1. Canadian Energy Use

Transcription

1 1 Unit 3 Energy

2 2 1. Canadian Energy Use Why are Canadians the sixth highest energy users in the world? Our major industries are energy intensive, overall industry consumes 31% of all energy in Canada.

3 3 1. Canadian Energy Use Canada is a very large nation, therefore multiple modes of transportation are needed. Transportation is dependent on energy and consumes 30% of all energy in Canada

4 4 1. Canadian Energy Use Canada has long, dark and cold winters, therefore large amounts of energy are consumed for heat and light Residential users consume 19% of all energy, commercial (or business) users consume 15%

5 5 1. Canadian Energy Use Key Points to Remember: Ontario has high energy use because: Large population Large industrial base Alberta & Saskatchewan have high energy uses because: Energy production is centered in these two provinces. It takes a great amount of energy to make energy. Energy is more accessible (cheaper), therefore use is high.

6 2. Sources of Canada s Energy 6

7 2. Sources of Canada s Energy Fossil Fuels 70% Coal 52% Natural Gas 15% Oil 3% Nuclear 19% Hydro 9% Tidal 0.5% Solar 0.5% Geothermal 0.5% Wind 0.5% 7

8 8 3. Nonrenewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels: Examples: petroleum (oil), natural gas and coal They are composed of hydrocarbons (atoms of hydrogen and carbon) They are formed from the remains of plants and animals that once lived in tropical swamps and shallow seas The carbon compounds that were once their bodies, and were once storehouses of the sun s energy

9 9 3. Nonrenewable Energy Sources As these remains fell to the bottom of the seas or swamps, they were buried in soft muds and preserved from further decay Eventually these muds were covered by other sediments The mud became sedimentary rock as pressure from above was placed upon it

10 10 3. Nonrenewable Energy Sources Animation: o/earth2/content/chapter_14/animati ons.asp

11 11 3. Nonrenewable Energy Sources This process repeated itself and huge basins containing layers upon layers of carbon rich sediments were formed As millions of years passed these carbon sediments were transformed into petroleum through pressure and chemical reactions These basins are the world s major reservoirs of fossil fuels, specifically petroleum and natural gas

12 12 4. Canada s Sedimentary Basins Sedimentary Basin: An area in which sediments have accumulated during a particular time period at a significantly greater rate and to a significantly greater thickness than surrounding areas. They usually contain hydrocarbons the source of fossil fuels

13 13 4. Canada s Sedimentary Basins Western Canada Largest land basin, located in the Northwest Territories, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba Cordilleran British Columbia and the Yukon Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta Arctic Islands

14 14 4. Canada s Sedimentary Basins Eastern Canada-Offshore The largest offshore basin, located on the continental shelf off the Atlantic coast St. Lawrence Encompasses the St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia, western Newfoundland, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario Hudson Bay located in parts of northern Ontario and Quebec

15 15 Fig 11.9 page 215 Draw, label and colour all 7 sedimentary basins Label the provinces and territories

16 5. Oil and Natural Gas Traps Fig

17 17 5. Oil and Natural Gas Traps Reservoir Rocks: Often porous rock such as sandstone or limestone where petroleum can mix with water Traps: Areas in the reservoir rock where oil floats above water and accumulates Cap Rock: Rock that prevents oil from flowing out of the traps

18 18 5. Oil and Natural Gas Traps Animation: o/earth2/content/chapter_14/animati ons.asp

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20 20 5. Oil and Natural Gas Traps Fault Trap Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) The oil and natural gas migrate upward in the layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) above the source rock A fault develops, cutting off the sandstone layer and tilting it on an angle A porous layer is blocked by impervious shale (cap rock) The oil and natural gas are trapped

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22 22 5. Oil and Natural Gas Traps Salt Dome Trap Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) Oil and natural gas migrate upward in a layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) A salt dome develops, cutting through the porous layers The salt dome deflects the layer upwards Oil and natural gas are trapped in pockets between the salt dome and the impervious shale layers (cap rocks)

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24 24 6. How is oil discovered? It can be seeping out of the ground (Turner Valley, Alberta) Using geology Oil occurs where sedimentary rock is gently folded or faulted or where salt domes and porous reefs are buried under the surface

25 25 6. How is oil discovered? Using seismic exploration Seismic waves are transmitted below the surface of the earth and the amount of time it takes for the reflected wave to return to the surface indicates what type of geological formations exist il2.html Shell Animation

26 26 6. How is oil discovered? Drilling wildcat wells is still the only definite way to determine if oil is present When an oilfield is discovered, exploration wells are drilled outwards from the original source to determine the size and extent of the field

27 27 7. Canada s Oil Supply Conventional Oilfields: These produce oil in a liquid form that is capable of flowing naturally or being pumped without processing

28 28 7. Canada s Oil Supply Most convectional fields in Canada occur in Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories No new oilfields have been discovered in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the last 20 years, however production and consumption has continued at high rates

29 29 7. Canada s Oil Supply Fear of exhausting conventional oilfield. What are the options? A. Technological advances have increased the amount of oil that is being recovered from conventional oilfields Despite advanced technology Only 30% of all the oil in a conventional oilfield is recovered

30 30 7. Canada s Oil Supply B. Exploration of additional conventional oilfields, like the arctic or offshore C. We must attempt to use alternate energy sources

31 31 8. Types of Oil Reserves Potential Reserves: Known deposits of oil that cannot be recovered profitable under existing conditions Actual Reserves: Known oil reserves that can be developed profitably

32 32 9. Arctic Exploration Potential reserves lie in the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta and in the Arctic Islands sedimentary basins (under the ocean floor)

33 33 9. Arctic Exploration Problems associated with recovering Arctic oil: Extremely cold temperatures Long periods of darkness Ice conditions Extreme distances from the market causes difficulties with transportation of the product (via tanker or pipeline?)

34 34 9. Arctic Exploration Arctic oil will be developed if: World oil prices increase Known conventional oil supplies are exhausted New technology lowers the cost of arctic exploration and production Canada changes its domestic policy and mandates self-sufficiency

35 Why would oil and gas deposits in the Arctic have to be much larger than the deposits in Alberta and Saskatchewan before they are developed? 35

36 36 Cold temperatures, long periods of darkness and ice conditions make exploration and development very costly The oil and gas is developed far away from consumers in southern Canada, so transportation to market is more expensive Therefore the reserves have to be larger, otherwise they wouldn t make any profit

37 Offshore Oil and Gas Actual reserves lie in Eastern-Canada Offshore Sedimentary Basin The Hibernia and Terra Nova Oilfields are off the Grand Banks The Panuke and Cohasset Oilfields are off the Scotian Shelf

38 Offshore Oil Rigs Type of Rig Depth of Sea Water Anchoring Structure Submersible 20m Cement foundation on sea floor Jack-up 100m Pylons extending into sea floor Semi-submersible anchored Semi-submersible dynamically positioned 200m 2000m Underwater pontoons anchored with cables to sea floor Underwater pontoons stabilized with an intricate system of values and pumps 38

39 39 Examples: Semi-submersible Dynamically Positioned

40 Terra Nova 40 Hibernia What type of Oil Rig is used for Terra Nova?

41 How does the oil industry help the economy? The sale of oil will generate profit that will be circulated in the economy The creation of jobs involved directly with the drilling project and refining/processing oil The creation of jobs associated with the construction of the project The creation of jobs associated with the many businesses and industries that must support the oil companies and their employees

42 42 Energy production is 7% of our GDP (gross domestic product) GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country

43 43 Total export all things we send out of Canada to other countries Energy is 11% of our total export