Silicon-based Quantum Computing:

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1 Silicon-based Quantum Computing: The path from the laboratory to industrial manufacture Australian National Fabrication Facility Andrew Dzurak UNSW - Sydney a.dzurak@unsw.edu.au Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, France, 4 July 2018

2 A quantum computer developed by D-Wave Systems. Credit Kim Stallknecht for The New York Times Todd Holmdahl will direct Microsoft s quantum computing efforts. Credit Ian C. Bates for The New York Times

3 Competing Quantum Computing Technologies A quantum bit Superconducting Qubits Martinis, UCSB/Google; Chow, IBM; Di Carlo, Delft; Walraff, ETH-Zurich; etc Ion Trap Qubits Wineland, Monroe NIST; Blatt, Innsbruck; Ion-Q; etc Diamond Qubits Wrachtrup, Stuttgart; Hanson, Delft; Awschalom, Chicago; etc 1982 Feynman Quantum Mechanical Machines Photonic Qubits Furusawa, Tokyo; O Brien, Bristol; etc

4 Competing Quantum Computing Technologies Silicon Qubits UNSW; Wisconsin; Delft; Intel; Sandia; CEA-Leti; etc

5 Commercial Investments in QC Superconducting QC Topological QC Superconducting QC & Silicon QC Silicon QC

6 What is Quantum Computing?

7 From bits to qubits Conventional Quantum Computer Computer 0, 1 0>, 1> 1> 0> bits qubits Quantum state of a two-level system 0> 1>

8 What is a difficult problem? 31 x 53 = 1643? 2183 = 37? x x? 59 C = P1 x P2 is hard

9 How will Quantum Computing be Disruptive?

1994) QC important for national and international security Disruptive from a national security perspective,

10 Code Decryption Public key encryption (RSA-129) is (almost) uncrackable. Basis of most secure comms today A full-scale quantum computer could crack RSA- 129 in minutes (Peter Shor 1994) QC important for national and international security Disruptive from a national security perspective, but not really from an economic perspective Classical quantum secure codes are possible, & quantum communications can also be used for data security

11 Data Mining & Storage Server farms now major consumers of energy Facebook data centre (opened 2013) - Luleå, Sweden, Arctic Circle

12 High Performance Computing Simulation (modeling), optimisation problems (eg. scheduling), database searching Existing supercomputers/servers at their limits Market opportunities: Biotech industry modeling (new pharmaceuticals) searching (bioinformatics) Advanced R&D modeling (commercial, govt) new materials (aerospace, etc) Internet Search Engines

13 Silicon Quantum Computing

14 Spin Qubits in Silicon Long Coherence Times in Silicon at 1K: Nuclear mins Electron ms-s Scalable Industry Compatible B=2T B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998)

15 January 2000 Australian National Centre for QC Prof. Bob Clark, UNSW Founder & Director ( ) Prof. Gerard Milburn Univ. of Queensland Director ( ) Prof. Michelle Simmons UNSW Director ( )

16 Silicon Qubits: Single-Atom Nanotechnologies Top-Down Bottom-Up Jamieson, Yang, Hopf, Hearne, Pakes, Prawer, Mitic, Gauja, Andresen, Hudson, Dzurak and Clark, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, (2005) O'Brien, Schofield, Simmons, Clark, Dzurak, Curson, Kane, McAlpine, Hawley and Brown, Phys.Rev. B 64, R (2001) 1 nm

17 2010 Silicon Spin Qubit Readout Morello et al., Nature 467, 687 (2010)

19 Si:P Donor Electron & Nuclear Spin Qubits A. Morello et al., Nature 467, 687 (2010) T 1e = 6s (at 1.5T) B 0 B ac J.J. Pla et al., Nature 489, 541 (2012) J.J. Pla et al., Nature 496, 334 (2013)

20 Lattice Nuclear Spin Noise in nat Si 28 Si, 30 Si Lattice o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 31 P 29 Si (~5%) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

21 Si:P Donors: Electron & Nuclear Spin Qubits in 28 Si nat Si 28 Si J. Muhonen et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 9, 986 (2014)

22 1998: An important year for spin qubits

23 Electron Spin Qubits based on Quantum Dots

24 Si Q-Dot Qubits: Si/SiGe Heterostructures - I nat Si T 2* = 360 ns 28 Si T 2* = 6 µs Nature 511, 70 (2014) nat Si T 2* = 2-10 ns; T π ~ 50 ps; F C = 85-94%

25 Si Q-Dot Qubits: Si/SiGe Heterostructures - II Nature Nanotechnology 9, 666 (2014) nat Si EDSR - µmagnet T 2* = 1 µs; T 2 = 37 µs F C = 99% via RBM - PNAS 113, (2016) Science Advances 2, e (2016) nat Si T 2* ~ 2 µs EDSR - µmagnet F C = 99.6% via RBM

26 Silicon-MOS Quantum Dots S.J. Angus et al., Nano Letters 7, 2051 (2007)

27 SiMOS Q-Dot Qubits: CMOS Compatibilty Intel Pentium Silicon MOSFET Transistor 65nm Node (2005) Silicon MOS Single-electron Qubit (2014)

28 28 SiMOS Q-Dots: 1-Qubit Gate, Fidelity > 99% M. Veldhorst et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 9, 981 (2014)

Benchmarking SiMOS Qubits: Fidelity = 99.96% 0.5 H. Yang et al.

35 Square pulse Fidelity Square pulse Unitarity Optimized pulse

25 0.2 0.15 0.1 arxiv:1807.09500 BARTLETT 0.

fidelities: Square 99.825%, T 2 = 0.62ms Improved 99.957%, T 2 = 9.

29 Benchmarking SiMOS Qubits: Fidelity = 99.96% 0.5 H. Yang et al., arxiv: ESR 28 Si Square pulse Fidelity Square pulse Unitarity Optimized pulse Fidelity Optimized pulse Unitarity F = 99.96% 0.3 IF, Infidelity % arxiv: BARTLETT Henry Yang Ref I X Y X/2 -X/2 Y/2 -Y/2 Test gate Clifford gate fidelities: Square %, T 2 = 0.62ms Improved %, T 2 = 9.40ms 4 times better in fidelity, 15 times better in T 2 FLAMMIA Prof. Andrew Dzurak, 2 nd Grenoble Quantum Engineering Day, Grenoble, 6 July 2018

30 28 Si-MOS Dots: Multi-Qubit Devices

31 28 Si-MOS Dots: Multi-Qubit Devices Reservoir G1 G2 ESR Drive Q C Q B Q A Confinement G3 G4 x SET Sensor AlO x Aluminium 28 Si x 1 Gate 1 Qubit

32 28 Si-MOS Dots: Operation of 3 Independent Qubits Reservoir Q 3 Q 2 Q 1 G4 G3 G2 G1 SET Sensor

33 CMOS Qubits: First 2-Qubit Logic in Silicon Veldhorst et al., Nature 526, 410 (2015)

34 SiMOS Qubits: Scalability & Error Correction

35 Long-term Vision: Error-corrected 2D Architecture Veldhorst et al., Nature Comms. 8, 1766 (2017)

, Nature Communications 7, 13575 (2016) Prof.

36 Industrial Manufacture: Uniformity, Lower Noise Maurand et al., Nature Communications 7, (2016) Prof. Andrew Dzurak, 2 nd Grenoble Quantum Engineering Day, Grenoble, 6 July 2018

37 Commercializing Silicon QC & France-Australia Alliance

38 Australian National Centre for QC: A$33m (21m Euro) over 7 years

39 Quantum UNSW Nano-Fab 700 m 2 Clean Rooms Atom-Fab 5 STM/MBE Systems Cryogenics 25 Dilution Refrigerator Systems

40 Silicon Quantum Computing P/L Est A$53m (34m Euro) Cash + A$30m In-Kind Host University (Labs & Staff) A$25m (16m Euro) Resources & Infrastructure Australian Federal Government A$25m (16m Euro) Cash Investment New South Wales State Government A$8.3m (5.3m Euro) Cash Investment Australia s Largest Telecommunications Co. A$10m (6.4m Euro) Cash Investment Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Assets ~ $1 trillion) A$15m (9.6m Euro) Cash Investment See: sqc.com.au

SIMMONS P-Atom Qubits (STM/MBE) ROGGE Classical I/F (Cryo-CMOS)

41 Silicon Quantum Computing P/L A$83m = 53m Initial Cash Investment Technical Aim: 10-Qubit System in 5 Years R&D Program Leaders SIMMONS P-Atom Qubits (STM/MBE) ROGGE Classical I/F (Cryo-CMOS) MORELLO P-Atom Qubits (Ion Implanted) See: sqc.com.au DZURAK Q-Dot Qubits (CMOS)

42 Quantum Silicon Grenoble 8000 m 2 cleanroom ψ GRENOBLE FIRST 300MM DEMONSTRATION OF QUBITS IN A CMOS TECHNOLOGY

43 Australia-France Alliance See: sqc.com.au

44 Acknowledgments

Spin Qubits in Silicon

Spin Qubits in Silicon Andrew Dzurak University of New South Wales a.dzurak@unsw.edu.au Australian National Fabrication Facility Spin-based Quantum Information Processing Spin Qubits 2 Konstanz, Germany,