(Onchorhincus mykiss) !"#$ %& '()* 234 ( " 0+1. ? OP C# AA C+ef# " X? G0!A. (GR)? c3a / (SGR) (3" X ) (?A A R )( ( U S=R( 7 U+01 +
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1 (Onchorhincus mykiss)!"#$ %& '()* ( 2 " / *&' () *+!, > #=+ :;+;&#!</ 3 7"8 9" -1 > #=+ :;+;&#!<-E 3@F?+@ (A B='( C+AD :;+;&# 7> /07/27 :L3M H# 92/03/24 :G H# +,!) TU + " V8 7W? OP C# +? QR!; S? " *(? OP C# + Z".G3X A( E 3@F?+@ "83 + (A B='( C+AD 7> L " 1391 [A 3V( \# " (MX A )( O 3X 12±1 ) *+[A+" 3U (39( 33 ` ) ] +9" &@^ /?,( 3" +[@> ( V8 7W?A OP C# TU? 1000 " (3? OP C#? 1000 (?U# 39( 3.?A?3X? c3a QR (?W( (3" AA " G0!A L3 6 )( O.?A? ) )(?A(? OP C# AA C+ef# " X? G0!A (CF)W^ d34 / (GR)? c3a / (SGR) OP C# + d? )( >,?8 G?" ga.g3x (3W 3"?A OP C# AA + ) " 3X 342 ±8 ( #)? OP C# ) h > F" /G( " L3 ) h?a OP C# 3X 3A OP.G (?A ( U S=R(?A OP C# 7 P /2/1 U OP C#? c3a.?8 G?" 3X 317 ±11 U /258 U OP C# d+#3# " A)? c3a.? 0&?' 1/9 U 3A 2/2 U OP C# W^ d34 /?8 G " 3X 232 U 3A 261 U 7 P 7+TA8 L " (.?8 G " 0/9 U 3A 1/1 U 7 P /1/1 U? OP C# + X ).? k+&# *ea( ( (?^ G!# (ANOVA) 3Fe OA( (3" X ).( P >0/05) (?A A R )( ( U S=R( 7 U+01 + )( >, >? k', 3X 3/4 (3" 3X 32 U 3X 500# 400 A)?& " 3A +
2 " G0!A ( + X?? 3( *( k+t (P<0/01) " X ) ( U S=R(?A(# l(7 OP C# V8 7W + 3+X e" > ( A ga l.? " 3A " > G ( ma( (#, *+.8 (3 TU + "!; ( G X?+T# (7( +) *7[P )3X k', G+!P 3++n# 3A + G X?+T# 3@" (7( / # G+UP?+T#.( 3A OP # :0+>3#?+T# -. /0&" V8 7W / OP C# /W^ d34 /? c3a h_hosseinzadeh@yahoo.com:[9?a[a* L3. G( (R3" V" G+( 3 )+A A(+, *+o#3 *+# 7"8 ;A )3(. (Pillay & Kutty,2005)G( (R3" 3000 )( +"?W )( +A / R( p8 q" L3 X> + ()8 (AR " ru '( ( " > *+[A V87W L3 h+& > # G(? d0 (3( 8?+T# 7( )? > "83 > *+[A V8 7W?>?+T# > ( 0# *3+ 0# 3 (3( > *+[A V87W?+T# (7+ U'?A /3+R( 1.(FAO, 2009) 3+X (3W 1300?, )( /1374 *( AV?+T# (7+ e1 " /G( k"w G3+.( 1391/ (3( :=+ ( T)G(? *# " /*#?83. p!& +A 3+3?U r1 dt2 3 > *+[A V8 7W > 3A OP " A)? (7+ # (?+T# G@P D3A( S3' k+t " *(!P s" pfa :(3++n# )3" G X G+f+> > t" / > *+[A V8 7W!P s" 3[ S31 )(.?".(Bromage & Cumaranatunga1988) 3X 8 \A G" C kw(?, 3A OP (3) / e 8 3#) " 3#)" > *+[A V8 7W 3A OP :(3++n# *( (Simpson et al., 3X ut" ([T 3* OP [T 2 * 3A OP) OP )( 3#)
3 e( r31 " ( +T(!P 7# (() Gonochorist AX (Feminization) ).1976).(Piferrer, 1992)? " +;!3+2 +;! L k > G( > /?A3+X (3W f( + G+!P 3++n#?U )3( :UTF w d+>3# 9 U+01 d+>3# 3 >#.? "!P?+v3( "?+v3( " X?> S3w 3+" > A8 )(.(Folmar et al., 2000) G( 3X (3W f( ) (3" )(?A( " > 8 )( k0w /3A + k"w?' *(3"" /?A( W= 3X 250 V" ) S3w?!()"?> G( G X G+f+> /A)? > 3" =?+ s" * " /?3" ()" AX G+!P 3++n# d+#3# *?".(Solar et al., 1987; Bye & Lincoln, 1986 )?" > L )( e OP C# G+UP?+T# 3+" s" * " OP?+T# G " 3.?8 p!, " + (A B='( AA " > *+[A V8 7W OP C# G+UP?!; S? " 34, D3 /]( *( 3". G3M :' 3 l(7?a OP C#!" " &( B='( C+AD 7> D3 OP C# +?+T# (3( " 17 " A k,(3.g3x A( E 3@F?+@ "83 + (A >M 7>3 P > *+[A V8 7W 3A?T + )(,3 *( A( (3" )+A V ) " ((3X A P 15 )7> )( O? OP C# +.?3X *+# FR 3x( )( 7+3 m ".?A? k; 1"3 l(7 " 1391!"#?+ 3X 12 ±1h ( y=) \# )( f( (MX A " G0!A l(7 (3? h# +?" (3 G3? r7# A+ +,A ^ > +,A 73W \A " \# ( *(.?3X (?W( [A 3V( 3> ( A )( O.?A? k; l(7 " A 1 ( ) 15 G;A + Oz.?3X 3" +[@> ( 'wr 9" V8 7W L ??A l(7 ) k;a k,.g3x (3W ")( (73) ] ( ( 7 3) +9" &@^ /(7 5 )?,(
4 " (? 3000) + Z".? A( +!>(!z> " 7@ Z" k, CA# + " + Z"? ( A OP C# +)(! G0!A " q"3 6 2 U"( " 39( 3 3X 12±1 h ) L3!e G3? C G&#?A? )!e ) " 3A OP 9 " 3 +?+T# G3? (?" W +"!A(3 (M2 " Mn# k 3 :+ )( O.?A? ( 3+" /?+' " / (1378/(e :") G3M :' #=+ kut( ]( 3" > l(7.? R(3 \#?W ( \# + }3# :(Zhou et al., 2006)? 0& 3) 3 ]( 3"? QR r+;&# *( :? 3" Ax +T( ) k4f# +!;# )( > ( SGR) Specific Growth Rate? d34(~t(.l3 ) SGR = 100 3X " +T( ) = W1 3X " Ax ) = W2 ) " L3 1 = T2-T1 Zhou et al., )?( G?" +T( ) k4f# )( >. ( Weight growth) : A)? (p.(2006 WG ) +T( ) ( K) W^ d34 > 3" (E K =BW/TL # 3 3X+ d!, ) *+[A+ = BW +# 3 3+ k> 1 *+[A+ = TL
5 ٤ 3Fe OA( 7+TA8 )8 SPSS 17 (7( 3A )( f( " +? QR )(?8 G?" :=1(. G3X(3W (p 0/05)8 }F *3X 3mA " *+[A+!; (One-way ANOVA).G3? A( Excell 2007 (7( 3A " (A 1 23 P 3A + "!;? OP C# V8 7W m,= k"w? )( >, ga TU 3A + "!;? OP C# A)? *+" ( U S=,( l." l(7 3X 400 # 3X 150 )( L3 6 )( O 3A + ).(P<0.01)?? )3 P 1 ke ) " 3X 342 ± 8 3X 317 ± 11 3A ) *+[A+." :f ~9 l(7 ) ~9 l(7, *+.G( + 3+"? 3X 25?,? A (?( *( > ( 2 3" A) :(3++n#." :f G3? la F+& h(3 "!" G (3". G(? 8(1)?P? n =30) 3 39( TU 3A? OP C# V8 7W A) :(3++n#-1?P (P<0.01/? OP C# ) *+[A+ 3A ) *+[A ±10 b a 8251± E 3@F?+@ 334±12 b a 6295± 7>3(?+z a 8412± a 11410± "(3 231±11 b a 6158± G9 201±13 b a 9162±?+P 311±11 b a 9288± 54AU# 317±10 b a 8313± 82AU# 288±14 b a 9265± 3+ ^
6 ٥ 92!"#/ / / 369±9 a 332±11 b 406±12 a b 8± 342 a 7362± a 12315± a 6403± a 11±317 )3 ;F ( X B3W k *+[A+ G9 *3> > " (R 3" V" :AA)( 3 l(7 3A OP A) :(3++n# A) *+[A+ :AA." 3X410±11 " B3W k "(3 l(7 8 *3+" 3X 158±6 "?+P *+" ( U S=R( l(7 3 >( T " 3+"? OP C# "!; 3A.(P<0.01)?3X? 3X L3 3 l(7 TU 3A + A) :(3++n# 1ke
7 ٦ 92!"#/ / / L3 3 l(7? OP C# V8 7W + ) :(3++n# 2ke )( > l(7 )( R3" " L3 +" V" ) )( >, + 7+A X ) :(3++n# " 3+n 3X 31 # 3X 2 )( 3A OP +" ). ( /?A( " (R3" 3#V"? G3? :Ae(.(43ke )" :f )(?A( "!" 3X3/53 >(?, # 3X0/2 )( ut"a (?9# ) 3 l(7 3A > *+[A V8 7W+ X ) :(3++n# 3ke
8 92!"#/ / / 3 l(7 > *+[A V( 7W OPC# + X ) :(3++n# 4ke L3 G?" 3X 3± 0.2 U OP 3X 31±1 3A OP L3 X ) *+[A+.(P<0.01)?3X? 3X ) *+[A+ ( U S=R( l.(5ke )?8 7W L3 3 l(7 3A + X (3X)) *+[A+!; 5ke > *+[A V8
9 92!"#/ / /? OP C# +? c3a (7(? A L3 + A)? c3a :(3++n# 2 l(7 )( R3", *+. (6ke )? " 39( P TU + "!;.( P>0/01)?A?? c3a ( U S=R(? 3#3" P G+!P 3++n# TU 3A> *+[A V8 7W+A)? c3a:(3++n# 6ke L3 3 l(7 OP C# +? c3a (7(? A L3 +? c3a :(3++n#? c3a ( U S=R(, *+. (7 ke ) G( 39( P TU + "!;?? (3 39( P + 7+A? ( G+!P 3++n# + " 3A +.(P<0.001)?
10 92!"#/ / / G+!P 3++n# TU 3A> *+[A V8 7W+? c3a:(3++n# 7ke L3 3 l(7? OP C# +? c3a (7(? A L3 + G+U4 QR :(3++n# 3A + G+U4 QR, *+. (8 ke )G( " 39( P TU + "!;.(P<0.001)G( ( U S=R( (( " 3# *+ + " G0!A
11 92!"#/ / / 3 l(7 G+!!P 3++n# TU 3A+ G+U4 QR :3++n# 8ke L3 #/ 623 " 45!; 3@"? *+[A+ 1 " OP C# + /L3 /> ( A ga 342±8 ( #)? OP C# ) h > 1 ".? ( TU 3 + ".?8 G?" 3X 317±11 U L3 ) h?a OP C# 3X 3A OP." 3X 3X 3 T G (?A ( U S=R(?A OP C# + ) " OP C# ) P /2/1 U OP C#? c3a.? ( 3A + " ( U S=R( U OP C# d+# #3# " A)? c3a.? 0&?' 1/9 U 3A 2/2 U 7 C# W^ d34 /?8 G " 3X 232 U 3A 261 U 7 P /258 )( >, ga *(.?8 G " 0/9 U 3A 1/1 U 7 P /1/1 U OP *( G.( l(7 P TU OP C#? QR V" e7a *( X?? X?A) G!9A 3A X? (# ( T! G&#?A(# + #?2 >?3X Q9 = k(( R((.G!A( *
12 L3 CDT CDT7+ R X " OP :' *?".3+X (3W 3+x# 3> )( k', ga )( R3".(Schreck, 1974)? " ( 0A " A((3 (7 G!A(# + L3 ( :' Z" 9# (?U# (7( (# ( + () ) G+!P +" G X G+f+> (7( ]) s" )( 3+XP /? V" (7 (( OP * / UW( + "?& 3+" D3( )( f( " G+UP 3>.(Hunter & Donaldson, 1983) A *( )( "!P :0x (( X?A) 1 G+!P *++U#?83 + )( +!" (3). G( A(9( 3+x# )( AA ^3X G( 3X :' UTF (Gonochorist )G!>AX AX 3" 3+".(Yamazaki, 1983) ( P +T3( (AR 3X 3" / D3( (Baker et G!+A ]!, D7X( " X9# ) y+^ ()8? A :UTF 3M 3+x#?A( 3[?e " e7a?ar > AX,? A l4 *(.al., 1988) *(?& ;+W A r+;&# *( (Piferrer, 2001).? " :f?a(# "labile" C ( " (E 2 ) (3( " 17." V8 7W # G+UP ( 8 k', >? A( 3( " G0!A? " + )( G+!P ;T( (3" D3( *3# (? )( e U+01?+v3( :(3+x# *( )(?A( " " 3#3x ) :(3x( (( (EE 2 ) 3( k++#( ft8 17 (E 1 ) # E 2 )( ((M2 3X +> 3" 3X+ 40) +@" ) /( A k0w :;+;&# ga.(?a X?A)" 3" f (e () *+!,) G( ( 3" ( OP C# + (?' 90 X?A)" " )?+T# )"?' 94.(1390/ C# +? c3a (7(? A L3 + A)? c3a :(3++n# + wr ~9 :UTF A)? c3a. G( "?A OP C# + "!;? OP A 3 (? 3X 250 *+[A+ 1 " " 3+n 3X 300 # 200 *+" > "8 3 T "? )( >, r+;&# *( ', ga > (1389 / (7+)?A( 3> L(7X.? "? A L3 + ( Condition Factor ) G+U4 QR :(3++n#, *+ > :' *?" G( "?A OP C# + "!;? OP C# +? c3a (7(
13 wr G0!A *( > G( T, *(? G0x?' 1/3 )( +" G+!P 3++n# +# :UTF?A" QR *( ( U S=R( (( > " 1 " C7A l(7 ( 3A ) TU + *(3"".(1389 / (7+)G(? L(7X (?' 1/1) (?; *( )( 3> 7+A "8 3 + wr 3[ Ojolick :UTF.?! 3#V" )"? A 3+" W^ d34 " V8 7W OP C# AA? OP C# (Onchorhincus mykiss) > *+[A V8 7W 3" A (e 1 P 21 W^ d34 QR (7(? A?A OP C# + "!; Ojolick et al., ( G;"F 3 39( *( )( k', ga " > " ) 27 :?.(1995) X A? (? " k?+t# " W [T 2 )(?U" OP [T!e )(?U" 3A V8 7W? 4( 3) ke ga > FA l3 k0w )( 8 (3" D3A( 3+" (7+ " ( Mn# )( k', )3A( /3A OP "!; X? 3+R # G " / *( )( k', ga.?! (( 3A " G0!A 3e^> X?A( 3> G X?+T#? S3' l(7 (3" > " 3A + " G0!A? OP C# + 3X 25? S=R( )( >, 3 l(7 ()?+T# *# 1 ma( (# 3 (3" 3X 25 A) S=R( p!,( " ( Z" " ) # 20 3x( > G( T, *(.?! 3A OP )( 3 l(7 + )( +A U GT, > (3^ G ( ( Z" )+A p!,( " ( *# (7 90?+T# ") > +?+T# (7( + *( 9".G ( + *( A( " ( *# 4500 )( +"?+T# (7( ma( (# UFW 3 3X25 ) (7( (# SU 3 39( ( +?' 50 ) " 3A 1 " 1 G0!A *3X 3mA "?+T# *7[P )3X k', G X?+T# 3@" (7( # G+UP?+T# " > G ( ma(.( 3A OP # :0+>3# 7.(3@#. (3( :=+ )."8 3 + L3 '( (A *8./G(?/.(/:"
14 7W OP C# (.1390.B/e?X./234/.l / P3X/. / " /. /&' () *+!, :;+;&#!.@A L(7X.(3( " 17 )( f( " +;! L " > *+[A V8.(3(. (3( :=+.(3(.A3" B31 3 /(3(:=+ ). A+T (3( :=+ 8T.(3(. (3( :=+ :;+;&#!. " ( A3" /(7+ Baker, I.J., Solar, I.I. & Donaldson, E.M Masculinization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by immersion treatments using 17a-methyltestosterone around the time of hatching. Aquaculture, 72: Bromage, N. & Cumarantungo, K Egg production in the Rainbow trout. Recent advances in aquaculture, Vol.3, Muir, F. and Robert, J. (Edi.). Croom Helm Ltd. Kent, UK. Bye, V.J. & Lincoln, R.F Commercial methods for the control of sexual maturation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture, 57: Www. FAO.org/Fishery/Statistics., Folmar, L.C., Hemmer, M., Hemmer, R., Bowman, C., Kroll, K. & Denslow, N.D Comparative estrogenicity of estradiol, ethynyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol in an in vivo, male Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon oariegatus), vitellogenin bioassay. Aquatic Toxicology, ٤٩: ٧٧ ٨٨. Hunter, G.A., Donaldson, E.M., ١٩٨٣. Hormonal sex control and its application to fish culture. In: Fish Physiology. Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J., Donaldson, E.M., (Eds.). Academic Press. New York, USA. Randall, D.J., Donaldson, E.M. _Eds.., Fish Physiology. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA Ojolick, E.J.,Cusack, R. Benfey, T.J.& Kerr, S.R Survival and growth of allfemale diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at chronic high temperature. Aquaculture, 131: Piferrer, F Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. Aquaculture, 197: Piferrer, F. & Donaldson, E.M The comparative effectiveness of the natural and a synthetic estrogen for the direct feminization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture, 106: Pillay, T. V. R. & Kutty, M. N Aquaculture principles and practices. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing. India. Schreck, C.B Hormonal treatment and sex manipulation in fishes. In: Control of sex in fishes. Schreck, C.B. (Ed.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Sea Grant Program.USA.
15 ٤ Simpson, T.H Endocrine aspects of salmonid culture. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 75: Solar, I.I., Baker, I.J. & Donaldson, E.M., Experimental use of female sperm in the production of monosex female stocks of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )at commercial fish farms. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences., 1552: Yamazaki, F Sex control and manipulation in fish. Aquaculture, 33: Zhou,C. Q.,Wu, H. Z., Tan, P. B., Chi, Y. S.& Yang, H. Q Optimal dietary methionine requirement for juvenile Cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ). Aquaculture, 258:
Protocol F - Induction of triploidy by cold shock [Pratical guide of protocols: chromosome set manipulation]
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