SEISMIC VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHWESTERN & NORTHEASTERN HIMALAYA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
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1 SEISMIC VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHWESTERN & NORTHEASTERN HIMALAYA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT UKIERI Thematic Partnership Supriyo Mitra Keith Priestley
2 Motivation ~50 Ma The Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. Created the Himalaya & felt across ~3000 km wide Tibetan Plateau ( ~ 5 km elevation) Collision ongoing with ~20 mm/yr shortening across the Himalaya Resulted in widespread deformation in N India and central & S Tibet Best natural laboratory to study continental rheology and dynamics India Eurasia
3 ~50 Ma The Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. Created the Himalaya & felt across ~3000 km wide Tibetan Plateau ( ~ 5 km elevation) Collision ongoing with ~20 mm/yr shortening across the Himalaya Resulted in widespread deformation in N India and central & S Tibet Best natural laboratory to study continental rheology and dynamics India Objective Understand the continental deformation processes taking place in the Himalaya Continent-Continent Collision Eurasia
4 ~50 Ma The Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. Created the Himalaya & felt across ~3000 km wide Tibetan Plateau ( ~ 5 km elevation) Collision ongoing with ~20 mm/yr shortening across the Himalaya Resulted in widespread deformation in N India and central & S Tibet Best natural laboratory to study continental rheology and dynamics Objective Understand the continental deformation processes taking place in the Himalaya Continent-Continent Collision Roger Bilham 2005 Seismic Hazard
5 Seismic Hazard Assessment Seismicity & Active Faulting Objective Understand the continental deformation processes taking place in the Himalaya Continent-Continent Collision Roger Bilham 2005 Seismic Wave Propagation Seismic Hazard Velocity Structure
6 Seismological Study of the North-Western and North-Eastern Indian Himalaya NW Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir) Sikkim Himalaya Eastern Himalaya (NE India)
7 Seismological Study of the North-Western and North-Eastern Indian Himalaya 1. Seismic Data Source: a. Data acquired in the past 10 years (KP and SM) b. Data from 15 additional (field) deployments - 5 NE Himalaya (Sikkim & West Bengal) - 10 NW Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir) 2. Data Analysis: a. Receiver Function analysis b. Surface wave dispersion studies c. 3-D wave-speed modeling d. Attenuation studies e. Earthquake relocation f. Earthquake mechanism and Source parameters Structure Wave Propagation Source
8 Progress and Outcome (against the objectives) 1. Seismic Data Source: a. Data acquired in the past 10 years (KP and SM) b. Data from 15 additional (field) deployments - 5 NE Himalaya (Sikkim & West Bengal) - 10 NW Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir) 2. Data Analysis: a. Receiver Function analysis b. Surface wave dispersion studies c. 3-D wave-speed modeling d. Attenuation studies e. Earthquake relocation f. Earthquake mechanism and Source parameters
9 Seismic Data Source a. Broadband Seismological Experiments ( ) Funded by Cambridge University CU IITKGP/IISER-K
10 Seismic Data Source b1. Sikkim Himalaya Deployment YUMT MANG RABN GTOK 5 broadband stations deployed YUMT- Yumthang MANG Mangan GTOK - Gangtok RABN Rabangla NAMC - Namchi NAMC
11 Seismic Data Source b2. Jammu & Kashmir Deployment 10 broadband stations deployed 5 under construction
12 Progress and Outcome (against the objectives) 1. Seismic Data Source: a. Data acquired in the past 10 years (KP and SM) b. Data from 15 additional (field) deployments - 5 NE Himalaya (Sikkim & West Bengal) - 10 NW Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir) 2. Data Analysis: a. Receiver Function analysis b. Surface wave dispersion studies c. 3-D wave-speed modeling d. Attenuation studies e. Earthquake relocation f. Earthquake mechanism and Source parameters Structure Wave Propagation Source
13 Sikkim Himalaya: Receiver Function Profile
14 Joint Inversion of Receiver Functions & Surface Wave Dispersion
15 Earthquake Source Studies 2011 Sikkim Earthquake and its Aftershocks Source Mechanism of the mainshock using global body waves (P & SH) Relocate aftershocks (local phases) 1-D path attenuation using aftershock coda waves Source Parameters of aftershocks using S-waves Focal Mechanism of aftershocks using (local) waveform inversion
16 Source Mechanism (Moment Tensor Inversion of P and SH-waveforms) P-waveform fit Source Time Function SH-waveform fit
17 Relocation of Aftershocks
18 Attenuation using coda-q measurements 1-D path average Q 0 and η
19 2-D Q 0 Map
20 2-D Q 0 Map
21 Source Parameters: S-wave spectrum Ώ 0 = 1.93E-05 m-s f 0 = 2.74 Hz M 0 = 2.328E+15 N-m M w = 4.2 Fault Radius = 486 m Stress Drop = 88 Bars
22 Source Mechanism: local waveform data
23 Source Mechanism using (local) waveform inversion
24 Source Mechanism: Sikkim Earthquake and Aftershocks
25 Work Progress/Completion Chart Sikkim Himalaya Data & Analysis Sub-heads Status % complete Data Source Station Deployment 5 stations 100% Structure Receiver Functions Ongoing 70% Surface wave Dispersion Complete 100% Joint Inversion Ongoing 50% Wave Propagation Attenuation Studies Completed 100% Source Earthquake (Re)Location Completed 100% Source Mechanism Ongoing 60% Source Parameters Completed 100%
26 Shillong Plateau Uplift: Receiver Function imaging of NE India
27 Receiver Function Profiles
28 Joint Inversion of Receiver Functions & Surface Wave Dispersion
29 Earthquake Source Studies
30 Work Progress/Completion Chart North-Eastern India Data & Analysis Sub-heads Status % complete Data Source Station Deployment Earlier data -- Structure Receiver Functions Complete 100% Surface wave Dispersion Complete 100% Joint Inversion Ongoing 80% Wave Propagation Attenuation Studies Ongoing 30% Source Earthquake (Re)Location Ongoing 60% Source Mechanism Ongoing 30% Source Parameters Ongoing 50%
31 NW Himalaya Aftershocks (mb >5.5) of the 2005 Muzzafarabad Earthquake Source Studies
32 NW Himalaya Source Studies 2013 Kashmir Earthquake (m b 5.7)
33 Source Mechanism (Moment Tensor Inversion of P and SH-waveforms)
34 Source Mechanism of the 2013 Kashmir Earthquake S. Mitra, S. Wanchoo & K. Priestley submitted to Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
35 Work Progress/Completion Chart North-Western Himalaya Data & Analysis Sub-heads Status % complete Data Source Station Deployment 10 stations* 100% Structure Receiver Functions To start -- Surface wave Dispersion Complete 100% Joint Inversion To start -- Wave Propagation Attenuation Studies To start -- Source Earthquake (Re)Location Ongoing 20% Source Mechanism Ongoing 30% Source Parameters Ongoing 20% * Planned 5 more given the complexity of the region
36 Project Outreach Lectures delivered on Earthquake Awareness and Hazard at: 1. GB Pant Institute of Himlayan Environment and Development, Gangtok, Sikkim. 2. Viswa-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal. 3. Sri Mata Vaishno Devi University Katra, Jammu & Kashmir. Planned: 1. University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Jammu & Kashmir. 2. North-East India. No. of exchanges under the project (including academic staff and students) No. of joint publications / research papers Media mention / Press release Workshops organised (please include details like no of participants/key people/key speakers and way forward from the workshop) Three (completed) 2 India to UK & 1 UK to India. Four (planned) 2 India to UK & 2 UK to India. One referred paper (under review BSSA) Two conference abstracts (AGU 2012, 13) None One planned to be organized in Jammu & Kashmir in early 2014.
37 Future Activities Planned Deployment of 5-10 (additional) seismic stations in - Jammu and Kashmir Data Analysis on - Source of Earthquakes (NE Himalaya) - Velocity Structure (NW Himalaya) - Attenuation Structure (NE and NW Himalaya) Workshop/Lecture on Earthquake Awareness & Seismic Hazard - Jammu and Kashmir - NE India
38 Dissemination to a wider audience (Earthquake Engineers) Location, size & geometry of Active Faults + Quality Factor (Q) of the crust and its frequency dependence Seismic Hazard Assessment
39 Sustainability of the project (after the UKIERI funding) 3 NW Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir) 1-D Structure Source 2 Sikkim Himalaya 1 Eastern Himalaya (NE India) Structure Source Another 2-3 years of Funding to Study the Kashmir Himalaya
40 We Thank UKIERI for funding our project Supriyo Mitra Keith Priestley
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