Geography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer?

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1 Geography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer? KPI Locate and name the continents and oceans of the world, identify characteristics of the four countries and capital cities of the United Kingdom and its surrounding seas. The United Kingdom Scotland Use this knowledge to practice describing the location of different courtiers, mountain ranges. Top Tips to do this on the next sheet Northern Ireland Wales England Capital Cities: UK: London, England: London, Wales: Cardiff, Scotland: Edinburgh, Northern Ireland: Belfast KPI 7.1.2: Describe the position and significance of latitude, longitude, Equator, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic Circle, the Prime/Greenwich Meridian and time zones (including day and night). Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places accurately on the Earth's surface. Latitude is horizontal lines, which measure the degree from the equator (0 ) Longitude is vertical lines and run from the top of the Earth to the bottom. They are not parallel as lines of latitude are they meet at a point at the north and south poles and are called meridians. They divide the Earth into segments, like an orange. The Earth is then divided into 180 east and 180 west. The line which runs through Greenwich in London is called the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is 0 longitude. The index of an atlas gives shows where places can be found, eg Birmingham, UK - 52 north 1 west. This means that Birmingham is located at approximately latitude 52 north and longitude 1 west.

2 Geography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer? Checklist to describe places I have used compass points Where possible, I have referred to imaginary lines of latitude (Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Capricorn) I have mentioned any major seas and oceans that are located near or border a country or place I have said where a place is in relation to other places that are very close to it I have referred to continents or regions KPI Describe the geography of a place and be able to record and present the human and physical features. Physical Geography is the study of the natural processes that shape the surface of the Earth. E.g. Mountains Human Geography is the study of the people who live on earth. Where and how people live. Environmental Geography is a How people effect the earth and how the earth effects the people who live there Urban is an area in a town or city Rural is an area in the countryside Sparsely Populated is an area with not many people in an area Densely Populated is an area with lots of people in an area KPI Demonstrate use of Ordnance Survey map skills, including 4 and 6 figure grid references, eight points of the compass, scale, measure distances, map symbols, representation of height including contour patterns, draw cross-sections, to investigate places. A map is a two-dimensional drawing of an area. Maps help us to understand what places are like and how to plot routes. Geographers have traditionally used maps as a source of information about places. We can now use a range of technology to help us find places, eg GPS and GIS on our computers or mobile phones. The most common paper map is an Ordnance Survey Map. Maps should have a: title, scale, north arrow, key Key and Symbols Symbols help us to include lots of detail on maps that are drawn to scale. They include simple images, letters and abbreviations. Here are some examples Campsite Viewpoint Direction Try to remember the main compass points by using a mnemonic, e.g. Never Eat Shredded Wheat - North East South West Train Station Parking Information Centre School Telephone Nature Reserve Scale Most maps have a scale. These help us to work out distances on maps. This is given by the scale statement (eg 1:25,000) and/or by showing a scale bar. The scale shows how much bigger the real world is than the map. If the scale is 1:50,000 it means that the map is 50,000 times smaller than the real world. For example, every 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm in the real world.

3 Geography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer? Height/Relief :Maps show height in a number of different ways: Contours Spot heights These are lines drawn on maps that join places of the same height. They are usually an orange or brown Shows the exact heights by a black dot with a colour. Some contour lines have their height above or below sea level written on them. It is possible to number next to it. The number is the height use them to see the shape of the land - if contour lines are close together the slope is steep, if they are above sea level in far apart the slope is gentle. metres. Grid References A grid of squares helps the map-reader to locate a place. On an OS map each grid square is 1 km x 1 km or 1 sq km. On an OS map each grid square is 1 km x 1 km or 1 sq km. When you give a grid reference, always give the easting first: "Along the corridor and up the stairs". To find a Four-figure grid references 1. Start at the left-hand side of the map and go east until you get to the easting crossing through the bottom left-hand corner of the square you want. Write this number down. 2.Move north until you get to the northing crossing the bottom left hand corner of the square you want. Look at the number of this grid line and add it to the two digit number you already Have. This is your four figure grid reference. In this case, the Tourist information office is in grid reference To find a Six-figure grid references To be even more accurate., imagine that each grid is divided into tenths. 1.Find the four-figure grid reference but leave a space after the first two digits. When you get to the easting at the left-hand side of the grid square you want, keep moving east and estimate or measure how many tenths across your symbol lies. Write this number after the first two digits. 2. Move north from the bottom-lefthand corner of your grid square and estimate how many tenths your symbol is from this point. Put them together to create a six figure grid reference. In this instance, the tourist information office is located at

4 Formation Geography Knowledge Organiser: How does geology shape the UK? What are rocks Rocks are a mixture of minerals A mineral is a natural compound. Minerals usual exist in rock as compounds. There are three main types of rock: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic Each group has been formed in a different way.. Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic A river carries, or transports, pieces of broken rock as it flows along. When the river reaches a lake or the sea, its load of transported rocks settles to the bottom. We say that the rocks are deposited. The deposited rocks build up in layers, called sediments. This process is called sedimentation. The weight of the sediments on top squashes the sediments at the bottom. The water is squeezed out from between the pieces of rock and crystals of different salts form. The crystals form a sort of glue that sticks or cements the pieces of rock together. These processes eventually make a type of rock called sedimentary rock. It may take millions of years for sedimentary rocks to form. The inside of the Earth is very hot - hot enough to melt rocks. Molten (liquid) rock forms when rocks melt. The molten rock is called magma. When the magma cools and solidifies, a type of rock called igneous rock forms. If the magmas cools slowly below the ground, the minerals form bug crystals which lock together, forming rock such as granite. If the magmas reaches the surface quickly, for example through volcanoes as lave. This cools quickly to form rocks such as basalt, which has small crystals. They formed from other rocks that are changed because of heat or pressure when underground. Earth movements can cause rocks to be deeply buried or squeezed. As a result, the rocks are heated and put under great pressure. They do not melt, but the minerals they contain are changed chemically, forming metamorphic rocks When a metamorphic rock is formed under pressure, its crystals become arranged in layers. Metamorphic rocks can be formed from any other type of rock - sedimentary or igneous. Metamorphic usually does not get weathered The oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest layers are at the top. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils of animals and plants trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed. Unlike sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks do not contain any fossils. This is because any fossils in the original rock will have melted when the magma formed. A sediment of mud gives mudstone A sediment of sand gives sandstone A sediment of shells gives limestone Magma cools quickly forms basalt Magma cools slowly forms granite Slate is formed from shale Marble is formed from limestone

5 Geography Knowledge Organiser: How does geology shape the UK? Weathering Weathering is rock broken down by the action of things in its environment: by heat and cold, rain, gases from the air, and even by plants and animals There are two types of weathering: physical weathering and chemical weathering Together physical and chemical weathering break down rock into stones, and sad, and clay and compounds which dissolve in water are carried away. When sand and clay are mixed with rotting vegetation, the result is oil. Physical weathering Chemical weathering Physical weathering is caused by physical changes such as changes in temperature, freezing and thawing, and the effects of wind, rain and waves. Heating and cooling Rock expands as it heats up in the sun, and contracts when it cools. Repeated heating and cooling can weaken the rock, and can cause it to crack. By freeze thaw At 0 C, any water in the cracks of the rock freezes. When water freezes it expands (gets bigger), so the cracks get bigger and widen. Then when the temperature heats up again, the ice thaws. This process will happen again following rain, it freezes again and it thaws cracks get bigger until eventually the rocks fall apart. By a reduction in pressure Rock deep underground are under pressure because of the weight of the rocks above. When rocks above is eroded away (worn away), the rocks underground are under less pressure, so it expands. This causes it to split, parallel to the surface and over time layers break off. By living things Roots work their way into cracks in the rock, this widens the cracks. Also, animals burrowing can make cracks bigger. The weathering of rocks by chemicals is called chemical weathering. Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic because carbon dioxide from the air dissolves in it. Minerals in rocks may react with the rainwater, causing the rock to be weathered. Some types of rock are easily weathered by chemicals. For example, limestone and chalk are made of a mineral called calcium carbonate. When acidic rainwater falls on limestone or chalk, a chemical reaction happens. Don t confuse these two processes: Weathering is the wearing away of rocks. Erosion is the movement of the broken pieces away from the site of weathering. For example, a basalt cliff may be weathered by freeze-thaw, a type of physical weathering. This means that pieces of the cliff may break away. Erosion happens when these pieces of rock fall away down the cliff. One more process: Transport Rivers and streams can move pieces of rock. This is called transport. Fast flowing rivers can transport large rocks, but slow moving rivers can only transport tiny pieces of rock. As the pieces of rock are carried along by the water, they bash against each other and the river bed. They gradually wear away because of this. They become smaller and more rounded.

6 Geography Knowledge Organiser: How does geology shape the UK? The Rock Cycle Rock is changing all the time, from one type to another. This is called the rock cycle. Sedimentary rock 1. Rock at the Earth s surface is broken down to stones and sand and clay by weathering. 2. The river erodes the stones and sand and clay, and transports them away. 3. As it enters the ocean it deposits (drops) its load. A thick layer of sediment builds up on the ocean floor. It is compacted to form sedimentary rocks. 4. Sedimentary rock gets forced down into the Earth s crust. The heat and pressure change it to metamorphic rock. 5. The metamorphic rock may be buried further, and it gets so hot that it melts. This liquid rock is called magma. 6. The magmas cools to form igneous rock. Some cools below the Earths surface. Some shoots out at volcanoes as lava, and coos at the surface. 7. Rocks is raised upwards too. This Sedimentary rock on the ocean flood gets lifted up to form land. Igneous and metamorphic rock also get uplifted. (The earths crust is broken up into plates, which move because of the liquid magma underneath. When these plates move towards each other rock is forced up) 8. When these rocks reach the surface, the cycle starts all over again. Metamorphic rock Igneous rock