PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC

Transcription

1 1. The block diagram below represents two parallel mountain ranges. Which two geologic processes most likely created this landscape region? A) volcanism, followed by metamorphism B) faulting, followed by deposition C) folding, followed by erosion D) glaciation, followed by rifting 2. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. According to the cross section, every 1 million years, the ocean floor bedrock moves approximately A) 20 km toward the Mid-Atlantic Ridge B) 20 km away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge C) 40 km toward the Mid-Atlantic Ridge D) 40 km away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2 3. The sequence of block diagrams below shows stages of development of a landscape. The stages are labeled A, B, and C. Which sequence of geologic processes best describes the events that created each stage shown? A) erosion subsidence and deposition uplift and faulting B) uplift and deposition flooding folding and erosion C) metamorphism erosion and deposition volcanic eruptions D) uplift and erosion subsidence and erosion folding 4. The geologic cross section below shows bedrock layers A through D. Line XY is a fault. 5. The cross section below shows a portion of Earth's crust. The fault most likely occurred after A) all bedrock layers were formed B) layer C formed, but before layer D formed C) layer A formed, but before layer B formed D) layer B formed, but before layer C formed Which observation provides the most direct evidence that crustal plate collision has occurred near this region? A) alternating layers of shale and limestone bedrock B) absence of an igneous intrusive rock C) different thicknesses of the sedimentary layers D) folding of the sedimentary layers

3 6. The photograph below shows deformed rock structure found on Earth's surface. Deformed rock structure like this is most often caused by A) crustal plate collisions B) deposition of sediments C) extrusion of magma D) glacial movement 7. The cross sections of crust below represent two regions of sedimentary rock layers that have been altered. 8. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. The sedimentary bedrock in both regions originally formed as A) horizontal layers B) recrystallized layers C) faulted layers D) folded layers Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? A) Sediments were deposited in horizontal layers and later disturbed by crustal activity. B) Sediments were deposited on an uneven curving seafloor. C) Sediments were deposited after widespread volcanic eruptions. D) Sediments were deposited between two diverging oceanic plates.

4 9. What is the relative age of a fault that cuts across many rock layers? A) The fault is younger than all the layers it cuts across. B) The fault is older than all the layers it cuts across. C) The fault is the same age as the top layer it cuts across. D) The fault is the same age as the bottom layer it cuts across. 10. The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. 11. The diagram below represents a section of the Earth's bedrock. The arrows show the direction of forces that are gradually compressing this section. Which diagram represents the most probable result of these forces? A) B) Which past activity in this region is suggested by the shape of these sedimentary rock layers? A) widespread volcanic activity B) horizontal sorting C) glacial deposition D) crustal movements C) D) 12. A sandstone layer is tilted at a steep angle. What probably caused this tilting? A) The sediments that formed this sandstone layer were originally deposited at a steep angle. B) This sandstone layer has changed position due to crustal movement C) This sandstone layer has recrystallized due to contact metamorphism. D) Nearly all sandstone layers are formed from wind deposited sands.

5 13. The diagrams below show cross sections of exposed bedrock. Which cross section shows the least evidence of crustal movement? A) B) C) D) 14. The diagram below represents bedrock layers found in an outcrop. Three index fossils are found within the bedrock layers. 15. The Himalaya Mountains are located along a portion of the southern boundary of the Eurasian Plate. At the top of Mt. Everest (29,028 feet) in the Himalaya Mountains, climbers have found fossilized marine shells in the surface bedrock. From this observation, which statement is the best inference about the origin of the Himalaya Mountains? A) The Himalaya Mountains were formed by volcanic activity. B) Sea level has been lowered more than 29,000 feet since the shells were fossilized. C) The bedrock containing the fossil shells is part of an uplifted seafloor. D) The Himalaya Mountains formed at a divergent plate boundary. Which evidence best suggests that this outcrop has undergone crustal movement? A) The same rock layers appear twice within the outcrop. B) The trilobite fossil is not found in all five layers. C) The sedimentary layers have the same thickness. D) The eurypterid fossil is absent in the middle layer.

6 16. Base your answer to the following question on "the contour map below. Points A, B, C, D, X, and Y are locations on the map. Elevations are expressed in feet. The maximum elevation of Basket Dome is indicated at point X. " Fossils of trilobites and eurypterids found in the rock near the top of Basket Dome provide evidence that this map area has most likely undergone A) metamorphism from crustal plate collision B) uplift from crustal plate movement C) recent flooding from changes in worldwide sea level D) volcanism from seafloor spreading 17. Fossils of organisms that lived in shallow water can be found in horizontal sedimentary rock layers at great ocean depths. This fact is generally interpreted by most Earth scientists as evidence that A) the cold water deep in the ocean kills shallow-water organisms B) sunlight once penetrated to the deepest parts of the ocean C) organisms that live in deep water evolved from species that once lived in shallow water D) sections of the Earth's crust have changed their elevations relative to sea level 18. Evidence of crustal subsidence (sinking) is provided by A) zones of igneous activity at mid-ocean ridges B) heat-flow measurements on coastal plains C) marine fossiis on mountaintops D) shallow-water fossils beneath the deep ocean

7 19. Fossils of marine plants and animals are found in the bedrock of mountains many thousands of feet above sea level. The most likely reason for this observation is that A) the mountains were part of a mid-ocean ridge B) the ocean level has dropped several thousand feet C) forces within the Earth caused uplift D) transported materials were deposited at high elevations 20. Which diagram of crustal movement best shows how older rock layers may be located on top of younger rock layers? A) B) 23. Rock strata containing fossils of shark's teeth are found at an elevation of 5,000 meters. Which process most likely caused the shark's teeth to be located at this elevation? A) crustal subsidence B) ocean floor spreading C) crustal uplift D) continental glaciation 24. The photograph below shows an escarpment (cliff) located in the western United States. The directions for north and south are indicated by arrows. A fault in the sedimentary rocks is shown on the front of the escarpment. C) D) 21. An observer discovers shallow-water marine fossils in rock strata at an elevation of 5,000 meters. What is the best explanation for this observation? A) The level of the ocean was once 5,000 meters higher. B) Violent earthquakes caused crustal subsidence. C) Marine organisms have evolved into land organisms. D) Crustal uplift has occurred in this area. 22. Shallow-water fossils are found in rock layers that are deep beneath the ocean floor. This suggests that A) shallow-water organisms always migrate to the deeper waters to die B) parts of the ocean floor have been uplifted C) parts of the ocean floor have subsided D) the surface water cooled off, killing the organisms The photograph shows that the fault most likely formed A) after the rock layers were deposited, when the north side moved downward B) after the rock layers were deposited, when the north side moved upward C) before the rock layers were deposited, when the south side moved downward D) before the rock layers were deposited, when the south side moved upward

8 25. The diagram below shows land features that have been disrupted by an earthquake. 28. The diagram below shows a portion of the Earth's crust. Which type of crustal movement most likely caused the displacement of features in this area? A) vertical lifting of surface rock B) folding of surface rock C) down-warping of the crust D) movement along a transform fault 26. The diagram below shows the bedrock structure beneath a series of hills. The movements indicated by the arrows represent the process of A) volcanism B) metamorphism C) folding D) faulting 29. The block diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a mountain range. Which process was primarily responsible for forming the hills? A) folding B) faulting C) deposition D) vulcanism 27. Which observed feature would provide the best evidence of crustal stability? A) horizontal sedimentary layers B) changed benchmark elevations C) folded, faulted, and tilted rock strata D) marine fossils at elevations high above sea level What action most likely formed this mountain range? A) contact metamorphism B) glacial erosion C) volcanic eruptions D) earthquake faulting 30. Which diagram of rock layers represents the best evidence of crustal movement? A) B) C) D)

9 31. The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. 34. The landscape shown in the diagram below is an area of frequent earthquakes. What do these tilted rock layers suggest? A) This area has remained fairly stable since the sediments were deposited. B) The sediments were deposited at steep angles and then became rock. C) Metamorphism followed the deposition of the sediments. D) Crustal movement occurred sometime after the sediments were deposited. 32. Which statement about the Earth's crust in California is best supported by the many faults found in the crust? A) The crust has moved in the geologic past. B) The crust has been inactive throughout the geologic past. C) New faults will probably not develop in the crust. D) An earthquake epicenter has not been located in the crust. 33. Which event provides direct evidence of crustal movement? A) the erosion of the outside of a river curve B) the deposition of sediments in the ocean C) the displacement of rock strata during an earthquake D) the weathering of rock to form a residual soil This landscape provides evidence for A) converging convection cells within the rocks of the mantle B) density differences in the rocks of the mantle C) movement and displacement of the rocks of the crust D) differential erosion of hard and soft rocks of the crust

10 Base your answers to questions 35 through 37 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Island Arcs Island arcs are long, curved chains of oceanic islands associated with seismic activity and mountain-building processes at certain plate boundaries. They occur where oceanic tectonic plates collide. Along one side of these island arcs, there is usually a long, narrow deep-sea trench. At island arcs, the denser plate is subducted and is forced into the partially molten mantle under the less dense plate. The islands are composed of the extrusive igneous rocks basalt and andesite. The basalt originates most likely from the plastic mantle. The andesite originates most likely from the melting of parts of the descending plate and sediments that had accumulated on its surface. 35. Which list identifies minerals present in andesite from the greatest percentage by volume to the least percentage by volume? A) biotite, plagioclase feldspar, amphibole B) biotite, amphibole, plagioclase feldspar C) plagioclase feldspar, biotite, amphibole D) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, biotite 36. Most of the basalt that forms island arcs comes from the A) crust B) rigid mantle C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle 37. An island arc is found along the A) East Pacific Ridge B) Iceland Hot Spot C) Aleutian Trench D) Peru-Chile Trench 38. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is found between the South American Plate and the Scotia Plate? A) transform B) convergent C) divergent D) complex or uncertain 39. The convection currents responsible for moving tectonic plates occur in which Earth layer? A) crust B) rigid mantle C) stiffer mantle D) asthenosphere

11 40. Which block diagram represents the plate motion that causes the earthquakes that occur along the San Andreas Fault in California? A) B) C) D) 41. Which tectonic feature is associated with a complex or uncertain plate boundary? A) Southwest Indian Ridge B) East African Rift C) Mariana Trench D) Galapagos Hot Spot

12 Base your answers to questions 42 through 44 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes geologic studies of the Moon. The diagram represents the Moon's surface and interior, showing the inferred depth of each layer below the Moon's surface. Moon Studies Scientific instruments left on the Moon's surface recorded 12,558 moonquakes in eight years. Most of these moonquakes originated between 700 km and 1200 km below the Moon's surface. Scientists infer that most moonquakes are caused by the gravitational forces between the Moon, Earth, and the Sun. 42. Which planet has an average density most similar to the average density of the Moon? A) Mercury B) Mars C) Jupiter D) Neptune 43. What is the inferred thickness of the Moon's mantle? A) 60 km B) 638 km C) 1040 km D) 1738 km 44. The same type of evidence was used to find the inferred depths of both the Moon's interior layers and Earth's interior layers. What evidence was used to determine the inferred depth of the boundary between the Moon's mantle and core? A) seismic data recorded on the Moon's surface B) magnetic data measured on the Moon's surface C) convection currents mapped in the Moon's mantle and core D) temperatures measured in the Moon's mantle and core

13 45. On the map below, points A through D represent locations on Earth's surface. Which location is positioned over a mantle hot spot? A) A B) B C) C D) D 46. Rifting of tectonic plates in eastern North America during the Jurassic Period was responsible for the A) formation of the Catskill delta B) flrst uplift of the Adirondack Mountains C) Alleghenian orogeny D) opening of the Atlantic Ocean 47. Which event followed a massive volcanic eruption and led to the cooling of global temperatures? A) thunderstorms that developed near the eruption B) the release of carbon dioxide and methane gases C) the outflow of magma over Earth's surface D) the addition of ash particles into the atmosphere 48. The map below shows California and a section of the San Andreas Fault. What is the primary geologic process occurring along the San Andreas Fault? A) transform movement B) spreading movement C) subduction D) convergence

14 Base your answers to questions 49 through 51 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the locations of the Mt. Redoubt volcano and Anchorage, Alaska. Mt. Redoubt Volcano In Anchorage, Alaska, scientists are monitoring sensors located on nearby Mt. Redoubt. The sensors measure seismic activity at the top of the volcano. No one lives near the volcano itself, so there is no danger to humans from lava flows, but ash can be dangerous when breathed in, and can damage airplanes and automobiles if the ash is drawn into their engines. When Mt. Redoubt erupted in 1989, a huge ash cloud reached an approximate height of 7.6 miles above sea level, and spread ash across Alaska for five months. The ash was composed largely of silica, which cooled rapidly as the ash rose into the atmosphere. In March 2009, Mt. Redoubt erupted again. 49. How did the huge ash cloud that covered Alaska in 1989 affect the amount of insolation reaching Earth s surface and the air temperatures near Earth s surface? A) Insolation decreased and temperatures increased. B) Insolation increased and temperatures decreased. C) Both insolation and temperatures increased. D) Both insolation and temperatures decreased. 50. The height of the ash cloud from the 1989 eruption reached an altitude in Earth s atmosphere located A) between sea level and the lower troposphere B) between the troposphere and the stratosphere C) in the middle of the stratosphere D) in the middle of the mesosphere

15 A) Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate B) Eurasian Plate and North American Plate C) North American Plate and Pacific Plate D) Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 51. Mt. Redoubt's seismic activity is due to the interaction of which two tectonic plates? 52. The formation of the Canary Islands was primarily caused by their location near a A) subduction zone B) mantle hot spot C) divergent boundary D) transform fault Base your answers to questions 53 and 54 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the coast of the northwestern United States. The Explorer and Gorda ridges and plates are parts of the Juan de Fuca tectonic system. 53. The Explorer Ridge is the boundary between the Explorer Plate and the A) North American Plate B) Pacific Plate C) Juan de Fuca Plate D) Gorda Plate

16 A) B) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 54. The arrow on which map best shows the direction of movement of the Juan de Fuca Plate in relation to the Juan de Fuca Ridge? C) D) 55. The Aleutian Islands extend westward from southern Alaska to form the northern boundary of the Pacific Ocean. These volcanic islands were formed by the nearby A) subduction of a continental plate B) subduction of an oceanic plate C) divergence of a continental plate D) divergence of an oceanic plate 56. Earth's internal heat is the primary source of energy that A) warms the lower troposphere B) melts glacial ice at lower altitudes C) moves the lithospheric plates D) pollutes deep groundwater with radioactivity

17 Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the block diagram below, which shows a tectonic plate boundary. 57. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) more dense and more mafic B) more dense and more felsic C) less dense and more mafic D) less dense and more felsic 58. Which tectonic plate boundary is best represented by this diagram? A) Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate boundary B) Scotia Plate and South American Plate boundary C) Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate boundary D) Antarctic Plate and Indian-Australian Plate boundary

18 59. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows sections of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Shipwreck In 1641, the crew of the ship Concepcion used the Sun and stars for navigation. The crew thought that the ship was just north of Puerto Rico, but ocean currents had carried them off course. The ship hit a coral reef and sank off the coast of the Dominican Republic. The Xon the map marks the location of the sunken ship. On which tectonic plate is Puerto Rico located? A) North American Plate B) South American Plate C) Caribbean Plate D) Cocos Plate

19 A) B) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 60. Which cross section best represents the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Peru-Chile Trench? C) D) 61. Which surface feature was produced by crustal movements at a transform plate boundary? A) East African Rift B) Aleutian Trench C) Tasman Hot Spot D) San Andreas Fault

20 62. Which world map shows the locations where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur on Earth?

21 A) B) C) D)

22 63. The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which type of plate boundary is shown? A) divergent B) convergent C) transform D) complex 64. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the boundary between two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continental lithosphere. The depth below Earth's surface is labeled in kilometers. Between which two lithospheric plates could this boundary be located? A) South American Plate and African Plate B) Scotia Plate and Antarctic Plate C) Nazca Plate and South American Plate D) African Plate and Arabian Plate

23 A) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 65. Which block diagram best represents the relative direction of plate motion at the San Andreas Fault? B) C) D) 66. The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the A) convergence of the Pacific and Philippine Plates B) divergence of the Eurasian and Philippine Plates C) sliding of the Pacific Plate past the North American Plate D) movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii Hot Spot 67. At which plate boundary is one lithospheric plate sliding under another? A) Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate B) Pacific Plate and Indian-Australian Plate C) Indian-Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate D) Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate 68. When two tectonic plates collide, oceanic crust usually subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic crust is primarily composed of igneous rock that has A) low density and is mafic B) low density and is felsic C) high density and is mafic D) high density and is felsic

24 69. Active volcanoes are most abundant along the A) edges of tectonic plates B) eastern coastline of continents C) 23.5 N and 23.5 S parallels of latitude D) equatorial ocean floor 70. The map below shows the northern section of the boundary between the Arabian Plate and the African Plate. Arrows show the relative direction of plate motion. 72. The movement of tectonic plates is inferred by many scientists to be driven by A) tidal motions in the hydrosphere B) density differences in the troposphere C) convection currents in the asthenosphere D) solidification in the lithosphere Which type of plate boundary is located at the Jordan Fault? A) divergent B) subduction C) convergent D) transform 71. The edges of most lithospheric plates are characterized by A) reversed magnetic orientation B) unusually rapid radioactive decay C) frequent volcanic activity D) low P-wave and high S-wave velocity

25 Base your answers to questions 73 and 74 on "the map below, which shows the risk of damage from seismic activity in the United States. 73. Which New York State location has the greatest risk of earthquake damage? A) Binghamton B) Buffalo C) Plattsburgh D) Elmira 74. In the United States, most of the major damage expected from a future earthquake is predicted to occur near a A) divergent plate boundary, only B) convergent plate boundary, only C) mid-ocean ridge and a divergent plate boundary D) transform plate boundary and a hot spot "

26 75. Arrows in the block diagram below show the relative movement along a tectonic plate boundary. Between which two tectonic plates does this type of plate boundary exist? A) Nazca Plate and South American Plate B) Eurasian Plate and Indian-Australian Plate C) North American Plate and Eurasian Plate D) Pacific Plate and North American Plate 76. Which coastal area is most likely to experience a severe earthquake? A) east coast of North America B) east coast of Australia C) west coast of Africa D) west coast of South America 77. According to tectonic plate maps, New York State is presently located A) at a convergent plate boundary B) above a mantle hot spot C) above a mid-ocean ridge D) near the center of a large plate

27 Base your answers to questions 78 through 80 on "the information, map, and cross section below. The map represents a portion of Earth's surface in the Pacific Ocean. The positions of islands, earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and the Tonga Trench are shown. Lines of latitude and longitude have been included. The cross section shows earthquakes that occurred beneath line XY on the map. Depth beneath Earths surface is indicated by the scale along the left side of the cross section, as are the range of depths for shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. Distance from the trench is indicated by the scale along the bottom of the cross section. " 78. Which cross section has arrows that best represent the relative motion of the crustal plates along the Wadati-Benioff zone beneath the Tonga Trench? A) B) C) D) 79. The greatest number of earthquakes shown in the cross section occurred A) at sea level B) between sea level and a depth of 100 km C) at a depth between 100 and 300 km D) at a depth between 300 and 600 km

28 80. The Tonga Trench is located at the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the A) Antarctic Plate B) Philippine Plate C) Indian-Australian Plate D) Nazca Plate 81. The diagram below shows the interaction of two tectonic plates. The type of plate boundary represented in the diagram most likely exists between the A) Antarctic Plate and the African Plate B) Antarctic Plate and the Indian-Australian Plate C) South American Plate and the Nazca Plate D) South American Plate and the African Plate

29 82. The diagrams below show four major types of fault motion occurring in Earth's crust. Which type of fault motion best matches the general pattern of crustal movement at California's San Andreas fault? A) B) C)

30 D) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC

31 83. On the map below, line AB is drawn across several of Earth's tectonic plates in the South Atlantic Ocean. Which cross section best represents the plate boundaries and mantle movement beneath line AB? A) B) C) D)

32 84. The diagram below shows some features of Earth's crust and upper mantle. Which model most accurately shows the movements (arrows) associated with the surface features shown in the diagram?

33 A) B) C) D)

34 85. Base your answer to the following question on "the diagram below, which shows a portion of Earth's interior. Point A is a location on the interface between layers. 86. The block diagram below shows the bedrock age as measured by radioactive dating and the present location of part of the Hawaiian Island chain. These volcanic islands may have formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a mantle hot spot. " The arrows shown in the asthenosphere represent the inferred slow circulation of the plastic mantle by a process called A) insolation B) convection C) conduction D) radiation This diagram provides evidence that the Pacific Crustal Plate was moving toward the A) south B) east C) southwest D) northwest

35 Base your answers to questions 87 through 89 on the map below, which shows the location of the Peru-Chile Trench. 87. Which observation provides the best evidence of the pattern of crustal movement at the Peru-Chile Trench? A) the direction of flow of warm ocean currents B) the mineral composition of samples of mafic mantle rock C) comparison of the rates of sediment deposition D) the locations of shallow-focus and deepfocus earthquakes 88. In which diagram do the arrows best represent the motions of Earth's crust at the Peru-Chile Trench? A) B) C) D) 89. The Peru-Chile Trench marks the boundary between the A) Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate B) Nazca Plate and the South American Plate C) North American Plate and the Cocos Plate D) Caribbean Plate and the Scotia Plate

36 Base your answers to questions 90 through 93 on the map below which shows part of the earthquake damage field that resulted from the earthquake that occurred in Northridge, in southern California, in January Several sites associated with the earthquake and earthquake damage are shown. 90. This earthquake provides evidence for the existence of A) Earth s solid outer core B) convection cells in Earth s outer core C) faulting of bedrock at Northridge D) magnetic field reversals at Northridge 91. The greatest surface damage occurred in zone IX because A) the regional seismograph stations were closest to zone IX B) of local conditions at zone IX C) zone IX was reached first by earthquake waves D) zone IX was at the epicenter of the earthquake 92. Which surface location had the least damage? A) R B) B C) E D) F 93. Which crustal plate boundary is most closely associated with this earthquake? A) Cocos Plate Pacific Plate B) Cocos Plate Nazca Plate C) North American Plate Nazca Plate D) North American Plate Pacific Plate

37 94. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. Letters A through F are locations on Earth s surface. Which location is closest to a divergent plate boundary at an oceanic ridge? A) A B) B C) C D) E 95. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows a portion of Earth s crust and upper mantle near a mid-ocean ridge. The geological features of the ocean floor in this region resulted from A) colliding plates in the lithosphere B) sinking iron and magnesium in the lithosphere C) cooler temperatures in the mantle D) rising convection currents in the mantle

38 96. According to the plate tectonics theory, the Peru-Chile Trench and the Andes Mountains formed along the west coast of South America because the South American Plate A) collided with the Nazca Plate B) collided with the North American Plate C) slid away from the Nazca Plate D) slid away from the North American Plate 97. The country of Iceland would be closest to the A) Mid-Atlantic Ridge B) Mid-Indian Ridge C) South-East Indian Ridge D) East Pacific Ridge 98. What type of plate boundary exists between the African Plate and the Antartic Plate? A) convergent B) transform C) divergent D) complex 99. Which of the following is located at a converging plate boundary? A) Southwest Indian Ridge B) Iceland Hotspot C) Marianas Trench D) Sandwich Plate 100. On which plate is the Hawaii Hot Spot located? A) South American B) Antarctic C) Nazca D) Pacific PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC

39 Base your answers to questions 101 and 102 on the map below. Dots on the map show the distribution of major earthquake epicenters. The shaded circle labeled A represents a location on Earth's surface Location A is best described as an area that is A) within a rift valley at a mid-ocean ridge B) at the boundary between two diverging plates C) within a deep-sea trench between two converging plates D) above a mantle hot spot near the center of a crustal plate 102. Which conclusion can best be inferred from the data shown on this map? A) Earthquakes generally are evenly distributed over the surface of Earth. B) Most earthquakes occur west of the Prime Meridian and north of the Equator. C) Most earthquakes are concentrated in zones along plate boundaries. D) Most earthquakes occur on continents At the Aleutian Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench, tectonic plates are generally A) moving along a transform boundary B) moving over a mantle hot spot C) diverging D) converging

40 104. The cross section below shows the location of earthquakes near a plate boundary Which diagram best shows the type of plate boundary found between the China Plate and the Philippine Plate? A) B) This distribution of earthquakes near the plate boundary is most likely caused by A) a transform fault B) a mantle hot spot C) subduction of a crustal plate D) divergence of crustal plates C) D) 106. Letters A through D shown on the map below are locations on Earth's surface. Which location is closest to a major zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activities? A) A B) B C) C D) D

41 107. Letters A through D shown on the map below are locations on Earth's surface. PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC Which location is closest to a major zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activities? A) A B) B C) C D) D 108. Locations A, B, C, and D are shown on the map below. Which location is closest to a tectonic plate boundary? A) A B) B C) C D) D

42 109. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross sections below, which represent bedrock from different areas on Earth. All the cross sections most likely represent areas of A) crustal stability B) mountain building C) seashore erosion D) plateau development

43 Base your answers to questions 110 and 111 on the map below which shows mid-ocean ridges and trenches in the Pacific Ocean. Specific areas A, B. C, and D are indicated by shaded rectangles Which map best shows the direction of movement of the oceanic crustal plates in the vicinity of the East Pacific Rise (ridge)? A) B) C) D)

44 111. The crust at the mid-ocean ridges is composed mainly of A) granite B) shale C) basalt D) limestone 112. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The map represents the movement of tectonic plates that resulted in the collision of India with Asia. Scientists believe that 71 million years ago, India was at position A Which features are commonly formed at the plate boundaries where continental crust converges with oceanic crust? A) large volcanic mountain ranges parallel to the coast at the center of the continents B) a deep ocean trench and a continental volcanic mountain range near the coast C) an underwater volcanic mountain range and rift valley on the ocean ridge near the coast D) long chains of mid-ocean volcanic islands perpendicular to the coast 114. The diagram below shows the collision of an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Which present-day geologic feature in Nepal resulted from this collision? A) a rift valley B) a mountain range C) an oceanic ridge D) an oceanic trench Collisions between oceanic plates and continental plates are thought to result primarily from A) hot liquid magma in the inner core B) convection currents in the mantle C) volcanic eruptions along coastlines D) meteor impacts in the ocean basins 115. Contact zones between tectonic plates may produce trenches. One of these trenches is located at the boundary between which plates? A) Australian and Pacific B) South American and African C) Australian and Antarctic D) North American and Eurasian

45 116. The map below shows continental and oceanic crustal plates along the west coast of North America Base your answer to the following question on the information and the cross section below. The cross section represents a possible model of the Moon's interior. Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts have provided enough data to develop a model of the Moon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moon has a layered interior and that its crustal thickness varies greatly from one side of the Moon to the other. Which conclusion is best supported by the map? A) The boundary of the Pacific plate has very few faults. B) The Pacific plate has stopped moving. C) The west coast of North America is composed of the oldest rocks on the continent. D) The west coast of North America is a zone of frequent crustal movement. Which inference is best supported by the Moon's apparent absence of continental drift? A) The Moon's crust is very thin. B) The Moon has a low-density core. C) The Moon's mountain ranges are rapidly weathering. D) The Moon lacks convection currents in its mantle.

46 118. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows a coastal area with a mountain range and a portion of the ocean floor. A turbidity current through a submarine canyon has formed a fan-shaped sediment deposit on the ocean floor The diagram below represents a cross section of the Earth's crust at a location where an oceanic plate is converging (colliding) with a continental plate. The arrows indicate the direction of plate motion. Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the Earth. In which region of the ocean is the submarine canyon located? A) tidal zone B) continental margin C) deep ocean basin D) mid-ocean ridge 119. Hot springs on the ocean floor near the midocean ridges provide evidence that A) convection currents exist in the asthenosphere B) meteor craters are found beneath the oceans C) climate change has melted huge glaciers D) marine fossils have been uplifted to high elevations 120. What do mid-ocean ridges and hot spots beneath ocean plates have in common? A) Rising magma moves due to density differences B) They are located along crustal plate boundaries C) Local earthquakes originate at great depths D) Neither is associated with plate motions 121. Where does most present-day faulting of rock occur? A) in regions of glacial activity B) in the interior areas of continents C) at locations with many lakes D) at interfaces between moving parts of the crust For an observer on the Earth's surface, the best evidence of this crustal plate collision would probably be provided by A) seafloor fossils at location W B) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near location X C) flooding near location Y D) horizontal sedimentary layers at location Z 123. Crustal disturbances such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are best described as A) events that are cyclic and predictable B) events that are usually related and cannot be predicted with accuracy C) unrelated events that follow no pattern D) phenomena seldom found in the same regions 124. Which two features are commonly found at divergent plate boundaries? A) mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys B) wide valleys and deltas C) ocean trenches and subduction zones D) hot spots and island arcs 125. Recent volcanic activity in different parts of the world supports the inference that volcanoes are located mainly in A) the centers of landscape regions B) the central regions of the continents C) zones of crustal activity D) zones in late stages of erosion

47 126. Which best describes a major characteristic of both volcanoes and earthquakes? A) They are centered at the poles. B) They are located in the same geographic areas. C) They are related to the formation of glaciers. D) They are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere Where are earthquakes most likely to take place? PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC A) along the core-mantle interface B) where the composition of the Earth tends to be uniform C) near the Earth's Equator D) near a fault zone 128. Which geologic feature is composed of the youngest crustal bedrock? A) Peru-Chile Trench B) Mid-Atlantic Ridge C) Adirondack Mountains D) San Andreas Fault 129. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C) Indian-Australian Plate and the Antarctic Plate D) South American Plate and the North American Plate 130. Oceanic crust is sliding beneath the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, forming the Aleutian Trench at a A) convergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate B) convergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate C) divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate D) divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate

48 131. The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic ridge? A) B) C) D)

49 Base your answers to questions 132 through 134 on the passage below. PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC Crustal Activity at Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are found at one type of tectonic plate boundary. These ridges consist of extensive underwater mountain ranges split by rift valleys. The rift valleys mark places where two crustal plates are pulling apart, widening the ocean basins, and allowing magma from the asthenosphere to move upward. In some cases, mid-ocean ridges have migrated toward nearby mantle hot spots. This explains why mid-ocean ridges and mantle hot spots are found together at several locations The map below shows a part of Earth s surface. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor. At which location is the temperature of the ocean floor bedrock most likely highest? A) A B) B C) C D) D 133. Which mantle hot spot is located closest to a mid-ocean ridge? A) Canary Islands B) Easter Island C) Hawaii D) Tasman 134. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is located at mid-ocean ridges? A) convergent B) transform C) divergent D) complex

50 135. The diagram below shows the magnetic polarity preserved by minerals within the bedrock of the oceanic crust near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations in the ocean-floor bedrock. The most recently formed bedrock is found at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 136. The map below shows a portion of Earth's surface. Points X and Y are locations on the lithosphere. Which cross section shows the inferred movement of material in the asthenosphere beneath points X and Y? A) B) C) D)

51 Base your answers to questions 137 through 139 on " the map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shown below. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor. Line XY connects locations in North America and Africa. " 137. The boundary between which two tectonic plates is most similar geologically to the plate boundary at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? A) Eurasian and Indian-Australian B) Cocos and Caribbean C) Pacific and Nazca D) Nazca and South American 138. Samples of ocean-floor bedrock were collected at points A, B, C, and D. Which sequence show the correct order of the age of the bedrock from from oldest to youngest? A) D C B A B) A D B C C) C B D A D) A B D C

52 A) B) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 139. In which cross section do the arrows best show the convection occurring within the asthenosphere beneath line XY? C) D) 140. Which observation about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge region provides the best evidence that the seafloor has been spreading for millions of years? A) The bedrock of the ridge and nearby seafloor is igneous rock. B) The ridge is the location of irregular volcanic eruptions. C) Several faults cut across the ridge and nearby seafloor. D) Seafloor bedrock is younger near the ridge and older farther away Which two tectonic plates are separated by a mid-ocean ridge? A) Indian-Australian and Eurasian B) Indian-Australian and Pacific C) North American and South American D) North American and Eurasian 142. In which Earth layer are most convection currents that cause seafloor spreading thought to be located? A) crust B) asthenosphere C) outer core D) inner core 143. Convection currents in the plastic mantle are believed to cause divergence of lithospheric plates at the A) Peru-Chile Trench B) Mariana Trench C) Canary Islands Hot Spot D) Iceland Hot Spot

53 Base your answers to questions 144 through 146 on "the diagram below, which shows details of a section of a rift valley in the center of a mid-ocean ridge. The vertical lines in the diagram represent faults and fractures within the ocean floor bedrock Which type of crustal plate boundary is shown in this diagram? A) divergent B) convergent C) universal D) transform 145. The dark-colored lava flows shown in the diagram were pushed from the magma chamber onto the surface of the ocean floor. Which characteristics are present in thesolid rock that formed when the lava flows cooled? A) generally small grain size and mafic composition B) generally small grain size and felsic composition C) generally large grain size and mafic composition D) generally large grain size and felsic composition "

54 A) Earths magnetic field will reverse direction. B) Continental crust will be forced downward. C) Earths circumference will increase. D) New oceanic crust will form. PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 146. What will be the primary result of the continuation of the geologic processes indicated at this location? 147. The diagram below shows a tectonic plate boundary Which diagram correctly shows how mantle convection currents are most likely moving beneath colliding lithospheric plates? A) B) Which mantle hot spot is at a plate boundary like the one shown in this diagram? A) Hawaii Hot Spot B) Yellowstone Hot Spot C) Galapagos Hot Spot D) Canary Hot Spot C) D)

55 149. Which cross section below best represents the crustal plate motion that is the primary cause of the volcanoes and deep rift valleys found at mid-ocean ridges? PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC A) B) C) D)

56 Base your answers to questions 150 through 152 on "the map below, which shows the location of mid-ocean ridges and the age of some oceanic bedrock near these ridges. Letters A through D are locations on the surface of the ocean floor. " 150. The age of oceanic bedrock on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is supporting evidence that at the ridges, tectonic plates are A) diverging B) converging C) locked in place D) being subducted 151. Rising convection currents in the asthenosphere would most likely be under location A) A B) B C) C D) D 152. What is the most probable age, in millions of years, of the bedrock at location B? A) 5 B) 12 C) 48 D) 62

57 Base your answers to questions 153 and 154 on "the map below. The map shows the continents of Africa and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults. Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor. " 153. Which graph best shows the relative age of the ocean-floor bedrock from location B to location C? A) B) C) D)

58 154. The hottest crustal temperature measurements would most likely be found at location A) A B) B C) C D) D Base your answers to questions 155 through 157 on " the diagram below. The diagram shows a model of the relationship between Earth's surface and its interior. " 155. According to the diagram, the deep trench along the west coast of South America is caused by movement of the oceanic crust that is A) sinking beneath the continental crust B) uplifting over the continental crust C) sinking at the Mid-Atlantic ridge D) colliding with the Atlantic oceanic crust 156. The motion of the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Atlantic Ocean appears to be mainly making this ocean basin A) deeper B) shallower C) wider D) narrower 157. Mid-ocean ridges (rifts) normally form where tectonic plates are A) converging B) diverging C) stationary D) sliding past each other 158. The youngest bedrock is most likely found at which location? A) A B) B C) C D) D

59 159. The map below shows the Atlantic Ocean divided into zones A, B, C, and D. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is located between zones B and C. A) B) Which graph best represents the geologic age of the surface bedrock on the ocean bottom? C) D)

60 Base your answers to questions 160 and 161 on "the map below which shows the locations of deep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the diverging plate at the East Pacific Ridge is shown by a dashed line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge. " 160. At point A, the East Pacific Ridge is the boundary between the A) Cocos Plate and the North American Plate B) South American Plate and the Nazca Plate C) Pacific Plate and the South American Plate D) Pacific Plate and the Nazca Plate 161. At which drilling site would the oldest igneous bedrock most likely be found? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Base your answers to questions 162 and 163 on the cross section of two crustal plates and the boundary between them shown below. The arrows indicate the direction of rock movement Which geologic events occur most often at this mid-oceanic ridge plate boundary? A) magnetic pole reversals and cooling of ocean water B) meteorite impacts and tilting of shorelines C) hydrospheric pollution and adiabatic heating D) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

61 163. The mid-oceanic ridge portion of this cross section best represents A) convergence of the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate B) divergence of the African Plate and the South American Plate C) subduction of the Philippine Plate by the China Plate D) transform faulting between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate 164. Which cross-sectional diagram of Earth s asthenosphere best shows the convection currents that would cause crustal plate X to drift away from crustal plate Y? A) B) 166. The cross section below shows the ocean floor between two continents. Points A through D represent locations on the ocean floor where samples of oceanic crust were collected. C) D) 165. The diagram below shows a cross section of a portion of Earth. The inferred motions of crustal plates are shown. Letters A through D represent locations at Earth's surface. The youngest rock sample most likely was collected from location A) A B) B C) C D) D Which letter represents the location of the mid-atlantic Ridge? A) A B) B C) C D) D

62 167. Which cross-sectional diagram of a portion of the crust and mantle best shows the pattern of mantle convection currents that are believed to cause the formation of a mid-ocean ridge? A) 168. The diagram below represents a partial cross section of a model of the Earth. The arrows show inferred motions within the Earth. B) C) D) Which property of the oceanic crust in regions F and G is a result of these inferred motions? A) The crystal size of the rock decreases constantly as distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases. B) The temperature of the basaltic rock increases as distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases. C) Heat-flow measurements steadily increase as distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases. D) The age of the igneous rock increases as distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases Which information indicates that new seafloor rock is forming along a mid-ocean ridge and then moving horizontally away from the ridge? A) Most volcanoes are located under ocean water. B) Seafloor rock is older than continental rock. C) Fossils of marine organisms can be found at high elevations on continents D) The age of seafloor rock increases as the distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases.

63 170. The scale below shows the age of the sea-floor crust in relation to its distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC Crust that originally formed at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is now 37 kilometers from the ridge. Approximately how long ago did this crust form? A) 1.8 million years ago B) 2.0 million years ago C) 3.0 million years ago D) 4.5 million years ago Base your answers to questions 171 and 172 on the map and profile shown below. The map shows the major areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations on the ocean floor. The profile represents the ocean bottom from point X in North America along the dashed line to point Y in Africa. Note that the profile is vertically exaggerated Which statement about the age of ocean-floor rocks is correct? A) All ocean-floor rocks are generally the same age. B) Rocks at location C are generally older than rocks at locations A and B. C) Rocks at location C are generally younger than rocks at locations A and B. D) Igneous rocks at location D are generally younger than rocks at location C.

64 172. Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas shown is based on the A) distance from continental landmasses B) topography of the ocean floor C) age of ocean-bottom rocks D) type of ocean-bottom sediments 173. Seafloor spreading is occurring at the boundary between the A) African plate and Antarctic plate B) Nazca plate and South American plate C) China plate and Philippine plate D) Australian plate and Eurasian plate Base your answers to questions 174 through 178 on the diagram below which shows the magnetic orientation of igneous rock on the seafloor on the east (right) side of a mid-ocean ridge. The pattern on the west (left) side of the ridge has been omitted. The age of the igneous rock and its distance from the ridge center are shown As distance from the center of the ridge increases, the age of the rocks A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 175. The occurrence of high-heat floors at the ridge center provides evidence of the A) destruction of oceanic crust B) destruction of continental crust C) existence of ancestral mountains D) existence of rising mantle convection currents 176. Which inference can best be made from the diagram? A) The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has reversed with time. B) The size of the continents has changed with time. C) The elevation of sea level has changed with time. D) The amount of fossil material preserved in the igneous rock has changed with time According to the diagram, what is the approximate rate of seafloor spreading? A) 1 km/million years B) 2 km/million years C) 40 km/million years D) 50 km/million years 178. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge? A) B) C) D)

65 Base your answers to questions 179 and 180 on the diagrams below of geologic cross sections of the upper mantle and crust at four different Earth locations, A, B, C, and D. Movement of the crustal sections (plates) is indicated by arrows, and the locations of frequent earthquakes are indicated by *. Diagrams are not drawn to scale Diagrams I and II show the same region of the Earth's surface at two different times in the geologic past Which diagram represents plate movement associated with transform faults such as those causing California earthquakes? A) A B) B C) C D) D 180. Which location best represents the boundary between the African plate and the South American plate? A) A B) B C) C D) D Which statement best explains the basic cause of the changes that occurred in this region? A) Meteor impact on the crust caused widening of the valley. B) Mantle convection currents caused crustal movement. C) Climate changes caused flooding. D) Temperature changes caused melting of polar ice caps The border between the South American plate and the African plate is best described as A) converging and located at an oceanic ridge B) converging and located at an oceanic trench C) diverging and located at an oceanic ridge D) diverging and located at an oceanic trench

66 183. The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust and mantle. LettersA, B, C, D and X identify locations within the crust. The age of oceanic crust increases along a line between location X and location A) A B) B C) C D) D Base your answers to questions 184 through 188 on the map below, which shows crustal plate boundaries located along the Pacific coastline of the United States. The arrows show the general directions in which some of the plates appear to be moving slowly Which features are most often found at crustal plate boundaries like those shown on the map? A) meandering rivers and warm-water lakes B) plains and plateaus C) geysers and glaciers D) faulted bedrock and volcanoes 186. Geologic studies of the San Andreas fault indicate that A) many earthquakes occur along the San Andreas fault B) the North American plate and the Pacific plate are locked in dynamic equilibrium C) the subduction zone is the boundary at which the crustal plates are drifting apart D) the age of the bedrock increases as distance from the fault increases 187. Which feature is located at 20º North latitude and 109º West longitude? A) San Andreas fault B) East Pacific rise C) Baja California D) Juan de Fuca Ridge 188. What would a study of the East Pacific rise (a mid-ocean ridge) indicate about the age of the basaltic bedrock in this area? A) The bedrock is youngest at the ridge. B) The bedrock is oldest at the ridge. C) The bedrock at the ridge is the same age as the bedrock next to the continent. D) The bedrock at the ridge is the same age as the bedrock at the San Andreas fault The best way to find the direction of crustal movement along the San Andreas fault is to A) study the Earth's present magnetic field B) observe erosion along the continental coastline C) measure gravitational strength on opposite sides of the fault D) match displaced rock types from opposite sides of the fault

67 Base your answers to questions 189 through 192 on the information and diagram below. At intervals in the past, the Earth's magnetic field has reversed. The present North magnetic pole was once the South magnetic pole, and the present South magnetic pole was once the North magnetic pole. A record of these changes is preserved in the igneous rocks that formed at mid-ocean ridges and moved away from the ridges. The diagram below represents the pattern of normal and reversed magnetic polarity in the igneous rocks composing the ocean crust on the east side of a mid-ocean ridge Which diagram below best shows the pattern of normal and reversed polarity on the west side of the mid-ocean ridge? A) B) C) D) 189. The younger extrusive igneous rocks on the ocean floor have a higher heat flow rate than older extrusive igneous rocks. Which graph best shows the relationship between heat flow rate and distance from the mid ocean ridge? A) B) 191. The igneous material along this mid-ocean ridge was found to be younger than the igneous material farther from the ridge. This fact supports the theory of A) crustal subsidence B) seafloor spreading C) superposition D) dynamic equilibrium 192. Approximately how many million years were required to form the material shown between A and B in the diagram? A) 2.5 B) 1.8 C) 1.1 D) 0.7 C) D)

68 Base your answers to questions 193 through 197 on "the diagram below which is a cross section of the major surface features of the Earth along the Tropic of Capricorn (23½º S) between 75º W and 15º E longitude. Letters A through G represent locations on the Earth's crust. " 193. Which diagram shows the most probable direction of movement of the crustal plates and the inferred mantle convection currents under position A? A) B) C) D) 194. A mid-ocean ridge is located near position A) A B) E C) C D) D 195. What is the approximate width of the Atlantic Ocean at this location? A) 1,200 km B) 2,600 km C) 3,500 km D) 4,400 km 196. Which two locations in the diagram have bedrock of approximately the same age, which has been separated by seafloor spreading? A) A and C B) C and E C) D and F D) E and F 197. Which location is closest to the Prime Meridian (0º longitude)? A) A B) F C) G D) D

69 198. The diagram below represents a cross section of the Atlantic Ocean from the eastern coast of South America to the western coast of Africa along the Equator. At what point would evidence of a rising convection current in the mantle most likely be found? A) A B) B C) C D) E 199. The map below shows the current location of New York State in North America. Approximately how many million years ago (mya) was this New York State region located at the equator? A) 59 mya B) 119 mya C) 359 mya D) 458 mya 200. Which landmass is moving northward with Australia as part of the same tectonic plate'? A) India B) Antarctica C) North America D) South America 201. The Indian-Australian tectonic plate is moving A) away from the Philippine Plate B) away from the Fiji Plate C) toward the Pacific Plate D) toward the Antarctic Plate

70 A) PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 202. Which map best indicates the probable locations of continents 100 million years from now if tectonic plate movement continues at its present rate and direction? B) C) D)

71 Base your answers to questions 203 and 204 on "the map below, which shows Earth's Southern Hemisphere and the inferred tectonic movement of the continent of Australia over geologic time. The arrows between the dots show the relative movement of the center of the continent of Australia. The parallels of latitude from 0 to 90 south are labeled. " 203. The geographic position of Australia on Earth's surface has been changing mainly because A) the gravitational force of the Moon has been pulling on Earth's landmasses B) heat energy has been creating convection currents in Earth's interior C) Earth's rotation has spun Australia into different locations D) the tilt of Earth's axis has changed several times 204. During which geologic time interval did Australia most likely have a warm, tropical climate because of its location? A) Cambrian B) Carboniferous C) Late Permian D) Eocene

72 205. Based on the theory of plate tectonics, it is inferred that over the past 250 million years North America has moved toward the A) northwest B) southwest C) southeast D) northeast 206. The large coal fields found in Pennsylvania provide evidence that the climate of the northeastern United States was much warmer during the Carboniferous Period. This change in climate over time is best explained by the PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC A) movements of tectonic plates B) effects of seasons C) changes in the environment caused by humans D) evolution of life 207. Which mountain range resulted from the collision of North America and Africa, as parts of Pangea joined together in the late Pennsylvanian Period? A) Appalachian Mountains B) Acadian Mountains C) Taconic Mountains D) Grenville Mountains 208. The inferred latitude of Pennsylvania 362 million years ago was closest to A) where it is now B) the North Pole C) the Equator D) 45 south 209. According to plate tectonic theory, during which geologic time interval did the continents of North America and Africa separate, resulting in the initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean? A) Mesozoic Era B) Paleozoic Era C) Proterozoic Eon D) Archean Eon 210. During which era did the initial opening of the present-day Atlantic Ocean most likely occur? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Late Proterozoic

73 Base your answers to questions 211 through 213 on the map and data table below. The map shows the locations of volcanic islands and seamounts that erupted on the seafloor of the Pacific Plate as it moved northwest over a stationary mantle hotspot beneath the lithosphere. The hotspot is currently under Kilauea. Island size is not drawn to scale. Locations X, Y and Z are on Earth's surface Which lithospheric plate boundary features are located at Y and Z? A) trenches created by the subduction of the Pacific Plate B) rift valleys created by seafloor spreading of the Pacific Plate C) secondary plates created by volcanic activity within the Pacific Plate D) mid-ocean ridges created by faulting below the Pacific Plate 212. According to the data table, what is the approximate speed at which the island of Kauai has been moving away from the mantle hotspot, in kilometers per million years? A) 1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1, Approximately how far has location X moved from its original location over the hotspot? A) 3,600 km B) 2,500 km C) 1,800 km D) 20 km

74 214. The map below shows the present-day locations of South America and Africa. Remains of Mesosaurus, an extinct freshwater reptile, have been found in similarly aged bedrock formed from lake sediments at locations X and Y Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows seismograph recording stations at locations A, B, and C. Location D is an earthquake epicenter. The distances from locations A and B to this epicenter are given in kilometers. Which statement represents the most logical conclusion to draw from this evidence? A) Mesosaurus migrated across the ocean from location X to location Y. B) Mesosaurus came into existence on several widely separated continents at different times. C) The continents of South America and Africa were joined when Mesosaurus lived. D) The present climates at locations X and Y are similar. How does the age of the ocean-floor bedrock change as the distance east or west of location D increases? A) The age decreases, because D is in an oceanic trench. B) The age decreases, because D is on a mid-oceanic ridge. C) The age increases, because D is in an oceanic trench. D) The age increases, because D is on a mid-oceanic ridge.

75 216. The diagram below shows how scientists think some of Earth's continents were joined together in the geologic past The theory of continental drift suggests that the A) continents moved due to changes in the Earth's orbital velocity B) continents moved due to the Coriolis effect caused by the Earth's rotation C) present-day continents of South America and Africa are moving toward each other D) present-day continents of South America and Africa once fit together like puzzle parts When do scientists think these continents were joined together? A) during the Tertiary Period, only B) from the Cretaceous Period through the Tertiary Period C) from the Devonian Period through the Triassic Period D) during the Cambrian Period, only 217. The dots on the map below show the present locations of living coral reefs. Site X indicates an area of fossil coral reefs preserved in rocks formed during the Jurassic Period. Which inference is best supported by this map? A) The climate at site X during the Jurassic Period was colder than the present climate at site X. B) Site X was covered by warm ocean water during the Jurassic Period. C) Site X has drifted southward since the Jurassic Period. D) The coral at site X evolved from ocean-dwelling animals into land-dwelling animals after the Jurassic Period.

76 219. Base your answer to the following question on "the Earth Science Reference Tables, the core section below, and your knowledge of Earth Science. The core section shows the subsurface bedrock geology for a location north of Buffalo, New York. " Based on studies of fossils found in the Trenton group, scientists have estimated that the climate of New York State during this part of the Ordovician Period was much warmer than the present climate. Which statement best explains this change in climate? A) The North American Continent was nearer to the Equator during the Ordovician Period. B) The Sun emitted less sunlight during the Ordovician Period. C) Earth was farther from the Sun during the Ordovician Period. D) Many huge volcanic eruptions occurred during the Ordovician Period.

77 Base your answers to questions 220 through 223 on the map below which shows mid-ocean ridges and trenches in the Pacific Ocean. Specific areas A, B, C, and D are indicated by shaded rectangles Which map best shows the direction of movement of the oceanic crustal plates in the vicinity of the East Pacific Rise (ridge)? A) B) 220. Mid-ocean ridges such as the East Pacific Rise and the Oceanic Ridge are best described as A) mountains containing folded sedimentary rocks B) mountains containing fossils of present-day marine life C) sections of the ocean floor that contain the youngest oceanic crust D) sections of the ocean floor that are the remains of a submerged continent 221. Movement of the crustal plates shown in the diagram is most likely caused by A) the revolution of the Earth B) the erosion of the Earth's crust C) shifting of the Earth's magnetic poles D) convection currents in the Earth's mantle 222. The crust at the mid-ocean ridges is composed mainly of A) shale B) limestone C) granite D) basalt C) D) 224. Living corals are found in warm, shallow seas. Coral fossils have been found in the sedimentary rocks of Alaska. These findings suggest that A) Alaska once had a tropical marine environment B) Alaska's cold climate fossilized the coral C) coral usually develops in cold climates D) ocean currents carried the coral to Alaska

78 225. During which period were North America, Africa, and South America closest? A) Tertiary B) Cretaceous C) Triassic D) Ordovician 226. During which geologic period were the continents all part of one landmass, with North America and South America joined to Africa? A) Tertiary B) Cretaceous C) Triassic D) Carboniferous 227. Which statement best supports the theory of continental drift? A) Basaltic rock is found to be progressively younger at increasing distances from a mid-ocean ridge. B) Marine fossils are often found in deep-well drill cores. C) The present continents appear to fit together as pieces of a larger landmass. D) Areas of shallow-water seas tend to accumulate sediment, which gradually sinks On what other landmass would you most likely find fossil remains of the late Paleozoic reptile called Mesosaurus shown below? 229. Which statement best supports the theory that all the continents were once a single landmass? A) Rocks of the ocean ridges are older than those of the adjacent sea floor. B) Rock and fossil correlation can be made where the continents appear to fit together. C) Marine fossils can be found at high elevations above sea level on all continents. D) Great thicknesses of shallow-water sediments are found at interior locations on some continents. A) B) C) D)

79 Base your answers to questions 230 and 231 on the map below, which shows the tectonic plate boundaries near the East African Rift. Arrows show relative tectonic plate movement. A region of Africa is crosshatched What appears to be happening to the crosshatched region of eastern Africa? A) A folded mountain range is forming as this region collides with the rest of Africa. B) Several volcanic mountains are forming as the rest of Africa subducts under this region. C) This region is moving eastward relative to the rest of Africa. D) This region is moving northward relative to the rest of Africa Which diagram best represents the polarity of the magnetic field preserved in the ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Indian Ridge? A) B) C) D)

80 232. The block diagram below represents the present ocean floor. The white arrows show the movement of the ocean floor and the black arrows show the movement of the asthenosphere. Which characteristic of the ocean-floor bedrock is best described by the plus and minus symbols in the diagram? A) plus = older age; minus = younger age B) plus = younger age; minus = older age C) plus = reversed magnetic polarity; minus = normal magnetic polarity D) plus = normal magnetic polarity; minus = reversed magnetic polarity 233. Alternating parallel bands of normal and reversed magnetic polarity are found in the basaltic bedrock on either side of the A) Mid-Atlantic Ridge B) Yellowstone Hot Spot C) San Andreas Fault D) Peru-Chile Trench

81 234. Base your answer to the following question on "cross section below, which shows an underwater mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic bedrock is composed mainly of basalt. Points X and Y are locations in the bedrock that have been diverging at the same rate. The movement of the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate is shown by the two arrows. " Which statements best describe the age and magnetic orientation of the basalts found at locations X and Y? A) The basalt at location X is younger than the basalt at location Y. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. B) The basalts at locations X and Yare the same age. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. C) The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Location X has normal magnetic orientation and location Y has reversed magnetic orientation. D) The basalt at location X is older than the basalt at location Y. Location X has reversed magnetic orientation and location Y has normal magnetic orientation.

82 235. The diagram below represents the pattern of normal and reversed magnetic polarity and the relative age of the igneous bedrock composing the ocean floor on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The magnetic polarity of the bedrock on the west side of the ridge has been deliberately left blank. Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the west side of the ridge? A) B) C) D)

83 236. The arrows on the map below show the apparent changes in the position of Earth's magnetic North Pole throughout geologic time, as recorded in the igneous rocks of Europe and North America Which map best represents the general pattern of magnetism in the oceanic bedrock near the mid-atlantic Ridge? A) B) C) This evidence best supports the concept of A) the heliocentric solar system B) the Coriolis effect C) planet orbit eccentricity D) plate tectonics 237. Which evidence causes most scientists to believe that seafloor spreading occurs at the mid-atlantic Ridge? A) Oceanic crust is oldest at the ridge. B) Large sedimentary folds exist in the mantle near the ridge. C) Oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge is less dense than continental crust. D) Oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge shows matching patterns of reversed and normal magnetic polarity. D) 239. Which inference is supported by a study of the Earth's magnetic rock record? A) The Earth's magnetic field is only 2 million years old. B) The Earth's magnetic field is 50 times stronger now than in the past. C) The Earth's magnetic poles are usually located at 0ø latitude. D) The Earth's magnetic poles appear to have changed location over time.

84 240. Which evidence supports the theory of ocean floor spreading? A) The rocks of the ocean floor and the continents have similar origins. B) In the ocean floor, rocks near the mid-ocean ridge are cooler than rocks near the continents. C) The pattern of magnetic orientation of rocks is similar on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge. D) The density of oceanic crust is greater than the density of continental crust Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself several times during the past. This pattern of magnetic reversal is best preserved in A) metamorphic bedrock in mountain ranges B) bedrock with fossils containing radioactive carbon-14 C) layers of sedimentary bedrock of the Grand Canyon D) igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust 242. The map below shows the position of the north magnetic pole at various times in the past. These positions have most likely been determined by using A) compass readings on various continents today B) magnetic properties of rocks formed during various geologic times C) seismic waves traveling through the Earth's interior D) fossils found in bedrock formed during various geologic times