Cryogenic flow rate measurement with a Laser Doppler Velocimetry standard. Training day EMRP LNG II 22/08/2017

Transcription

1 Cryogenic flow rate measurement with a Laser Doppler Velocimetry standard Training day EMRP LNG II 22/08/2017 Rémy MAURY, Alain STRZELECKI, Christophe AUCLERCQ, Yvan LEHOT ( presented by Henri FOULON ) In collaboration with Engie & Elengy for LNG terminal tests

2 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

3 Background regarding LNG (1/3) GiiGNL* survey 2017 International Group of LNG importers

4 Background regarding LNG (2/3) NG Supply Chain LIQUEFACTION Liquefaction Gas deposit Processing Loading Heavy HC removal Round trip Storage LNG tanker SHIPPING Unloading Regasification Storage REGASIFICATION

5 Background regarding LNG (2/3) NG Supply Chain LIQUEFACTION Liquefaction Gas deposit Processing Loading Loading Energy Transferred Heavy HC removal Round trip Storage LNG tanker SHIPPING Unloading Regasification Storage REGASIFICATION

6 Background regarding LNG (2/3) NG Supply Chain LIQUEFACTION Liquefaction Gas deposit Processing Loading Loading Energy Transferred Heavy HC removal Round trip Storage LNG tanker SHIPPING Unloading Regasification Storage REGASIFICATION Unloading Energy Transferred

7 Background regarding LNG (2/3) NG Supply Chain LIQUEFACTION Liquefaction Gas deposit Processing Loading Loading Energy Transferred Heavy HC removal Round trip Storage LNG tanker SHIPPING Unloading Regasification Storage Unloading Energy Transferred REGASIFICATION Loading Energy Transferred (mass flow = 80m 3 /h)

8 Background regarding LNG (2/3) Loading Energy Transferred How the Energy is estimated? Unloading Energy Transferred Loading Energy Transferred (mass flow = 80m 3 /h)

9 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities E = VLNG x DLNG x GCVLNG - E gas displaced

10 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities E = VLNG x DLNG x GCVLNG - E gas displaced Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded

11 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities E = VLNG x DLNG x GCVLNG - E gas displaced Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded Density of LNG loaded or unloaded

12 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities E = VLNG x DLNG x GCVLNG - E gas displaced Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded Density of LNG loaded or unloaded Gross calorific Value of LNG loaded or unloaded

13 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities Combined Extended uncertainty on Energy Transfer U[E LNG ;k=2]= % GIIGNL LNG Custody Transfer Handbook 2017 E = VLNG x DLNG x GCVLNG - E gas displaced Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded Density of LNG loaded or unloaded Gross calorific Value of LNG loaded or unloaded

14 Background regarding LNG (3/3) Energy Transferred from the loading facilities to the LNG carrier or from the carrier to the unloading facilities Combined Extended uncertainty on Energy Transfer U[E LNG ;k=2]= % GIIGNL LNG Custody Transfer Handbook 2017 E = VLNG U[V LNG ;k=2]=0.20 to 0.55% Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded LNE-LADG / CESAME-EXADEBIT s.a. is involved in WP1 dedicated to Volume of LNG in the EMRP LNG II project

15 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

16 Description of the LDV technique (1/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV LDV DANTEC Laser wavelength λ 0 Laser power = 40 mw λ = 532 nm (green light) Back scattering mode Focal length : F= 160 mm D laser = 2.2 mm D beams = 38.8 mm D L D B Θ F X Y Z

17 Description of the LDV technique (2/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV Focal length (160mm) Optical path from the laser to the volume measurement

18 Description of the LDV technique (2/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV Focal length (160mm) Optical path from the laser to the volume measurement

19 Description of the LDV technique (2/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV Focal length (160mm) Optical path from the laser to the volume measurement LDV DANTEC Measurement volume dx = 0.05 & dz = 0.4 mm Fringe spacing = 2.2 μm

20 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

21 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

22 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

23 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

24 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

25 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser)

26 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser) Photomultiplier

27 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser) Photomultiplier The electronic signals are transformed into the frequency domain and band pass filtered in order to eliminate high frequency noise and the low frequency content from the signal.

28 Description of the LDV technique (3/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV A typical Doppler burst that originates from a single particle passing through the measurement volume (so : LDV needs particles to reflect light of the laser) Photomultiplier The electronic signals are transformed into the frequency domain and band pass filtered in order to eliminate high frequency noise and the low frequency content from the signal. A typical burst after filtering is shown in figure C. The Doppler frequency (f D ) is determined by doing a fast Fourier transform (FFT).

29 Description of the LDV technique (4/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV U i fd

30 Description of the LDV technique (4/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV U i fd U i Fringe spacing i 0 2 sin 2 Fringe spacing is calculated with laser wavelength calibration (LENGTH)

31 Description of the LDV technique (4/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV U i fd U i Fringe spacing i 0 2 sin 2 Fringe spacing is calculated with laser wavelength calibration (LENGTH) Filtered and Fast FFT Calibration (TIME) f D

32 Description of the LDV technique (4/4) Principle of the volume flow rate measurement with a LDV U i fd U i Fringe spacing i 0 2 sin 2 Fringe spacing is calculated with laser wavelength calibration (LENGTH) Filtered and Fast FFT Calibration (TIME) f D The volume flow rate is calculated by velocity profile integration over a diameter & it is directly traced back to SI units of Length and Time Q v 2 R 0 rdr U r

33 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

34 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

35 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

36 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

37 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent Local velocity measurement or full velocity profiles with LDV DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

38 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent Local velocity measurement or full velocity profiles with LDV Vacuum insulation to avoid icing of the optical windows DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

39 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent Local velocity measurement or full velocity profiles with LDV Vacuum insulation to avoid icing of the optical windows Optical access for laser beams & flow visualization DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows

40 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent Local velocity measurement or full velocity profiles with LDV Vacuum insulation to avoid icing of the optical windows Optical access for laser beams & flow visualization DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows Traceable to SI units

41 Brief overview of the LDV package (1/2) Measurement System Seeding unit Conditioning the flow with a convergent Local velocity measurement or full velocity profiles with LDV Vacuum insulation to avoid icing of the optical windows Optical access for laser beams & flow visualization DN 80 Beta Ratio = 0.5 Total length 12 D Quartz or sapphire windows Traceable to SI units Two way to use it : as a reference for on-site cryogenic flow meters or as an alternative to Coriolis and ultrasonic flow meter

42 Brief overview of the LDV package (2/2) WHAT is Challenging in this study? handle the cryogenic conditions design one horizontal optical access for the LDV at low temperature (-160 C) (avoid icing, reduce the stresses in the optical windows) develop an adapted & clean seeding for LDV Measurements (if there is no particles naturally present in the cryogenic fluid) low uncertainty (~0.25%)

43 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

44 Feasibility with Air based experiments (1/5) LDV package installed on the M1 test bench in CESAME, Poitiers

45 Feasibility with Air based experiments (2/5) Velocity measurement by means of LDV technique Two methods are examined to determine the volume flow rate from velocity measurements performed by the LDV: 1. Integration of the velocity profile

46 Feasibility with Air based experiments (2/5) Velocity measurement by means of LDV technique Two methods are examined to determine the volume flow rate from velocity measurements performed by the LDV: 1. Integration of the velocity profile For the first method, the volume flow rate is obtained by integrating the flow velocity across section S where R is the limit of integration: Q V 2π R 0 v(r)rdr

47 Feasibility with Air based experiments (3/5) Pressure = 5 bar 1,2 1,0 5 m/s 20 m/s 57 m/s v / v axis 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Canonical Superimposed flat 0,0-2,0-1,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 r/r The fit is defined for positive velocities as : f x = d c tanh x ² tanh b 0,5+a x x 0,5+a and for negative velocities as : f x = ax 3 + bx² + cx + d

48 Feasibility with Air based experiments (3/5) Velocity [m/s] Fit of experimental data at 5 bar R e = Circulation zone in optical path The fit is defined for positive velocities as : f x = d c tanh x ² tanh b and for negative velocities as : 0,5+a x x 0,5+a Q vmockup (m3/h) Q vstandard (m3/h) Simpson s integration f x = ax 3 + bx² + cx + d > ratio 1.02 The mass flow is then calculated using : R maxux Q v = 2π න rdr 0 issues : - measurement is not 2 π periodic - need long time experiment

49 Feasibility with Air based experiments (4/5) Velocity measurement in pipe by means of LDV technique Two methods are examined to determine the volume flow rate from velocity measurements performed by the LDV: 1. Integration of the velocity profile 2. Calculation of the volume flow rate from a local velocity measured downstream of the throat. For the second method, the convergent provides very symmetrical velocity profiles which allow a very repeatable and fast measurement in ONE point

50 Feasibility with Air based experiments (4/5) Velocity measurement in pipe by means of LDV technique Two methods are examined to determine the volume flow rate from velocity measurements performed by the LDV: 1. Integration of the velocity profile 2. Calculation of the volume flow rate from a local velocity measured downstream of the throat. For the second method, the convergent provides very symmetrical velocity profiles which allow a very repeatable and fast measurement in ONE point Once the boundary layer has been measured experimentally or estimated with theoretical approach, v v axis A(Re d )

51 Feasibility with Air based experiments (4/5) Velocity measurement in pipe by means of LDV technique Two methods are examined to determine the volume flow rate from velocity measurements performed by the LDV: 1. Integration of the velocity profile 2. Calculation of the volume flow rate from a local velocity measured downstream of the throat. For the second method, the convergent provides very symmetrical velocity profiles which allow a very repeatable and fast measurement in ONE point Once the boundary layer has been measured experimentally or estimated with theoretical approach, the volume flow rate calculation can be reduced to a single point measurement on the center line velocity measurement directly at the throat. v v axis A(Re d ) Q V π R 2 v π R 2 vaxis A(Re d )

52 Feasibility with Air based experiments (5/5) Assessment of the boundary layers influence on mass flow Run Re-nozzle V V axis V axis /V Nb m/s m/s 1 4,14E+05 31,07 31,730 1, ,41E+05 41,28 42,040 1, ,61E+05 58,82 59,120 1, ,94E+05 30,60 31,120 1, ,06E+06 40,80 41,250 1,011 Reynolds number increasing 6 1,52E+06 58,53 59,210 1,012 Q v v v axis π R 2 A(Re v π R 2 d ) vaxis A(Re d )

53 Feasibility with Air based experiments (5/5) Assessment of the boundary layers influence on mass flow Run Re-nozzle V V axis V axis /V Nb m/s m/s 1 4,14E+05 31,07 31,730 1, ,41E+05 41,28 42,040 1, ,61E+05 58,82 59,120 1, ,94E+05 30,60 31,120 1, ,06E+06 40,80 41,250 1,011 Reynolds number increasing 6 1,52E+06 58,53 59,210 1,012 Q v v v axis π R 2 A(Re v π R 2 d ) vaxis A(Re d )

54 Feasibility with Air based experiments (5/5) Assessment of the boundary layers influence on mass flow Run Re-nozzle V V axis V axis /V Nb m/s m/s 1 4,14E+05 31,07 31,730 1, ,41E+05 41,28 42,040 1, ,61E+05 58,82 59,120 1, ,94E+05 30,60 31,120 1, ,06E+06 40,80 41,250 1,011 Reynolds number increasing 6 1,52E+06 58,53 59,210 1,012 Q v v v axis π R 2 A(Re v π R 2 d ) vaxis A(Re d ) boundary layers influence determined with air experiments in Poitiers

55 Feasibility with Air based experiments (5/5) Assessment of the boundary layers influence on mass flow Run Re-nozzle V V axis V axis /V Nb m/s m/s 1 4,14E+05 31,07 31,730 1, ,41E+05 41,28 42,040 1, ,61E+05 58,82 59,120 1, ,94E+05 30,60 31,120 1, ,06E+06 40,80 41,250 1,011 Reynolds number increasing 6 1,52E+06 58,53 59,210 1,012 Q v v v axis π R 2 A(Re v π R 2 d ) vaxis A(Re d ) boundary layers influence determined with air experiments in Poitiers v axis V a b. log(re)

56 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG shipping 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments with LN2 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

57 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (1/5) The LDV package test was run on the NIST cryogenic flow measurement facility. This facility has a combined uncertainty of 0.18% for the totalized volume flow (k=2). Primary standard : gravimetric method

58 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (2/5) Objectives : Mechanical behavior of the LDV package Vacuum level required for cryogenic experiments Optical convergence of the beams in LN2 Freezing of the portholes after several minutes in cryogenic conditions Seeding techniques validation

59 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (2/5) Objectives : Mechanical behavior of the LDV package Vacuum level required for cryogenic experiments Optical convergence of the beams in LN2 Freezing of the portholes after several minutes in cryogenic conditions Seeding techniques validation It was quite challenging!

60 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (3/5) Comparison with the standard facility : CESAME (as a first attempt) has applied the A(Re) function determined during the air based campaign in Poitiers. v v axis A(Re CESAME has also taken into account the temperature constraints on the flow meter body. The paper of Thermeau presents the length modification ( l/l) as a function of temperature in Kelvin. In our case, the T is 213K resulting in a length modification around 0.27% on the throat diameter. d )

61 ( ULDV Ustd ) / Ustd (%) Cryogenic LDV standard LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (4/5) Comparison with the standard facility : The comparison with the NIST LN2 primary standard was encouraging for CESAME!

62 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (5/5) Objectives : Mechanical behavior of the LDV package Vacuum level required for cryogenic experiments Optical convergence of the beams in LN2 Freezing of the portholes after several minutes in cryogenic conditions 2D velocity measurements with LDV (coincidence) with pressure and cold conditions Seeding techniques validation (partial validation)

63 LN2 tests at NIST / Boulder (5/5) Objectives : Mechanical behavior of the LDV package Vacuum level required for cryogenic experiments Optical convergence of the beams in LN2 Freezing of the portholes after several minutes in cryogenic conditions 2D velocity measurements with LDV (coincidence) with pressure and cold conditions Seeding techniques validation (partial validation) Really successful experiments!

64 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG shipping 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

65 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (1/4) According to the GUM (Guide to expression of uncertainties in measurements), the combined standard uncertainty u c (y) of the estimate y of Y obtained from the input estimates xi of input quantities Xi is given by the square root of the combined variance u c y 2, itself given by: N u 2 c y = c 2 i u 2 x i i=1 N i=1 N j=i+1 c i c j u x i u x j r(x i, x j ) 8 where c i = fτ x i is the sensitivity coefficient associated with estimate x i of input quantity X i u(x i ) is the standard uncertainty of estimate x i r(x i, x j ) is the cross-correlation coefficient between the uncertainty in x i and x j The quantity u c (y) is the combined standard uncertainty of the measurement result y and the quantity U e y = k u c (y) is the expended uncertainty

66 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (2/4) Q v = vπd2 ҧ 4 v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε Re d = ρv axisd μ Q v = v axis πd 2 4(a + b ln ρv axisd μ + ε൰ Symbol Definition Explanation Q v v axis d a b ρ Volumetric flowrate obtained from the LDV system Measured axial velocity using the LDV system Internal diameter of the LDV convergent throat Intercept of the model function Slope of the model function Density of LNG at local conditions of pressure and temperature μ Viscosity of LNG at local conditions of pressure and temperature ε Model function error

67 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (3/4) Type A standard uncertainty Repeatability: estimated from the experimental standard deviation determined from repeated measurements in the best flow conditions Type B standard uncertainty Internal diameter d of the LDV device convergent throat: this component is given by the calibration certificate and corrected for systematic effect of temperature Axial velocity: estimated from the uncertainty on the fringe spacing, Doppler frequency and alignment of the optical axis Uncertainty on the a constant of the model function: this component is estimated from Monte Carlo simulation based on the calibration measurements performed in air and liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) Uncertainty on the b constant of the model function: this component is estimated from Monte Carlo simulation based on the calibration measurements performed in air and LN 2 Fluid density: calculated from composition, temperature and pressure measurement Fluid viscosity: calculated from composition, temperature and pressure Other: uncertainty contribution due to choice of model function, term ε Symbol Definition Explanation Q v Volumetric flowrate obtained from the LDV system v axis Measured axial velocity using the LDV system d Internal diameter of the LDV convergent throat a Intercept of the model function b Slope of the model function ρ Density of LNG at local conditions of pressure and temperature μ Viscosity of LNG at local conditions of pressure and temperature ε Model function error

68 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

69 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient The diameter is measured and certificate gives a value with related uncertainties + Cryogenic conditions have been handled (thermal dilatation coefficient) mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

70 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib A is defined as the ratio of the axial velocity to the cross section average velocity -- This value has been assessed by Monte Carlo simulations with Air / LN2 experiments d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

71 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% The velocity v of a fluid particle in the flow measured in LDV is determined from: the fringe spacing calibration, the Doppler frequency calibration, the assessment of misalignment A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

72 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

73 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% Overall uncertainty on LDV measurement u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

74 Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions (4/4) Q v = v axisπd 2 4A A = v axis v Symbol Definition Explanation v axis v = a + b ln Re d + ε c d c vaxis Q v d = πdv axis 2A Q v = πd2 v axis 4A Sensitivity with throat diameter Sensitivity with axial velocity measurement c A Q v A = πd2 v axis 4A 2 Sensitivity with model function coefficient mesurand X i unit U(X i ) unit Contrib d 0,03985 m 0,038 % 3% A 1,015-0,360 % 78% v axis 2,04 m/s 0,18 % 19% The uncertainty budget will be reduced by a better assessment of the correlation function soon y = Q v 0,0025 m 3 /h 100% Overall uncertainty on LDV measurement u(y)/y 0,31 % (k=1)

75 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG shipping 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

76 On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters Safety : The standard has to be accredited for Explosive environment (ExIIGT4). Cesame designed a safety procedure to use all their equipment in such environment and received the needed certification.

77 On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters Outcomes : On-site* measurements on an industrial process during trucks filling (July 2017). The safety (explosive environment) has been handle and the standard have the required accreditations. The tests were transparent for the operators. Natural micron-sized tracers have been found to insure the quality of the measurements.

78 On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters Outcomes : On-site* measurements on an industrial process during trucks filling (July 2017). The safety (explosive environment) has been handle and the standard have the required accreditations. The tests were transparent for the operators. Natural micron-sized tracers have been found to insure the quality of the measurements. Really promising on-site experiments!

79 On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters * LNG terminal in Montoir de Bretagne (France, dept 44) : ELENGY Cie Outcomes : On-site* measurements on an industrial process during trucks filling (July 2017). The safety (explosive environment) has been handle and the standard have the required accreditations. The tests were transparent for the operators. Natural micron-sized tracers have been found to insure the quality of the measurements. Really promising on-site experiments!

80 Road map of the presentation 1. Background regarding LNG shipping 2. Description of the LDV technique 3. Brief overview of the LDV package 4. Feasibility with Air based experiments (Cesame bench) 5. Let s go to cryogenic conditions : NIST experiments 6. Uncertainty budget assessment in cryogenic conditions 7. On-site calibration of cryogenic flow meters 8. Conclusions and perspectives

81 Conclusions and perspectives Encouraging development of a new reference meter for cryogenic flow New on-site tests are planned (for enhancement of the device and for comparisons with conventional flowmeters, as Coriolis) CESAME will pursue this development in the frame of JRP LNG III, especially in WP1, dedicated to the calibration of cryogenic mass flow meters.

82 Thank you! Need relevant details? => Please ask Rémy : r.maury@cesame-exadebit.fr