Sediment erosion, resuspension, transportation and redeposition by tsunami: Evidences from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami
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1 Paleotsunami Workshop 3 July 2013 Sediment erosion, resuspension, transportation and redeposition by tsunami: Evidences from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami Ken Ikehara, Kazuko Usami (Geological Survey of Japan, AIST), Tomohisa Irino (Hokkaido Univ.)! and Robert Jenkins (Kanazawa Univ.)! With Tansei-Maru KT-11-17, Sonne SO219A, Mirai MR12-E01 and Sendai Bay Surveys scientific teams
2 Earthquake/Tsunami and Sea Floor Strong ground motion by earthquake and large flow speed and friction velocity by tsunami waves might resuspend and further transport unconsolidated marine surface sediments.! Response of surface sediments for earthquake ground motion and tsunami waves differs place by place, controlled by degree of ground motion, angle of slope, grain size and composition of covered sediments, sediment thickness, major and minor bathymetric relieves, tsunami moving direction and speed, and so on.! We have only little knowledge or real evidence (ground truth data) on the influence of tsunami to sea floor environments and marine sediments.!
3 Evidences of Tsunami-related Marine Sediment Movements Sea bottom bathymetry changes (erosion and redeposition) by tsunami in the shallow bay (ex. Kesen-numa Bay)! Tsunami boulders (ex. Ishigaki Island)! Upper bathyal microfossils in on-shore tsunami deposits (ex Hokkaidonansei-oki EQ)! Deep/shallow-marine event deposits? Useful for paleoseismology/paleotsunami history?!
4 The 2011 Event Deposits" from Coast to Trench We conducted several survey cruises to find the 2011 event deposits from coastal (shoreface) areas to the Japan Trench floor! The event deposits were widely recognized from shallow- to deep-water! The observed event deposits are variable reflecting the source materials and transportation processes
5 Type B:! Homogeneous (structure less) mud at top! Sharp basal contact, but no turbidite sand Shelf-slope Event Deposits:! Two Types of Event Deposits Type A:! Upward fining graded structure,! Sharp basal contact with turbidite sand
6 KT11-17 St.1 off Sendai (122m) Second-storied turbidite A typical Type A event deposit!!!tm!!hm! C/N ratio ! δ13corg!-22.4!-22.0!
7 Radiological Measurement Result Post-! accident Pre-! accident Deformed! hemipelagic mud Bioturbated! hemipelagic mud
8 Occurrence of Earthquake Pre$earthquake+to+during+earthquake SENDAI+PLAIN Shoreface+sand SENDAI+BAY Inner+shelf+mud Mid+shelf+sand Outer+shelf+mud Offshore+hemipelagic+mud Sediment(deformation(by( strong(ground(motion(of( earthquake * Surface sediment breakout/deformation (and! resuspension of surface loose mud) by! strong ground shaking by earthquake!
9 Intrusion of Tsunami to Shelf Intrusion)of)tsunami)to)shelf Formation)of) suspended)water)mass Decrease'of'water'depth' Sugawara&Goto, 2012 make'larger'influence'to' shelf'sea'floor'than'deep6sea' slope6basin'sea'floor Resuspension)of) outer)shelf)mud)&) shelf)edge)sands by)tsunami * Large friction velocity of tsunami at shelf edge * Sea bottom erosion, sediment resuspension,! and formation of turbid shelf water
10 Generation of Turbidity Current Generation)of)turbidity)currents) ) &)turbidite)sand)deposition Deposition(of( onland(tsunami(deposits Movement(of(suspended(water(mass (=(generation(of(turbidity(current Deposition(of(turbidite(sand(from( the(turbidity(currents Turbidite(sand(deposition( above(deformed(hemipelagite * Sea bottom erosion by turbidity current,! and lower turbidite sand deposition
11 Mud Pond Formation & Maintaining Turbid Shelf Water * Lower turbidite mud deposition from mud pond * Release of 134- & 137-Cs from Fukushima No.1 NPP * Absorption of 134- & 137-Cs to suspended particles
12 Regeneration of Turbidity Current * Increasing of bottom water density by settling of! suspended particles and/or sediment resuspension by ASs * Deposition of upper turbidite containing 134& 137 Cs
13 Deposition of Upper Turbidite Mud * Upper turbidite mud deposition from mud pond Settling of 134&137-Cs containing particles to sea floor
14 Only on Sendai Shelf? The other Type A event deposits at Sts. 5 and 6
15 Origin&of&St.&5&turbidite S.#fusiformis EEEEE##Con-nental#shelf#and#upper#slope#(Gooday#and#Alve,#2001) P.#naraensis P.#tamana E.#clavatum S.#fusiformis 0 U.#glabra Upper#turbdite (cm) 6 Lower#turbidite Hemipelagite B.#spisssa T.#delicata E.#ba0alis Lower#turbidite#might#be#formed#just#aMer#EQ.## Upper#turbidite#might#be#deposited#from#the#different#flow.# St.&5&(893&m) (Matoba,#1976) The#basal#sand#is#transported#from#rela-vely#close#area. On#the#other#hand,#par-al#origin#of#uppermost#clay#layer#is#resuspension#in#outer#shelf Mul-Espa-oEtemporal#genera-on#of#turbidity#currents!
16 Origin&of&St.&6&turbidite Average#of#hemipelagite (Matoba,#1976) Rela-ve#abundance Average#of#turbidite Increase decrease Rela-ve#abundance Increase#in#species#inhabi-ng#rela-vely#shallower#water#depth. The#sediment#was#transported#from## severalehundred#meters#shallower#water#depth# #(around#900e1000#m#?)#than#the#site.# St.&6&(1446m) Maybe#the#similar#to## lower#turbidite#at#st.5?#
17 Did we find the tsunami influence on the inner-mid Sendai shelf? Comparison of 1985 and 2012 Sediment Characteristics Sediment! distribution Pre Post Sediment! sampling sites Pre-earthquake/tsunami data!!!!by Saito (1989) etc.! 1985 Survey Results! * Surface sediment grain size! * Sedimentary structures! * Sediment geochemistry Sedimentary! structure Post-earthquake/tunami data! * Selected sites (50 sites) from Saito s survey sites! * Survey at Aug-Sept., 2012! * Analyses (grain size, compositions, geochemistry, structures, etc.) on-going Sedimentary! structure
18 Did we find the tsunami influence on the inner-mid Sendai shelf? Comparison of 1985 and 2012 Sediment Characteristics Sediment Grain Size Change Sedimentary Structures/Bioturbation Change * Hatched areas show shelf mud distribution from the 1985 survey by Saito (1989)
19 Homogeneous/laminated Mud 4 21 Deposition Comparison of lithology and sedimentary structures * Surface mud has no or little bioturbation St St
20 Clean&Well-sorted Fine sand Deposition 56 Comparison of lithology and sedimentary structures * Clean & well-sorted fine-medium sand covered poorly sorted gravelly coarse sand St St
21 134-&137-Cs profile of " Sendai Shelf Event Deposits * Homogeneous/laminated mud contains 134- & 137-Cs! * Homogeneous/laminated mud deposited after FNPP No.1! * Highly suspended shelf water maintained at least a few days,! maybe a few weeks or a few tens days
22 Tsunami vs (Post-tsunami) Storm? * Clear sediment change, but really tsunami-related?! * We should consider storm/flood events after the 2011 EQ/tsunami Up-ward coarsening,! Sharp top boundary,! Internal erosional surfaces! = Hyperpycnite? St. 234 St. 168
23 Sendai Inner Shelf PostEtsunami#Flood Tsunami#rewoking? PreEtsunami&earthquake St.234 (23 m) PostE# Tsunami# Flood# St.168 (26 m) Tsunami# ReE# working?
24 Preliminary Summary The 2011 earthquake/tsunami-related event deposits were widely recognized from coast to trench, and had wide variation in sedimentary structures, sediment composition and thickness.! Multiple generation of turbidity currents was estimated. Tsunami might be a triggering mechanism.! Surface sediments on inner-mid shelf of Sendai Bay might be resuspended and/or transported by the 2011 tsunami.! Large speed and friction velocity of tsunami might contribute shelf mud resuspension.! Resuspension of shelf mud might form the turbid shelf water, and homogeneous/laminated mud on shelf.! Resuspension of shelf mud might generate turbidity currents, and form turbidites further offshore.! Transportation of shelf sand might form massive clean sand layer on mid shelf terrace.!
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