Team Name/School Total Points / 230 Team Member 2

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1 Team Name/School Total Points / 230 Team Member 1 Team Member 2 Score % Science Olympiad - National Tournament: Fossils Exam 21 May, 2016 University of Wisconsin-Stout There are 12 stations for this exam and you are allotted 4 minutes at each station to answer each set of questions as best you can. After the 4 minutes you will be given approximately 15 seconds to move to the next station. Please follow all instructions as explained to you by your event supervisor. Good Luck! Station 1: 1) Identify the two phyla for the organisms present in this thin section. Fossil A Answer Fossil B Answer 2) This thin section sample is from the Early Triassic, Dinwoody Formation. These strata represent the immediate aftermath of what mass extinction event? Answer 3) What type of rock is this sample? Answer 4) Which paleo-environment best describes this rock sample? A Deep freshwater lake B Braided river system C Tropical barrier reef D Subtidal marine shelf Answer

2 Station 2: 5) Closely examine the following brachiopod specimens labeled A F. Based on your observations of the external shell morphology, identify which brachiopod fits the following anatomical description: Transversely semioval, strophic, cardinal extremities obtuse, convexoconcave, broadly unisulcate, multicostellate, aditicules, sporadically lamellose; ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea vestigial. Answer 6) What genus does specimen A belong to? Answer 7) Are brachiopods extinct or extant? Answer 8) Rapid Fire Fossils! Identify as many fossil genera as possible. The possible points vary so they are listed for you. Each genus IS from the list you were provided. If you don t know the genus but you know which geologic era the fossil is from than list it for 1 point per specimen. Circle Pz for Paleozoic, Mz for Mesozoic, or Cz for Cenozoic Genus Geologic Era (1 Pt. Each) Fossil A) 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil B) 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil C) 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil D) 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil E) 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil F) 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil G) 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil H) 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil I) 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil J) 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil K) 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil L) 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil M) 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil N) 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil O) 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil P) 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil Q) 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil R) 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil S) 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil T) 15 points Pz Mz Cz

3 Station 3: 9) Each of the following fossils, labeled A E, exhibits signs of pathology, injury, or post-mortem damage. Examine each fossil and determine for which specimen the injury/pathology proved to be fatal. Answer 10) Which specimen(s) belong to phylum Mollusca? (If more than one, list all that apply) Answer 11) Which order of reptiles were the only group capable of truly sustained, powered flight? Answer 12) In which geologic period did these flying reptiles first evolve? Answer Station 4 Use the provided image to answer the following questions: 13) Identify the class and genus of this animal. Class: Genus: 14) In which geologic period did it live? Answer 15) From the list of physical characteristics below, which of the following did this animal NOT possess? Chose all that apply. A Hollow Bones B Perching Foot Anatomy C Teeth D Bony Tail E Asymmetrical Primary Feathers Answer 16) Provide the following details about this animal: Genus: When did it Live?

4 Station 5 Vertebrate paleontologists very rarely encounter completely preserved animals. For paleontologists who study fossil mammals, the most important piece of anatomy used for identifying a species are the teeth. Mammal teeth are as unique to each species as fingerprints are to you and me. 17) Of these 5 herbivorous mammalian teeth, which one belongs to the genus Equus, (modern horse)? Answer 18) Identify these two organisms: Animal A Animal B 19) Animals A and B are unrelated yet they share very similar body designs. Both are sleek with paddled limbs suited for their marine environment. What evolutionary concept explains their similarities? Station 6 Answer INTRODUCTION This diagram presents data on sea water chemistry throughout the Phanerozoic as it relates to aragonite and high magnesium calcite precipitation. (Source: Stanley, 2002) It should be noted that the letter designations at the top of the diagram refer to the corresponding geologic periods. (e.g. C is Cambrian, O is Ordovician etc.) During Calcite Seas low magnesium calcium carbonate is the primary inorganic calcium carbonate precipitate. Alternatively, during Aragonite Seas aragonite and high magnesium calcium carbonate are the primary inorganic calcium carbonate precipitates. Calcite and Aragonite sea intervals are labeled as necessary. 20) Apply the information given above to the data provided by the diagram to assign the following fossil groups to their appropriate calcite sea or aragonite sea intervals labeled Int. A, Int. B, Int. C, and Int. D respectively. Some intervals may contain more than one fossil group. Group 1 belongs to interval Group 2 belongs to interval Group 3 belongs to interval Group 4 belongs to interval

5 Station 7 21) The image at this station shows a layer of rock that records a significant event in Earth s geologic history. The thin light colored strata contains an exceptionally large amount of the element Iridium which is very rare on Earth. This layer is referred to as the K/Pg or K/T boundary and is responsible for what major event in Earth s history? Answer 22) What does the Pg in K/Pg stand for? Answer 23) This fossil first appeared just before the K/Pg boundary and began to thrive shortly afterwards. It is still around today but surprisingly, it is absent in the fossil record since the Miocene Epoch. Identify the Genus. Answer Station 8 Although rare, paleontologists can at times ascertain certain behaviors of long extinct organisms. Surprisingly, the ability to interpret these behaviors doesn t always rely on the preservation of the organism itself. 24) Explain the behavior of the fossil marked with the arrow. Answer 25) What is the proper term for these fossils? Answer 26) What, if any information can they provide relative to behavior? Answer

6 Just For Fun: Exams and competitions can be strenuous. Since there is so much space below, feel free to doodle! Why not draw a little comic, your favorite fossil, or write a joke? It may help you relax and it will entertain your graders. (Note: This will have NO impact on your score, no matter HOW entertaining.) Station 9 27) Which of the following fossils experienced rapid burial and which experienced prolonged (months to years) post-mortem exposure? Please write your answers as RB for rapid burial, or PME for post-mortem exposure. Fossil A Fossil B Fossil C Fossil D Fossil E 28) Describe the degree of mobility, relationship to the sea floor, and feeding method for fossil A. Mobility: Relationship to Seafloor: Feeding Method: 29) Describe the degree of mobility, relationship to the sea floor, and feeding method for fossil E. Mobility: Relationship to Seafloor: Feeding Method:

7 Station 10 This diagram is a generalized geologic column accompanied by a weathering profile for the late Ordovician, Cincinnatian Series of Southern Indiana. The accompanying photograph depicts a portion of the outcrop to which the geologic column corresponds. Use these visual aids to assist in your interpretation of the changing marine paleoenvironments over the course of geologic time. 30) Event A and Event B represent what changes to the paleoenvironment? Answer 31) Which member of the Waynesville formation likely saw the slowest accumulation of sediment? Answer 32) Rocks of the Arnheim Formation represent the oldest deposits at this locality and the Whitewater Formation represent the youngest; which geologic law does this exemplify? Answer 33) Each of the three fossil groups (A-C) corresponds to one of the three members of the Waynesville Formation. For each group of fossils, write in which Member it belongs to. Group A Group B Group C

8 Station 11 34) Identify the mode of preservation for the following fossils: Fossil A Fossil B Fossil C Fossil D Fossil E 35) What is the chemical formula for the sedimentary rock represented by Fossil B? Answer 36) What is the chemical formula for the sedimentary rock represented by Fossil D? Answer Station 12 37) Identify the order of this fossil. Answer 38) When this animal was alive, what was its skeleton made out of? Answer, 39) Which environment(s) best describe the habitat(s) that this order occupied? A Strictly Marine B Marine and Brackish Estuaries C Marine, Brackish Estuaries, Freshwater Rivers, and Lakes D Only Freshwater Rivers and Lakes E Freshwater Rivers, Lakes, and Humid Terrestrial Environments

9 Team Name/School Total Points / 230 Team Member 1 Team Member 2 Score % Science Olympiad - National Tournament: Fossils QUESTION AND ANSWER KEY 21 May, 2016 University of Wisconsin-Stout There are 12 stations for this exam and you are allotted 4 minutes at each station to answer each set of questions as best you can. After the 4 minutes you will be given approximately 15 seconds to move to the next station. Please follow all instructions as explained to you by your event supervisor. Good Luck! Station 1: 1) Identify the phylum for the organism present in this thin section. Answer Phylum Echinodermata (2 pts) or Echinoderm (1 pt) 2) This thin section sample is from the Early Triassic, Dinwoody Formation. These strata represent the immediate aftermath of what mass extinction event? Answer The End-Permian mass extinction or P/T Mass Extinction (1 pt) 3) What type of rock is this sample? Answer Siltstone (1 pt) 4) Which paleo-environment best describes this rock sample? A Deep freshwater lake B Braided river system C Tropical barrier reef D Subtidal marine shelf Answer D Subtidal marine shelf (1 pt)

10 Station 2: 5) Closely examine the following brachiopod specimens labeled A F. Based on your observations of the external shell morphology, identify which brachiopod fits the following anatomical description: Transversely semioval, strophic, cardinal extremities obtuse, convexoconcave, broadly unisulcate, multicostellate, aditicules, sporadically lamellose; ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea vestigial. Answer Brachiopod E (3 pts) 6) What genus does specimen A belong to? Answer Genus Platystrophia (1 pt) 7) Are brachiopods extinct or extant? Answer They are extant (1 pt)

11 *** TIEBREAKER 1 Spelling Counts*** 8) Rapid Fire Fossils! Identify as many fossil genera as possible. The possible points vary so they are listed for you. Each genus IS from the list you were provided. If you don t know the genus but you know which geologic era the fossil is from than list it for 1 point per specimen. Circle Pz for Paleozoic, Mz for Mesozoic, or Cz for Cenozoic Genus Geologic Era (1 Pt. Each) Fossil A) Phacops 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil B) Worthenia 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil C) Halysites 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil D) Leptaena 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil E) Pentremites 1 point Pz Mz Cz Fossil F) Atrypa 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil G) Isotelus 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil H) Exogyra 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil I) Platyastrophia 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil J) Elrathia 2 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil K) Rafinesquina 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil L) Rhombopora 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil M) Gryphaea 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil N) Platystrophia 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil O) Calymene 5 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil P) Atrypa 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil Q) Halyasites 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil R) Isotelus 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil S) Worthenia 10 points Pz Mz Cz Fossil T) Deinonychus 15 points Pz Mz Cz

12 Station 3: 9) Each of the following fossils, labeled A E, exhibits signs of pathology, injury, or post-mortem damage. Examine each fossil and determine for which specimen the injury/pathology proved to be fatal. Answer Specimen A (2 pts) 10) Which specimen(s) belong to phylum Mollusca? (If more than one, list all that apply) Answer A, C and D (1 point EACH) 11) Which order of reptiles were the only group capable of truly sustained, powered flight? Answer Order Pterosauria (2 pts) or Pterosaurs (1 pt) 12) In which geologic period did these flying reptiles first evolve? Answer The Triassic Period (1 pt)

13 Station 4) Use the provided image to answer the following questions: 13) Identify the class and genus of this animal. Class: Aves (1 pt) Genus: Archaeopteryx (1 pt) 14) In which geologic period did it live? Answer The Jurassic Period (1 pt) 15) From the list of physical characteristics below, which of the following did this animal NOT possess? Chose all that apply. A Hollow Bones B Perching Foot Anatomy C Teeth D Bony Tail E Asymmetrical Primary Feathers Answer B Perching Foot Anatomy (2 pts) or B, + 1 other (1 pt) (B + 2 or more other = 0 pts) 16) Provide the following details about this animal: Genus: Dunkleosteus (5 pts for correct spelling) 3 pts if close When did it Live?_ The Paleozoic Era (1 pt), Devonian Period (2 pts) Both (5 pts)

14 Station 5 Vertebrate paleontologists very rarely encounter completely preserved animals. For paleontologists who study fossil mammals, the most important piece of anatomy used for identifying a species are the teeth. Mammal teeth are as unique to each species as fingerprints are to you and me. 17) Of these 5 herbivorous mammalian teeth, which one belongs to the genus Equus, (modern horse)? Answer Specimen C (3 pts) 18) Identify these two organisms: Animal A Ichthyosaur (2 pts) or Marine reptile (1 pt) Animal B Basilosaurus (2 pts) or Whale (1 pt) 19) Animals A and B (shown above) are unrelated yet they share very similar body designs. Both are sleek with paddled limbs suited for their marine environment. What evolutionary concept explains their similarities? Answer Convergent Evolution (1 pt)

15 Station 6 INTRODUCTION This diagram presents data on sea water chemistry throughout the Phanerozoic as it relates to aragonite and high magnesium calcite precipitation. (Source: Stanley, 2002) It should be noted that the letter designations at the top of the diagram refer to the corresponding geologic periods (e.g. C is Cambrian, O is Ordovician etc.) During Calcite Seas low magnesium calcium carbonate is the primary inorganic calcium carbonate precipitate. Alternatively, during Aragonite Seas aragonite and high magnesium calcium carbonate are the primary inorganic calcium carbonate precipitates. Calcite and Aragonite sea intervals are labeled. 20) Apply the information given above to the data provided by the diagram to assign the following fossil groups to their appropriate calcite sea or aragonite sea intervals labeled Int. A, Int. B, Int. C, and Int. D respectively. Some intervals may contain more than one fossil group. Group 1 belongs to interval A (1 pt) Group 2 belongs to interval D (1 pt) Group 3 belongs to interval C (1 pt) Group 4 belongs to interval B (1 pt)

16 Station 7 21) The image at this station shows a layer of rock that records a significant event in Earth s geologic history. The thin light colored strata contains an exceptionally large amount of the element Iridium which is very rare on Earth. This layer is referred to as the K/Pg or K/T boundary and is responsible for what major event in Earth s history? Answer The K/Pg or K/T mass extinction and/or Extinction of the dinosaurs (1 pt) 22) What does the Pg in K/Pg stand for? Answer The Paleogene Period or Paleogene (3 pts if spelled correctly) 1 pt if close 23) This fossil first appeared just before the K/Pg boundary and began to thrive shortly afterwards. It is still around today but surprisingly, it is absent in the fossil record since the Miocene Epoch. Identify the Genus. Answer Genus Metasequoia (1pt)

17 Station 8 Although rare, paleontologists can at times ascertain certain behaviors of long extinct organisms. Surprisingly, the ability to interpret these behaviors doesn t always rely on the preservation of the organism itself. 24) Explain the behavior of the fossil marked with the arrow. Answer Hiding inside the gastropod shell or Taking shelter (2 pts) 25) What is the proper term for these fossils? Answer Coprolites (2 pts) or Poop, feces, droppings, animal waste etc. (1 pt) 26) What, if any information can they provide relative to behavior? Answer It tells us what the animal ate or dietary habits or similar (1 Pt)

18 Station 9 27) Which of the following fossils experienced rapid burial and which experienced prolonged (months to years) post-mortem exposure? Please write your answers as RB for rapid burial, or PME for postmortem exposure. Fossil A PME (2 pts) (Reason =Tube worm growth) Fossil B PME (2 pts) (Reason = Bryozoan on interior surface of brachiopod shell) Fossil C PME (2 pts) (Reason = Crinoid holdfasts on Isotelus trilobite fragment) Fossil D RB (2 pts) (Reason =Trilobite is enrolled and still articulated) Fossil E RB (2 pts) (Reason = Crinoid is intact and filly still articulated) 28) Describe the degree of mobility, relationship to the sea floor, and feeding method for fossil A *** TIEBREAKER 2 Go on the accuracy of their answers *** Mobility: Motile (2 pts) or Mobile or similar (1 pt) Relationship to Seafloor: Infaunal or Below sediment/water interface (2 pts) or Burrows (1 pt) Feeding Method: Deposit Feeder (2 pts) 29) Describe the degree of mobility, relationship to the sea floor, and feeding method for fossil E *** TIEBREAKER 3 Go on the accuracy of their answers *** Mobility: Sessile (2 pts) or Immobile or similar (1 pt) Relationship to Seafloor: Epifaunal or Epibenthic (2 pts) or Rests on seafloor or similar (1 pt) Feeding Method: Suspension Feeder (2 pts) or Filter Feeder (1 pt)

19 Station 10 This diagram is a generalized geologic column accompanied by a weathering profile for the late Ordovician, Cincinnatian Series of Southern Indiana. The accompanying photograph depicts a portion of the outcrop to which the geologic column corresponds. Use these visual aids to assist in your interpretation of the changing marine paleoenvironments over the course of geologic time. 30) Event A and Event B represent what changes to the paleoenvironment? Answer Transgressions (2 pts) or Rising sea levels / Deepening of the ocean (1 pt) 31) Which member of the Waynesville formation likely saw the slowest accumulation of sediment? Answer The Ft. Ancient Member (2 pts) 32) Rocks of the Arnheim Formation represent the oldest deposits at this locality and the Whitewater Formation represent the youngest; which geologic law does this exemplify? Answer The Law of Superposition (1 pt)

20 Station 10 Continued 33) Each of the three fossil groups (A-C) corresponds to one of the three members of the Waynesville Formation. Match the fossil group to the appropriate member. Group A Clarksville Member (1pt) Group B Ft. Ancient Member (1pt) Group C Blanchester Member (1 pt)

21 Station 11 34) Identify the mode of preservation for the following fossils: Fossil A Unaltered Remains or Unaltered Hard Parts (1 pt) Fossil B Internal Mold (2 Pts) or Mold (1 pt) Fossil C Carbonization or Carbonized (1 pt) Fossil D External Mold (2 pts) or Mold (1 pt) Fossil E Unaltered Remains or Unaltered Hard Parts (1 pt) 35) What is the chemical formula for the sedimentary rock represented by Fossil B? Answer CaMg(CO 3) 2 (3 pts) 36) What is the chemical formula for the sedimentary rock represented by Fossil D? Answer SiO 2 (2 pts)

22 Station 12 37) Identify the order of this fossil. Answer Order Eurypterida or Eurypterid (1 pt) 38) When this animal was alive, what was its skeleton made out of? Answer Organic Chitin or Chitin (2 pts) 39) Which environment(s) best describe the habitat(s) that this order occupied? A Strictly Marine B Marine and Brackish Estuaries C Marine, Brackish Estuaries, Freshwater Rivers and Lakes (2 pts) D Only Freshwater Rivers and Lakes E Freshwater Rivers, Lakes and Humid Terrestrial Environments

23 Science Olympiad 2016 Fossils Competition Div B. Grading Key Station 1: 1) Fossil A Phylum Echinodermata (2 Pts) Echinoderm (1 pt) Fossil B Phylum Mollusca (2 Pts) Gastropod OR Snail (1 pt) 2) End-Permian OR P/T Mass Extinction (1 pt) 3) Siltstone (1 pt) 4) D Subtidal marine shelf (1 pt) Station 2: 5) Brachiopod E (3 pts) 6) Genus Platystrophia (1 pt) 7) They are extant (1 pt) TIEBREAKER 1 Spelling! Difficult spellings are highlighted 8) Phacops (1 pt) Pz (1 Pt) Worthenia (1 pt) Pz (1 Pt) Halysites (1 pt) Pz (1 Pt) Leptaena (1 pt) Pz (1 Pt) Pentremites (1 pt) Pz (1 Pt) Atrypa (2 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Isotelus (2 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Exogyra (2 pts) Mz (1 Pt) Platystrophia (2 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Elrathia (2 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Rafinesquina (5 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Rhombopora (5 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Gryphaea (5 pts) Mz (1 Pt) Platystrophia (5 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Calymene (5 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Atrypa (10 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Halysites (10 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Isotelus (10 pts) Mz (1 Pt) Worthenia (10 pts) Pz (1 Pt) Deinonychus (15 pts) Mz (1 Pt) Station 4: 13) Class Aves (1 pt) Genus Archaeopteryx (5 Pts for Spelling) 2 Pts if close 14) The Jurassic Period (1 pt) 15) B- Perching Foot Anatomy (2 pts) B + 1 other (1 pt) B + 2 or more other (0 pts) 16) Genus: Dunkleosteus (5 pts correct spelling) 3 pts if close Lived: Paleozoic Era (1 Pt) Devonian Period (2 Pts) Both (5 Pts) Station 5: 17) Specimen C (3 pts) 18) ANIMAL A: Ichthyosaur (2 pts) OR Marine reptile (1 pt) ANIMAL B: Basilosaurus (2 pts) OR Whale (1 pt) 19) Convergent Evolution (1 pt) Station 6: 20) Group 1 = Interval A (1 pt) Group 1 = Interval D (1 pt) Group 1 = Interval C (1 pt) Group 1 = Interval B (1 pt) Station 7: 21) K/Pg OR K/T Mass Extinction OR Dinosaur Extinction (1 pt) 22) Paleogene Period OR Paleogene (3 pts for Spelling) 1 Pt if close 23) Genus Metasequoia (1 pt) Station 8: 24) Hiding/taking shelter inside empty shell or similar (2 pts) 25) Coprolites (2 pts) OR droppings, feces, poo etc. (1 pt) 26) Tells us the animal s diet/what it ate or similar (1 pt) Station 3: 9) Specimen A (2 pts) 10) A, C and D (1 pt EACH) 11) Order Pterosauria (2 Pts) OR Pterosaurs (1 pt) 12) The Triassic Period (1 pt)

24 Science Olympiad 2016 Fossils Competition Div B. Grading Key Station 9: 27) FOSSIL A = PME (post-mortem exposure) (2 pts) FOSSIL B = PME (post-mortem exposure) (2 pts) FOSSIL C = PME (post-mortem exposure) (2 pts) FOSSIL D = RB (rapid burial) (2 pts) FOSSIL E = RB (rapid burial) (2 pts) 28) TIEBREAKER 2 Mobility: Motile (2 pts) OR Mobile or similar (1 pt) Rel. to Seafloor: Infaunal OR below sed-water interface (2 pts) OR It burrows or similar (1 Pt) Feeding Method: Deposit Feeder (2 pts) 29) TIEBREAKER 3 Mobility: Sessile (2 pts) OR Immobile or similar (1 pt) Rel. to Seafloor: Epifaunal OR Epibenthic (2 pts) OR It rests on the seafloor or similar (1 Pt) Feeding Method: Suspension Feeder (2 pts) OR Filter Feeder (1 pt) Station 10: 30) Transgressions (5 pts) OR Rising sea level or similar (2 pts) 31) Ft Ancient Member (2 pts) 32) The Law of Superposition (1 pt) 33) Group A = Clarksville Member (1 pt) Group B = Ft. Ancient Member (1 pt) Group C = Blanchester Member (1 pt) Station 11: 34) Fossil A = Unaltered remains OR unaltered hard parts (1 pt) Fossil B = Internal mold (2 pts) OR Mold (1 pt) Fossil C = Carbonization OR Carbonized (1 pt) Fossil D = External mold (2 pts) OR Mold (1 pt) Fossil E = Unaltered remains OR unaltered hard parts (1 pt) 35) CaMg(CO3)2 (3 pts) 36) SiO2 (2 pts) Station 12: 37) Order Eurypterida OR Eurypterid (5 pts for spelling) 2 Pts if close 38) Organic Chitin OR Chitin (2 pts) 39) C Marine, Brackish Estuaries, Freshwater Lakes and Rivers (1 pt)