: C his is eqialen o assming ha neighboring poins hae similar eloci Minimize: ( dd C J α flow eq. smoohness cons. ( dd C J α Sole ler-lagrange eqaions: α α
26 Approimae: ( ( a a [ ] ( [ ] ( 1 1 k k k k k a k a k a k α α Ieraie solion: [ ] ( k a k a k a k α
27 flow for ranslaion of a paern (lef a roaing clinder (cener and a sphere (righ (from: Horn and Schnck 1981
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