quarry 1 of 5 For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit:

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1 This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry quarry For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: A quarry is a place where rocks, sand, or minerals are extracted from the surface of the Earth. A quarry is a type of mine called an open-pit mine, because it is open to the Earth's surface. Another type of mine, a sub-surface mine, consists of underground tunnels or shafts. The most common purpose of quarries is to extract stone for building materials. Quarries have been used for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians built the Great Pyramids with massive limestone and granite blocks cut by hand from nearby quarries. Each of these blocks weighs many tons. In ancient Rome, slaves and criminals were often forced to do the extremely difficult work of cutting stones in marble, granite, and limestone quarries. Quarrying History Methods of extracting stone and other materials from quarries have changed since the first quarries were mined in the Aswan area of Egypt. The earliest quarries were mined with hammers, picks, and chisels made of stone or metals such as bronze and iron. Even communities that did not have stone buildings created quarries. The Lakota culture of the Midwest region of the U.S. and Canada did not quarry stone to build monuments or houses. At a site in Pipestone National Monument, in the U.S. state of Minnesota, they quarried for stones to make calumets, or ceremonial smoking pipes. Calumets, made of a type of metamorphic rock called catlinite or pipestone, were important for creating lasting treaties, or agreements between groups of people. Quarrying material for use in building materials was much more work. Stones had to be carried or dragged out of quarries manually. Stones could also be hauled with pulley systems involving ropes and moveable wooden tracks or sleds. This process often involved thousands of slaves and other workers. On Easter Island, for example, almost the entire community had to be involved in the quarrying, carving, and transportation of statues. The rock for these statues, called moai, was hauled all over the island from one quarry. The heaviest moai weighs 86 tons. Scientists are still studying how these ancient Polynesian people transported their quarried rock. Today, people use mechanical tools to mine quarries, including drilling equipment, blasting equipment, and hauling equipment. Industrial drills with diamond tips are used to cut into hard rock. Some miners use explosives to blast away unwanted material to access the desired rock. Finally, materials are hauled away by enormous mining trucks. Some mining trucks can carry more than 350 tons of material. Dimension Stones and Aggregate Different types of stones are mined for different purposes. The two most common types of quarry material are dimension stones and aggregate. 1 of 5

2 Large, precisely cut stones excavated from a quarry are called dimension stones. Dimension stones are used for constructing buildings and monuments, or for decorating the outside of buildings. They are also used for kitchen counters and roofing shingles. Headstones, polished dimension stones usually made of granite, are used to mark graves in many countries. Sand, gravel or crushed rock excavated from a quarry is called aggregate. Aggregate is used in construction to create stable foundations for things like roads and railroad tracks. Aggregate is also used to make concrete and asphalt. For this reason, asphalt and concrete plants are often built next to quarries. Asphalt is an oily substance that is mixed with aggregate for road construction. Concrete, invented by the ancient Romans, is a mixture of sticky stone cement and aggregate. The Romans depended on concrete and aggregate to build their vast system of roads and aqueducts, many of which are still standing today. Quarries and the Environment Quarries change their environment. They displace huge amounts of soil and plants, and force animals out of the area. Abandoned quarries rarely leave enough soil to allow life to return to the area. Some abandoned quarries can fill with water, creating artificial lakes. Many of these lakes are clear and deep, creating a safe swimming environment for people and some aquatic animals, such as frogs and birds. Sometimes, however, lakes created by abandoned quarries have mining equipment left on the bottom, making them unsafe for swimming. Toxic materials exposed by mining activities can also leak into water at abandoned quarries. Quarries are prone to flooding because they are sometimes dug below the water table. Environmentalists fear the toxic materials could seep into groundwater if an abandoned quarrys water reaches an areas water table. This is the concern surrounding the Berkeley Pit, a former copper quarry near Butte, Montana. The Berkeley Pit is one of the largest toxic waste sites in the U.S., and its water is within 61 meters (200 feet) of the areas water table. To avoid contamination, miners must sometimes pump water out of quarries. Quarries are sealed from the surrounding water table. Abandoned quarries can also be turned into landfills. VOCABULARY Term Part of Speech Definition abandoned adjective deserted. aggregate sand, gravel, or crushed rock excavated from a quarry. ancient Egypt ancient Rome civilization in northeastern Africa, lasting from 3200 BCE to about 400 CE. civilization founded on the Mediterranean Sea, lasting from the 8th century BCE to about 476 CE. aquatic adjective having to do with water. aqueduct a pipe or passage used for carrying water from a distance. asphalt chemical compound made of dark, solid rocks and minerals often used in paving roads. avoid verb to stay away from something. 2 of 5

3 Berkeley Pit large, abandoned copper mine in Butte, Montana. bird egg-laying animal with feathers, wings, and a beak. blast verb to break up by use of an explosion. bluestone small or mid-size stone at Stonehenge. bronze metal made of the elements copper and tin. calumet long tobacco pipe used by some Native American tribes at ceremonies. carve verb to cut or slice through. cement hard material used as a building material or a binding agent for stronger building materials such as concrete. cemetery place for burying the dead. chisel metal tool with a sharp, wedge-shaped edge used for carving. community group of organisms or a social group interacting in a specific region under similar environmental conditions. concrete hard building material made from mixing cement with rock and water. construct verb to build or erect. contaminate verb to poison or make hazardous. copper chemical element with the symbol Cu. diamond type of crystal that is pure carbon and the hardest known natural substance. dimension stone large, precisely cut stone excavated from a quarry. displace verb to remove or force to evacuate. drilling equipment machinery and tools used to dig into the Earth. Earth our planet, the third from the Sun. The Earth is the only place in the known universe that supports life. engineer person who plans the building of things, such as structures (construction engineer) or substances (chemical engineer). enormous adjective very large. environment conditions that surround and influence an organism or community. excavate verb to expose by digging. explosive material that can quickly and violently expand due to a chemical change. extract verb to pull out. fascinate verb to cause an interest in. foundation structure on which a building is constructed. frog animal (amphibian) with smooth skin and long hind legs for jumping. granite type of hard, igneous rock. 3 of 5

4 grave specific place where a body is buried. groundwater water found in an aquifer. haul verb to move or transport something heavy. hauling equipment machinery and tools used for transporting heavy material. headstone stone used to mark a grave. Also called a gravestone. industrial adjective having to do with factories or mechanical production. lake body of water surrounded by land. Lakota people and culture of seven Sioux tribes native to the Great Plains. landfill site where garbage is layered with dirt and other absorbing material to prevent contamination of the surrounding land or water. limestone type of sedimentary rock mostly made of calcium carbonate from shells and skeletons of marine organisms. manually adverb done without electronic or mechanical equipment. marble type of metamorphic rock. massive adjective very large or heavy. mechanical adjective having to do with machinery or automated tools. metamorphic rock rock that has transformed its chemical qualities from igneous or sedimentary. Midwest area of the United States consisting of the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. mineral inorganic material that has a characteristic chemical composition and specific crystal structure. mining process of extracting ore from the Earth. moai very large stone figures carved and displayed on Easter Island. monument large structure representing an event, idea, or person. open-pit mine place where rocks, sand, or minerals are extracted from the surface of the Earth. pick tool resembling a hammer, with at least one end pointed, used for carving stone. plant building and equipment used for manufacturing or a type of industry. Polynesia island group in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island. precise adjective exact. prehistoric adjective period of time that occurred before the invention of written records. prone adjective vulnerable or tending to act in a certain way. pulley wheel with a rope, band, or cable running around it used to generate power or transport goods over short distances. 4 of 5

5 Pyramids plural three large pyramids outside Giza, Egypt: the Pyramid of Khufu (2560 BCE), the Pyramid of Khafre (2532 BCE) and the Pyramid of Menkaure (2515 BCE). Also called the Pyramids of Giza. quarry site where stone is mined. railroad road constructed with metal tracks on which trains travel. rock natural substance composed of solid mineral matter. roofing shingle piece of tough material used in overlapping layers to protect a roof. sand small, loose grains of disintegrated rocks. seep verb to slowly flow through a border. slave person who is owned by another person or group of people. sled vehicle used to travel across ice or snow, consisting of a flat platform mounted on blades called runners. stable adjective steady and reliable. stone piece of rock. sub-surface mine place where rocks, sand, or minerals are extracted from the Earth through deep tunnels. toxic adjective poisonous. toxic waste chemical compound dangerous to humans and their environment. transport verb to move material from one place to another. water table underground area where the Earth's surface is saturated with water. Also called water level. For Further Exploration Articles & Profiles National Geographic News: Explosive Digs May Cut Off Kenya s Wildlife Migration Audio & Video National Geographic Video: Quarry for WWII Memorial National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. 5 of 5