Finding Oil by Utilizing Play Analysis

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1 Finding Oil by Utilizing Play Analysis Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf An Overview of the Plio-Pleistocene and Miocene Shelf Trends Chris Williams, PG. Geoscientist

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Presentation Content 1. Production Potential of the GoM Shelf 2. Stratigraphic Column and Paleo Markers 3. Sedimentary Sourcing 4. Common Depositional Systems 5.

2 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Presentation Content 1. Production Potential of the GoM Shelf 2. Stratigraphic Column and Paleo Markers 3. Sedimentary Sourcing 4. Common Depositional Systems 5. Pleistocene Unconformities 6. Gulf of Mexico - Salt Basin 7. Older Fields with Deep Potential 8. Using 3D/4D to Identify Bypassed Oil and Gas 9. Wellbore Utilization Charts 10. Play Analysis 11. Conclusions Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf 600 WD Original from McMoRan Davy Jones Discovery Opening New Shelf Frontier In Ultradeep Geology Below Salt, By Tim Beims Oil and gas Reporter, April 2010 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 2/20

3 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Production Potential Shelf resources deserve a second look as new exploration, drilling and production technologies are developed to reducing risk and increasing profitability. Gulf of Mexico Federal Offshore Oil Production Department of the Interior, Outer Continental Shelf Lease Activity 100+ mmbbls BSEE, 2011 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 3/20 Gff40 Active Lease BSEE, 2017

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Stratigraphic Column and Paleo Markers Benthic Foraminifera Pleistocene April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 4/20 Trimosina A 0.64 (Ma) Angulogerina B 1.

4 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Stratigraphic Column and Paleo Markers Benthic Foraminifera Pleistocene April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 4/20 Trimosina A 0.64 (Ma) Angulogerina B 1.33 (Ma) Cristellaria S 1.96 (Ma) Lenticulina (Ma) Buliminella (Ma) Textularia X 5.36 (Ma) Robulus E 6.05 (Ma) Bigenerina A 6.76 (Ma) Cristellaria K 7.73 (Ma) Cyclammina (Ma) Nonion Barleeanus 8.19 (Ma) Discorbis (Ma) Bolivina L 9.60 (Ma) Bigenerina (Ma) Uvigerina (Ma) Textularia W (Ma) Bigenerina humblei (Ma) Cristellaria (Ma) Cibicides opima (Ma) Amphistegina B (Ma) Robulus L (Ma) Robulus mayeri (Ma) Gyroidina (Ma) Cristellaria A (Ma) Siphonina davisi (Ma) Lenticulina hanseni (Ma) Cristellaria R (Ma) Robulus A (Ma) Cibicides jeffersonensis (Ma) Bolivina perca (Ma) Plio - Pleistocene Trend Miocene Trend

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Sedimentary Sourcing The ancestral Mississippi River was a dominant supplier of Miocene sediments Lower Miocene Depositional Fairways Mississippi Valley

5 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Sedimentary Sourcing The ancestral Mississippi River was a dominant supplier of Miocene sediments Lower Miocene Depositional Fairways Mississippi Valley Original from McMoRan Davy Jones Discovery Opening New Shelf Frontier In Ultradeep Geology Below Salt, By Tim Beims Oil and Gas Reporter, April 2010 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 5/20

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Common Depositional Systems

Plane Systems Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Abdul Hadi A.

Stratigraphic Characteristics and Facies Model: A Review.

Turbidite Deposits Shallow Marine Deposits Amalgamated Channel Sands

6 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Common Depositional Systems Deltaic Systems Barrier Island Systems Shoreline - Lagoonal Chenier Plane Systems Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Abdul Hadi A. Rahman, Chow Weng Sum, Wan Ismail Wan Yusoff and Mohammad Suhaili bin Ismail, Shallow-marine Sandstone Reservoirs, Depositional Environments, Stratigraphic Characteristics and Facies Model: A Review. Journal of Applied Sciences, 17: Turbidite Deposits Shallow Marine Deposits Amalgamated Channel Sands Amalgamated Sheet Sands Zhang, 2016, Chinese Academy of Sciences April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 6/20 Layered Sheet Sands Three types of reservoirs in the Auger Field, Gulf of Mexico. Modified after McGee et al. (1994)

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Pleistocene Unconformities During the Pleistocene Epoch the massive transportation of shelf sediments to deeper waters resulted in shelf wide erosion,

7 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Pleistocene Unconformities During the Pleistocene Epoch the massive transportation of shelf sediments to deeper waters resulted in shelf wide erosion, carved channels, canyons, fluvial reservoir systems, numerous unconformities, and new trapping geometries. Ancient Shorelines of the Gulf Coast, NOAA, 2007 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 7/20

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin To make things

basin, spotted with numerous salt diapirs, canopies and overhangs

TX LA MS Salt Dome Basin Bedded Salt Deposits Extended Slope

8 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin To make things even more interesting the northern continental shelf is a salt basin, spotted with numerous salt diapirs, canopies and overhangs providing for multiple trapping opportunities. TX LA MS Salt Dome Basin Bedded Salt Deposits Extended Slope Mud-rich, Submarine Fan Model. DeVay et al, 1997 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 8/20

Time - Seconds Time - Seconds Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin Salt comes in a variety of geometrical shapes and sizes, any of which can set up numerous traps.

9 Time - Seconds Time - Seconds Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin Salt comes in a variety of geometrical shapes and sizes, any of which can set up numerous traps Salt dynamics exerts control over sediment deposition, Oil & Gas migration and trapping. Determining the timing of salt migration can make or break a prospect Unrooted Sheet Canopy Rooted April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 9/20 6 6

Time - Seconds Time - Seconds Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin Piercement Salt Domes are some of the best places to look for hydrocarbon accumulations.

10 Time - Seconds Time - Seconds Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Salt Basin Piercement Salt Domes are some of the best places to look for hydrocarbon accumulations. They provide trapping geometries, structure, and hydrocarbon migration pathways for numerous potential reservoir horizons Inline #s Piercement Salt Dome 1 mile April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 10/20 AAPG, Extensional Faulting Systems, Main Pass 2D Seismic Line 5.5

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Direction of Deposition Grand Bay Field Rhea Zeus Three new prospects matured from reprocessed 3D seismic.

11 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Direction of Deposition Grand Bay Field Rhea Zeus Three new prospects matured from reprocessed 3D seismic. Merganser Grand Bay Field was discovered by Gulf Oil in 1938, and has produced to date more than 213 million bbls of oil/condensate and 262 bcf of gas from 64 productive horizons ranging in depth from 1,600 ft to 13,000 ft. Addition potential production exist in deeper horizons (+17,000 tvd) that have not been tested. NW SE 17,000 tvdss April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 11/20 Unlocking Grand Bay's deep treasures: gulf shelf potential at 17,000-28,000 ft A.C. Clifford, 04/12/2010, Oil and Gas Journal

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Most Gulf of Mexico shelf reservoirs exhibit either seismic amplitudes (bright spots) or have a distinct signature when

12 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Most Gulf of Mexico shelf reservoirs exhibit either seismic amplitudes (bright spots) or have a distinct signature when hydrocarbons are present These Grand Bay prospects were created by salt withdrawal related faulting of a large anticline into multiple compartments. April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 12/20 Gff40 Unlocking Grand Bay's deep treasures: gulf shelf potential at 17,000-28,000 ft A.C. Clifford, 04/12/2010, Oil and Gas Journal Big hum Depth Structure

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Main Pass

section BH-1 BH-2 S.L. 1272-12 BH-4 BH-5 BH-6 BH-7 S.L. 2726 A1 BH-11 BH-12 BH-13 BH-14 S.

Miocene Big hum section. Most are channelized due to salt influences in the basin.

13 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Older Fields with Deep Potential Main Pass Blk. 52 (just north of Grand Bay Field) - Type Logs of Bigenerina humblei Big hum section BH-1 BH-2 S.L BH-4 BH-5 BH-6 BH-7 S.L A1 BH-11 BH-12 BH-13 BH-14 S.L A1 S.L BH-3 Over 20 stacked sands have been identified within the Miocene Big hum section. Most are channelized due to salt influences in the basin. BH-8 BH-9 BH-10 BH-15 BH-16 BH-17 Unlocking Grand Bay's deep treasures: gulf shelf potential at 17,000-28,000 ft A.C. Clifford, 04/12/2010, Oil and Gas Journal April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 13/20 BH-15 BH-16 BH-17 BH-18 BH-19 BH-20 BH-21

200 m Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Using 3D/4D to Identify Bypassed Oil and Gas Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) seismic response can be used to track hydrocarbon movement over time.

14 200 m Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Using 3D/4D to Identify Bypassed Oil and Gas Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) seismic response can be used to track hydrocarbon movement over time. Original Oil In Place, AVO Isopach Original Oil In Place, Isopach Wedge Original Oil In Place Isopach Wedge, based upon unlimited vertical thickness. Bullwinkle Field (GC 109) April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 14/20

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Using 3D/4D to Identify Bypassed Oil and Gas Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) seismic response can be used to track hydrocarbon movement over time.

15 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Using 3D/4D to Identify Bypassed Oil and Gas Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) seismic response can be used to track hydrocarbon movement over time. Remaining Oil In Place, AVO Isopach Remaining Oil In Place, Isopach Wedge Potential target for horizontal well Bullwinkle Field (GC 109) April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 15/20 Remaining Oil In Place - Isopach Wedge, based upon AVO response and unlimited vertical thickness.

16 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Wellbore Utilization Charts Wellbore utilization charts are an important tool, used to account for all reservoir penetrations, sand encounters, fluid contacts over time, production totals and pressure data. April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 16/20

17 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Play Analysis Mappable Attributes Source Rock Presence Thermal Maturity Temperature Migration Distance Sediment Distribution Fault Complexity Reservoir Quality Sediment Distribution Thickness Clastic - Carbonate Porosity - Permeability Trapping Mechanisms Structural Salt Faults Stratigraphic Known Hydrocarbon Production Oil Gas Rates API Gravity % CO2 April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 17/20 Play Analysis is performed by stacking multiple attribute maps to define favorability of areas to hydrocarbon 1) generation, 2) migration, 3) reservoir quality and 4) trapping conditions are met. Probability of favorable conditions being met 100% 75% 75% 50% 50% 25% 25% 0%

18 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Play Analysis Color coded attribute maps are stacked to reveal areas with the highest chance of successfully encountering commercially economical hydrocarbons. Attributes Maps Reservoir Quality Thermal Maturity Trapping Mechanisms Probability of Success Map No probability of a successful oil discovery Reservoir sand quality is above average April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 18/20 Probability of favorable conditions being met 100% 75% 75% 50% 50% 25% 25% 0%

Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf - Conclusion Utilizing traditional and appropriate technology, I can identify the optimum hydrocarbon locations and lower the risk in making economical

19 Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf - Conclusion Utilizing traditional and appropriate technology, I can identify the optimum hydrocarbon locations and lower the risk in making economical discoveries. The production potential on the Gulf of Mexico Shelf is still high. Salt structures provide structure relief and multiple trapping mechanisms. Many older fields have untested deeper potential. Utilizing 3D/4D seismic and traditional methods it is possible to identify bypassed hydrocarbons. Using Play Analysis of key mappable attributes it is possible to lower the risk of find new reserves. Generated Shelf Atlas of Prospects and Leads on 24 OCS-G blocks, many on open blocks. HORIZONTAL DRILLING Horizontal drilling makes re-entry attractive in US Gulf Cooney and Fisher, Baker Hughes INTEQ, Offshore, Feb April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 19/20

20 Thank You April, 2018 Presentation Chris Williams 20/20 Chris Williams, PG. Geoscientist

Vail et al., 1977b. AAPG 1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is required for further use.

Vail et al., 1977b. AAPG 1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is required for further use. Well 5 Well 4 Well 3 Well 2 Well 1 Vail et al., 1977b AAPG 1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is required for further use. Well 5 Well 4 Well 3 Well 2 Well 1 Vail et al., 1977b