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2 PRESENTER Barbara Worsham, PI Vice President Animation, Graphics & Video Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. More than 25 years experience in animation, graphics, and video for litigation. Expertise includes enhancing video using state-of-the-art computer software. Has testified in depositions and trials at the state and federal levels regarding forensic animation or video enhancement.
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4 ENHANCEMENT IN MOVIES AND TELEVISION V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 4
5 THE CSI EFFECT Unrealistic expectations of image quality. It s possible to get a clear image from a reflection on a door handle; I saw it on CSI... V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 5
6 WHY DOESN T SECURITY VIDEO SHOW THE DETAIL THAT IS IN TV AND MOVIES? V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 6
7 HIGH QUALITY VIDEO COSTLY ~259 GB per Day Store Video xxx Days? How Many Cameras? VIDEO QUALITY VS. STORAGE COSTS V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 7
8 5 WAYS BUSINESSES TRY TO SAVE COSTS #1 Record a Smaller size image V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 8
9 5 WAYS BUSINESSES TRY TO SAVE COSTS #2 Compress the Video Lossy Compression Details are lost IPVM.com resolution vs compression tested V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 9
10 SUBJECT IN 320 X 240 SECURITY VIDEO ENLARGED V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 10
11 MORE PIXELS = MORE INFORMATION 324 pixels 223,104 pixels V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 11
12 COMPRESSED VIDEO EXAMPLE Compression artifacts can lead to incorrect conclusions V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 12
13 Close up of compression artifacts blocking or quilting V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 13
14 BUSINESSES TRY TO SAVE COSTS #3 Discard half of the scan lines Storage cut in half V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 14
15 5 WAYS BUSINESSES TRY TO SAVE COSTS #4 Lower the frame rate Additional storage savings Frame Rate How many images are displayed in 1 second of video Standard Video 30 frames per second Security Video 30 frames per second to 1 frame per second or LESS. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 15
16 DIFFERENT FRAME RATES ANALYZED Slip/Trip or turned ankle? V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 16
17 1 frame per second 56 KB V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 17
18 5 frames per second 142 KB V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 18
19 10 frames per second 212 KB V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 19
20 30 frames per second 353 KB V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 20
21 10 frames per second is adequate to capture slip/fall 212 KB V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 21
22 FRAME RATE PROS/CONS Low Low frame rate (1 fps) may miss detail - slip/fall High High frame rate (30 fps) Costly Storage OK 5-10 fps good for most scenes 15+ fps for best fast moving object (cars) V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 22
23 5 WAYS BUSINESSES TRY TO SAVE COSTS #5 Cameras set on Motion Detection Camera records only when it detects movement V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 23
24 CAMERAS SET FOR MOTION DETECTION Camera set to capture 1 frame per second AFTER motion is detected 1 hour of standard continuous video. 1 hour recorded using motion detection 1 hour long. 4 minutes long. 24
25 If CSI enhancement is not real - What can I expect from Enhancement? V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 25
26 What types of video can be enhanced? V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 26
27 WHAT IS VIDEO ENHANCEMENT? Low Resolution Poor Lighting Noise Shake Enhancement Filters applied Resolution De-blur De-interlace Contrast Noise Stabilization Sharpen - Adjusted Resolution Corrected Lighting Reduced Noise Stabilized V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 27
28 ENHANCEMENT If the information is in the photo or video, then enhancement can make detail more clear Enhancement does NOT create information V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 28
29 BASIC ENHANCEMENT EXAMPLES V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 29
30 Low Resolution and Noise Unenhanced Low Resolution and Noise Enhanced 30
31 Low Light Unenhanced Image from Video Enhanced Image from Video V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 31
32 Low Light Unenhanced Image from Video Enhanced Image from Video V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 32
33 Unenhanced Stabilization Enhanced V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 33
34 SURVEILLANCE VIDEO VHS TAPE FORMAT Surveillance Video - VHS Tape V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 34
35 SLOW MOTION V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 35
36 VHS VIDEO - REAL TIME MAY MISS DETAILS V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 36
37 STILL IMAGE EXPORTED FROM VIDEO V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 37
38 ORIGINAL UNENHANCED VIDEO V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 38
39 FALL OCCURS Fall Occurs V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 39
40 LOCATION OF CANE TIP ON FLOOR V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 40
41 EMPLOYEE MOPPED AREA TOWARDS DOOR Blue Line Indicates Mop Handle Red Line Indicates where Cane Slipped on Floor V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 41
42 EMPLOYEE MOPPED AREA TOWARDS COUNTER Red Line Indicates where Cane Slipped on Floor Blue Line Indicates Mop Handle V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 42
43 How surveillance video can aid the engineer s analysis Speed and Location of vehicles Did Slip and fall Occur? What caused the slip/fall? V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 43
44 VIDEO VIEW LOOKING SOUTH V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 44
45 VIDEO VIEW LOOKING NORTH V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 45
46 Frames per second Distance traveled 22.5 mph 42.5 mph Locations and Speeds of Vehicles When light Turned RED V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 46
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48 VIDEO ENHANCEMENT AND ANALYSIS 48
49 Shoes worn at time of fall Shoes supplied by Claimant V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 49
50 LICENSE PLATES Cameras that aren t designed to capture license plates will rarely capture license plates. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 50
51 CONVENIENCE STORE VIDEO IMAGE V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 51
52 HOME SECURITY VIDEO OF DRIVEWAY V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 52
53 Cell phone video video held on license plate for several seconds License Plate Enhancement Unenhanced Video Image Enhanced Video Image V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 53
54 Even Specialized Cameras have Difficulty Capturing License Plates at Night 54
55 SECURITY VIDEO CAPTURED FALL V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 55
56 Plaintiff Claimed that she was reaching for railing Planter blocked her access to railing V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 56
57 WAS SHE REACHING FOR THE HANDRAIL WHEN SHE FELL? Position foot on top step. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 57
58 UNIQUE STONE PATTERN V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 58
59 OUTLINE OF STONE PATTERN OVER VIDEO Security Video Lady Falls Leaving Premises V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 59
60 V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 60
61 FIELD SKETCH WITH DIMENSIONS 61
62 ½ from railing 62
63 SECURITY CAMERA VIDEO OF ACCIDENT Tanker Truck Ran Over Pedestrian V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 63
64 Pedestrian claimed she was in the crosswalk. Driver - claimed he did not see pedestrians before pulling forward. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 64
65 The intersection was modeled in 3D. The computer s camera was placed in the same location as the security video camera V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 65
66 The 3D computer model matched the exact location and timing of the pedestrians in the security video. Security Video View 3D Model View V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 66
67 Computer camera matched to security camera s view rotates to overhead view 3D Model View V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 67
68 Security Video View 3D Model View V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 68
69 RED ZONE = AREA WHERE 4 9 PEDESTRIAN NOT VISIBLE TO TRUCK DRIVER 3D Model View V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 69
70 TRUCK DRIVER S VIEW V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 70
71 TRUCK DRIVER S VIEW V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 71
72 Security Video Pedestrians feet/lower legs were visible in front of truck V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 72
73 3D Model Pedestrians Feet/Lower Legs Were Visible In Front Of Truck V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 73
74 Scenario According To Plaintiff Testimony Pedestrian s Feet Are Not Visible Under Truck If Pedestrians Are Standing At Edge Of Crosswalk V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 74
75 Best Practices V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 75
76 SWGIT - Scientific Working Group Imaging Technology, Recommendations and Guidelines for Using Closed-Circuit Television Security Systems in Commercial Institutions V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 76
77 LIGHTING ISSUES Morning= lighting OK Afternoon = lights are added so that subject s face is visible from Afternoon = subject is backlit V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 77
78 Lights that are on timers must be checked. Are lights coming on at correct time? from V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 78
79 Best Practices for Video Enhancement Review recordings NOTE: Collect native file with proprietary player Verify time and camera of the incident. Verify that incident is in exported video file. Videotaping the computer monitor with your cell phone does not count as retrieving the video Don t Save to a Different File Format (AVI to MOV or DVD/vob file format) V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 79
80 Best Practices for Video Enhancement Don t change the frame rate Original 7 frames per second changed to 15 frames per second) Get ALL camera views available Operator may be Untrained 2 hours Before through 2 hours after the incident Exports low quality video If operator unsure, suggest calling the supplier to retrieve best quality. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 80
81 Documenting Video Enhancement Document Enhancement Type of video, codec, player, MD5 Hash Enhancement Software Report Replicate the results 100% of the time V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 81
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84 Enhanced Video in the Courtroom Original unenhanced video Enhanced video If needed, show enhancement process step by step. Each enhancement step explained Enhanced video shown side by side with original Show Enhanced video only V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 84
85 Summary Security Cameras and Cell Phone Cameras Cameras are not set correctly Check YouTube Don t Judge Original Video CSI Enhancement and Analysis Good chance of retrieving one or more videos of incident Enhancement and analysis required Video of incident may be uploaded Enhancement possibilities on how the video appears on your screen For movies and television Can provide valuable information beneficial to the case. V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 85
86 Camera Positioning Issues V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 86
87 FBI VIDEO CAUGHT ON CAMERA EXCERPT V I D E O E N H A N C E M E N T A N D A N A L Y S I S 87
88 2016 HOSPITALITY LAW CONFERENCE February 22-24, 2016, Video Enhancement and Analysis Barbara Worsham, PI Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc
Snow Cover. Snow Plowing and Removal Services Best Practices Guide. l
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