Plate Tectonics. What is a theory? What is a fact? In science, a theory is an explana4on, with evidence, that can be tested.

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1 What is a theory? Plate Tectonics In science, a theory is an explana4on, with evidence, that can be tested. What is a fact? Informa4on that cannot be argued.

2 Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics The theory that the Earth's surface is made of broken pieces of the lithosphere that moves around.

3 Plate Tectonics

4

5

6 Ac4vity: A Plate Tectonic Puzzle and color the symbols on each continent in the colors of the legend. 3) Cut out the continents and match up the fossil and mountain evidence to recreate Pangea. 4) Glue the continents into place on your contruction paper. Greenland India The European Flora Cynognathus reptile Lystrosaurus reptile Glossopteris plant Mesosaurus reptile Alpine Mountains Modified From: U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey This Dynamic Planet; A Teaching Companion Wegener s Puzzling Continental Drift Evidence U.S. Geological Survey, 2008 For updates see <

7 Cynognathus (Rep0le)

8 Fossils as Evidence Plants, animals and fossils collected around the world showed similari4es that were hard to explain unless con4nents had once been joined. Cynognathus was a land rep4le that lived million years ago. Fossils of this species have been found in both Africa and South America, providing evidence that the two con4nents were once joined.

9 Fossils as Evidence

10 Do Now Turn to page 9 in your ESRT. Look at the column labeled Inferred Posi0ons of Earth s Landmasses. The North American con0nent is highlighted in black. What direc+on is North America moving? What ocean formed as North America moved?

11 VASCULAR PLANTS CORALS GASTROPODS BRACHIOPODS Inferred Posi4ons of Earth s Landmasses, ESRT pg 9 EURYPTERIDS N Q R V X Z 59 million years ago 359 million years ago M P U Y 119 million years ago T W 458 million years ago 232 million years ago

12 Plate Tectonics Lithospheric plates (crust and rigid mantle) float on the asthenosphere (plas0c-like layer of the mantle).

13 DENSITY REVIEW: Density of water is 1 g/cm 3 Density of oil 0.8 g/cm 3 Density of iron 7.9 g/cm 3 Will oil float on water? Will iron float on water? The density of an object determines if it will float or sink in another substance. An object will float if it is less dense. An object will sink if it is more dense.

14 Which plate will float and which plate Lithospheric Plates will sink? Con4nental Crust cannot Grani4c be Rock pushed 2.7 g/cm under 3 oceanic density crust. Con4nental Oceanic Crust Crust will Basal4c always Rock float on the 3.0 g/cm mantle. 3 density

15 Plate Boundaries Convergent Divergent Convergent Plates2.moving away from each other Convergent 2. Convergent Plates moving towards each other 3. Transform Transform Two plates slide past each other 3. Transform 2. Divergent Transform 1. of plate 3. Three Types of Plate Boundaries: Plate movement creates 3 types 1. Divergent Three Types of Plate Boundaries: boundaries:

16 Plate Boundaries Plate movement creates 3 types of plate boundaries: Divergent Plates moving away from each other Convergent Plates moving towards each other Transform Two plates slide past each other

17 Convergent Plate Boundary Plates moving towards each other. SubducAon: A tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate.

18 Convergent Plate Boundary Plates moving towards each other. Overriding: The plate above the sinking plate.

19 Convergent Plate Boundary Plates moving towards each other. Trench: Long deep depressions formed at subduc4on zones.

20 Con4nental-Oceanic Collision

21 Volcanoes - Andes Mountains

22 Oceanic-Oceanic Collision

23 Japan Islands Island Arc System

24 Convergent Plate Boundary Where two plates come together/ collide Con4nental plates come together to form mountains.

25

26 Indian-Australian Plate crashes into the Eurasian Plate

27 Mountains - Himalayas

28 Plate Boundaries Plate movement creates 3 types of plate boundaries: Divergent Plates moving away from each other Convergent Plates moving towards each other Transform Two plates slide past each other

29 Divergent Plate Boundary Plates moving away from each other Occurs at mid-ocean ridges

30 Divergent Plate Boundary Plates moving away from each other Occurs at rie valleys

31 Ric Valley

32 African Ric Valley

33 Plate Boundaries Plate movement creates 3 types of plate boundaries: Divergent Plates moving away from each other Convergent Plates moving towards each other Transform Two plates slide past each other

34 Transform Plate Boundary Two plates slide past each other. San Andreas Fault

35 San Andreas Fault

36 North Anatolian Fault, Turkey

37 Lithospheric Plates, ESRT pg 5 Tectonic Plates Rift East African Arabian Plate Mid-Indian Ridge Southwest Indian Ridge Eurasian Plate Southeast Indian Ridge Philippine Plate M a riana Trench Indian-Australian Plate Tasman Hot Spot Aleutian Trench Fiji Plate To nga Trenc h Juan de Fuca Plate Hawaii Hot Spot Pacific Plate San Andreas Fault Easter Island Hot Spot East Pacific Ridge North American Plate Cocos Plate Yellowstone Hot Spot Galapagos Hot Spot Nazca Plate Caribbean Plate Peru-Chile Trench Mid-Atlantic Ridge South American Plate Scotia Plate Canary Islands Hot Spot Mid-Atlantic Ridge Iceland Hot Spot Eurasian Plate African Plate St. Helena Hot Spot Antarctic Plate Antarctic Plate Sandwich Plate Bouvet Hot Spot Key overriding plate 5 NOTE: Relative motion at plate boundary Transform plate boundary (transform fault) Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown. Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) subducting plate Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone) Complex or uncertain plate boundary Mantle hot spot

38 Do Now Complete the table by inser4ng the informa4on 3 Plate Boundaries Types 3 Plate Boundary Loca4ons 3 Tectonic Plates

39 Evidence of Crustal Movement Sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridge Fault displacement Hot Spots

40 Sea-floor Spreading Age Evidence - As distance from mid-ocean ridge increases, the age of the rock increases

41 Sea Floor Spreading B A Where is the ocean floor older? A or B

42 The Mineral Iron Iron has magne4c proper4es

43 Earth s Magne4c Field Result of the mo4on of molten iron in the iron core.

44 Rock Magne4za4on New rock at the mid-ocean ridge contains iron. New rock cools and keeps the magne4zed direc4on of the magne4c poles.

45 Sea-floor Spreading MagneAc Evidence - Magne4c anomalies (differences) in the basalt rock of the ocean floor. Forming rock magne4zed with current magne4c direc4on. This direc4on matches opposite sides of the mid-ocean ridges.

46 Sea-Floor Spreading

47 0 0 Do Now: Answer the following question The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock The of cross the oceanic section crust below east represents of the Mid-Atlantic a pattern ridge. of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Atlantic Ocean Mid-Atlantic ridge Mid-Atlantic ridge Atlantic Ocean West East Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Key West East Which cross section best represents the magnetic Reverse field pattern west polarity ( 1 ) Normal Distance from ridge (km) Key 80 polarity Distance from ridge (km) Reverse Key polarity Normal Reverse polarity polarity Which cross secaon best represents the magneac field pakern west of the Mid- AtlanAc ridge? 80 Normal 40 Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic polarity ridge? ( 2 ) West Atlantic Ocean Mid-Atlantic ridge Distance from ridge (km) 0 ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 3 ) 80 40

48 Fault Movement Fault: Cracks in Earth s crust where movement occurs.

49 Fault Movement

50 Fault Movement Three types of faults associated with Plate Boundaries: 1. Normal Fault associated with divergent plate boundaries - hanging wall moves down FW HW

51 Normal Fault

52 Normal Fault

53 Fault Movement 2. Reverse Fault/Thrust Fault associated with convergent plate boundaries - hanging wall moves up

54 Reverse Fault

55 Reverse Fault

56 Fault Movement 3. Strike-Slip Fault associated with transform plate boundaries Faults oundaries Seismic Waves has occurred

57 Strike-Slip

58 Strike-Slip Fault

59 Hot Spots Where the lithosphere moves over a mantle plume. Mantle plume: hot magma formed deep in the mantle that rises and breaks through the lithosphere.

60 Hot Spot / Hot Plume

61 Iceland North American Plate Iceland Hot Spot Eurasian Plate reas Fault Yellowstone Hot Spot n Mid-Atlantic Ridge Canary Islands Hot Spot African

62 Iceland Hot Spot Located on the Mid-Atlan4c Ridge. New crust forms by volcanic erup4on

63 Hawaiian Hot Spot

64 Hawaiian Hot Spot

65 Yellowstone Hot Spot

66 Yellowstone Na4onal Park

67 Yellowstone Hotspot Ac4vity

68 Proof of Yellowstone Hotspot Ac4vity Geysers

69 Yellowstone Hot Spot

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