Mountain Building Web Activity -- Predictions (Multiple-Choice)

Transcription

1 Muntain Building Web Activity -- Predictins (Multiple-Chice) Instructins: The fllwing questins are designed t assess students knwledge f muntain building prcesses befre interacting with a muntain building web activity. Within each set f multiple chice questins, the first part will ask yu t chse ne answer that best fits yur predictin abut muntain building prcesses. The secnd multiple chice questin will ask yu t chse ne statement that best explains yur reasning fr the predictin yu made in the first part. Animatin #1: Hw d plate tectnics build muntains? 1.1.a. Which f the fllwing is the mst reasnable estimate fr hw lng it will take fr a muntain range t frm in the cntinental crust at this new cnvergent bundary? 700 years 6,000 years 100,000 years 20 millin years 2 billin years 4.6 billin years 1.1.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: muntains frmed during the frmatin f Earth muntains frm and change at rates f millimeters per year it takes that lng fr vlcanes t frm the entire muntain chain enugh time must pass t allw sediments t accumulate and frm a muntain the subducting plate must have sufficient time t push the muntain up thrugh the ther plate 1.2.a. What will happen t the elevatin f the cntinental crust abve sea level during subductin f the ceanic crust and cntinental cllisin? The elevatin f the cntinental crust will: increase decrease stay the same

2 1.2.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the subducting ceanic crust will push the cntinental crust upwards the pressure f subductin will pull the cntinental crust dwnwards the subducting ceanic plate scrapes ff the bttm f the muntain range magma intruding int the crust will add height, but will als increase its density tectnic stresses during subductin and cllisin will uplift the cntinental crust 1.3.a. What will happen t the cntinental crust belw a muntain belt during subductin f the ceanic crust and cntinental cllisin? The cntinental crust will becme thinner belw the surface The cntinental crust will becme thicker belw the surface The cntinental crust belw Earth s surface will nt be affected 1.3.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the base f the cntinental crust is nt related t the muntain belt crust mves up int the muntain belt, leaving less crust belw the surface the ceanic plate rubs away the bttm f the muntain range as it subducts cntinental crust thickens dwnwards as well as upwards when it is cmpressed

3 Animatin #2: Hw are muntain ranges supprted frm belw? 2.1.a. The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. Using average density f the crust (2700 kg/m 3 ) and mantle (3300 kg/m 3 ) n Earth, what will happen t the crustal rt as the muntain range elevatin increases? The crustal rt will: mve farther dwn int the mantle mve up within the mantle nt change size r psitin 2.1.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the crustal rt will mve up with the muntain since they are cnnected higher muntains require a thicker crustal rt t cmpensate fr the added weight the crustal rt is belw the surface and is nt affected by the muntain range abve it the crust will need mre supprt, and the mantle prvides better supprt than the crust 2.2.a. When material is remved frm the tp f a muntain range by ersin (elevatin decreases), what will happen t the psitin f the crustal rt within the mantle? The crustal rt will: mve farther dwn int the mantle mve up within the mantle nt change size r psitin 2.2.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the muntain range will lse mass and becme mre buyant ersin nly affects the tp f the muntain, nt the crustal rt the rt will nt change since the muntain is n lnger grwing the rt must mve dwnward as the muntain elevatin decreases the psitin will nt be affected because the density has nt changed

4 2.3.a. On Earth, cntinental crust has an average density f abut 2700 kg/m 3. If the crustal density culd hypthetically be increased, what wuld likely happen t the psitin f the cntinental crust within the mantle? The cntinental crust wuld: flat higher in the mantle sink lwer in the mantle remain in the same psitin 2.3.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the upward buyancy frces will increase as crustal density increases the dwnward gravitatinal frces will increase as crustal density increases buyancy frces and gravitatinal frces will becme equal when crustal density increases 2.4.a. On Earth, the mantle has an average density f abut 3300 kg/m 3. If the mantle density culd hypthetically be increased, what wuld likely happen t the psitin f the crustal rt? The crustal rt wuld: mve farther dwn int the mantle mve up within the mantle nt change size r psitin 2.4.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: the buyancy frce pushing up n the crust will increase the rt density must increase as the mantle density increases the crust will becme less dense as the mantle density increases the mantle is already denser than the crust, s further increases will have n effect

5 Animatin #3: What prcesses shape and change muntains ver time? 3.1.a. Hw will the relief f a regin (the difference between the highest and lwest elevatins) affect ersin rates? STEEP RELIEF GRADUAL RELIEF Regins with gradual relief will have faster ersin rates Regins with steep relief will have faster ersin rates Relief will have n effect n ersin rates 3.1.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: The frce f gravity is greater clser t the center f Earth Weathering has a greater effect in the plains than in muntainus regins Ersin is dependent n temperature and misture rather than elevatin differences Water and ice mve faster n steeper slpes, increasing its ability t erde and transprt sediment 3.2.a. Which climate wuld yu predict will have the lwest ersin rates in regins with steep relief? GLACIAL TEMPERATE O TROPICAL Glacial (alpine glaciers) Temperate (mild climate and mderate precipitatin) Trpical (warm, humid climate and heavy precipitatin) Climate will have n effect n ersin rates

6 3.2.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: The climate is nt cld enugh t have high ersin rates Lwest amunt f glaciatin, landslides and surface runff Water is frzen in place and cannt erde underlying bedrck All f these regins will erde equally since they have the same relief 3.3.a. Which climate wuld yu predict will have the highest ersin rates in regins with steep relief? Glacial (alpine glaciers) Temperate (mild climate and mderate precipitatin) Trpical (warm, humid climate and heavy precipitatin) Climate will have n effect n ersin rates 3.3.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: All f these regins have the same relief Weathering is affected by misture and temperature Mving ice and water erde and transprt sediments The mst rainfall is available t cntribute t ersin 3.4.a. Hw will isstasy affect the average elevatin f muntains ver time as mass is remved frm the muntain range by ersin? Isstasy will: Nt have an effect n average elevatin ver time Slw the rate at which average elevatin decreases ver time Speed up the rate at which average elevatin decreases ver time Increase the average elevatin f the muntainus regin ver time 3.4.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: The mantle density will increase and push the muntains upward As material is erded away, the elevatin will lwer at an increasing rate Mvement f the crustal rt will uplift the muntain range t greater average elevatin As the muntain belt gets smaller, isstasy will push the muntain up t maintain equilibrium

7 Animatin #4: Hw can rcks frmed deep within the crust cme t the surface? 4.1.a. Which prcesses will be respnsible fr expsing intrusive igneus and metamrphic rcks, which frm deep within the crust, at the surface f the muntain range? Deep crustal rcks will be expsed at the surface by: Melting and cling f magma Ersin, crustal shrtening, and uplift Decrease in density f the rcks after they frm Ersin dwn t the depth where the rcks riginated 4.1.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: Deep crust uplifts as upper crustal layers are remved Rcks can buyantly rise thrugh the surrunding crust Deep crustal rcks erupt nt the surface thrugh vlcanes Rcks frmed in Earth s interir are expsed nly in deep canyns 4.2.a. What will happen t the muntain range such as the ne shwn abve as the subductin f the ceanic plate cntinues? The muntain range will erde dwn until it reaches the average thickness f the crust Rck material frm the deep crust will mve up within the muntain range The average elevatin f the muntain range will apprximately duble The muntain range will increase infinitely in elevatin 4.2.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: Cnvergence f plates will lead t unlimited muntain grwth Vlcanic eruptins will replace all f the material lst t ersin Subductin can nly build muntains fr s lng befre they erde away Crustal shrtening will squeeze crust up frm belw as ersin remves material

8 4.3.a. What will eventually happen t the muntain range nce the subductin zne is n lnger active? The muntain range will slwly erde dwn until it reaches the average thickness f the crust The average elevatin f the muntain range will apprximately duble befre grwth stps The average elevatin f the muntain range will rapidly decrease The muntain range will cntinually increase in elevatin 4.3.b. The reasn fr my answer is because: When subductin ceases, muntain uplift will stp Ersin rates will exceed isstatic and tectnic uplift rates Once muntain grwth ceases, ersin prcesses will begin Isstatic uplift will cmpletely cmpensate fr lss due t ersin Rck material will stay where it is because f lack f heat and pressure When the subductin zne becmes inactive, elevatin will n lnger change OBSERVATIONS POST-TEST IS IDENTICAL TO THE PREDICTIONS PRE- TEST. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS THE TENSE USED IN THE QUESTIONS.

9 Muntain Building Web Activity -- Predictins (Essay) Instructins: The fllwing questins are designed t assess students knwledge f muntain building prcesses befre interacting with a muntain building web activity. Please answer each shrt essay questin with yur predictins abut muntain building prcesses. T earn maximum pints fr yur answer, please be sure t include each f the bulleted pints as part f yur answer, and explain yur reasning t the best f yur ability. Yur gal shuld be t explain yur thughts as briefly and clearly as pssible. Animatin #1: Hw d plate tectnics build muntains? Hw will the elevatin f the crust abve sea level and thickness f the crust belw the muntain range be affected by cntinued subductin f the ceanic plate and cllisin f a secnd cntinent? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the elevatin f the crust abve sea level will increase, decrease, r stay the same Whether the thickness f the crust belw the muntain range will becme thicker, becme thinner, r remain the same Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut the cntinental crust

10 Animatin #2: Hw are muntain ranges supprted frm belw? The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. Hw will the psitin f Earth s crust flating in the mantle be affected by changes in muntain height r changes in crustal density? Specifically, a) what will happen t the size r psitin f the crustal rt if the height f the muntain range is decreased by ersin?, and b) hw wuld the psitin f the crust be affected if the crustal density culd increase t greater than 2700 kg/m 3? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the crustal rt will mve farther dwn int the mantle, mve up within the mantle, r remain the same size/psitin when the height f the muntain range is decreased by ersin Whether the crust wuld mve up, mve dwn r remain in the same psitin in the mantle if the crustal density increased Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut the cntinental crust

11 Animatin #3: What prcesses shape and change muntains ver time? STEEP RELIEF GRADUAL RELIEF GLACIAL CLIMATE (alpine glaciers in the muntains) TEMPERATE CLIMATE (mild climate and mderate precipitatin) TROPICAL CLIMATE (warm, humid climate Landfrms n Earth are shaped and changed by ersin and ther gelgic prcesses. Hw will relief (the difference between the highest and lwest elevatins in a regin) and climate affect average ersin rates in a regin? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether faster average ersin rates will ccur in regins with steep relief r regins with gradual relief (r whether ersin rates will be unaffected by relief) Which f the climates abve (glacial, temperate r trpical) will have the fastest average ersin rates (r whether ersin rates will be unaffected by climate) Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut ersin rates

12 Animatin #4: Hw can rcks frmed deep within the crust cme t the surface? Which prcesses that ccur during muntain frmatin will be respnsible fr expsing intrusive igneus and metamrphic rcks, which frm deep within the crust, at the surface f the muntain range? Be sure t include in yur answer: At least tw prcesses assciated with the frmatin and evlutin f a muntain range that wuld be invlved with expsing deep crustal rcks at the surface f the muntain range Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut hw deep rcks can be expsed OBSERVATIONS POST-TEST IS IDENTICAL TO THE PREDICTIONS PRE- TEST. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS THE TENSE USED IN THE QUESTIONS.

13 DELAYED POST-TEST: Caucasus Muntains (Multiple-Chice) Which f RUSSIA CASPIAN SEA BLACK SEA CAUCASUS MTS. Satellite image curtesy f: visibleearth.nasa.gv The Caucasus Muntains are lcated between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, separating Eurpe frm Asia. This 550-mile lng muntain range lies between Russia t the nrth and the cuntries f Gergia, Azerbajian and Armenia t the suth. With an average elevatin f feet (~ meters), the Caucasus Muntains cntain several 4000 meter (13,000 feet) peaks, including Mt. Elbrus at 5642 m (18,481 feet) in height. The western Caucasus Muntains, because f its prximity t the Black Sea, have a warm, humid and rainy climate with thick cnifer and deciduus frests. The Central Caucasus Muntains are glaciated at high elevatins with high, jagged peaks and 30 small glaciers. At lwer elevatins, the Central Caucasus cnsists f alpine meadws and pine frests in the valleys. The Eastern Caucasus has a drier, semi-desert climate and cntains barren fthills with islated peaks. Instructins: Answer the fllwing questins abut the Caucasus Muntains based n the brief infrmatin given abve and yur knwledge f muntain building prcesses. YOU WILL NOT NEED ANY OTHER REFERENCES TO COMPLETE THIS ASSESSMENT. Fr each multiple chice questin, please chse the ne answer that best reflects hw a gelgist wuld answer. In the space prvided belw each multiple chice questin, please prvide a brief, but clear. The secnd multiple chice questin in each set will ask yu t explain yur reasning fr yur chice t the previus questin. 1. Which f the fllwing is the mst reasnable estimate fr the age f the Caucasus Muntain range? 800 years 6,000 years 100,000 years 3 millin years 700 millin years 4.6 billin years

14 2. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 1 is because: muntains frmed during the frmatin f Earth muntains frm and change at rates f millimeters per year it takes that lng fr vlcanes t frm the entire muntain chain enugh time must pass t allw sediments t accumulate and frm a muntain the subducting plate must have sufficient time t push the muntain up thrugh the ther plate 3. Which f the fllwing prcesses is primarily respnsible fr the frmatin f the Caucasus Muntains? vlcanic eruptins extending between the Black and Caspian Seas the separatin f the Eurasian cntinent frm Pangaea sea level decreasing in the Black and Caspian Seas the cllisin f the Eurasian and Arabian plates 4. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 3 is because: linear muntain ranges frm at the edge f rifting cntinents the subducting ceanic crust pushed the cntinental crust upwards the entire muntain chain is frmed f vlcanic peaks and fissures the muntain range has been gradually expsed as the cean recedes tectnic stresses during subductin and cllisin uplift the cntinental crust 5. The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. What is likely happening t the psitin f the crustal rt belw the Caucasus Muntains as the average elevatin f the range abve sea level is increasing? The crustal rt: mves farther dwn int the mantle mves up within the mantle des nt change size r psitin 6. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 5 is because: the crustal rt mves up with the muntain since they are cnnected higher muntains require a thicker crustal rt t cmpensate fr the added weight the crustal rt is belw the surface and is nt affected by the muntain range abve it the crust needs mre supprt, and the mantle prvides better supprt than the crust 7. Hw des the crustal rt belw the Caucasus Muntains likely respnd when ersin remves material frm the tp f the muntain range? The crustal rt: mves farther dwn int the mantle mves up within the mantle des nt change size r psitin

15 8. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 7 is because: the muntain range lses mass and becmes mre buyant ersin nly affects the tp f the muntain, nt the crustal rt the rt must mve dwnward as the muntain elevatin decreases the psitin is nt affected because the density has nt changed the rt des nt change since the muntain is n lnger grwing 9. The presence f vlcanic rcks such as tuff and andesite in additin t expsed granite and grandirite plutns in the Caucasus Muntains are evidence that magma has intruded int the cntinental crust frm the underlying mantle. Hw has the input f lwer-density mlten magma mst likely affected the cntinental crust frming the Caucasus Muntains? The intrusin f liquid magma has caused the crust t: remain in the same psitin relative t the mantle flat higher in the mantle sink lwer in the mantle 10. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 9 is because: the cntinental crust has becme mre buyant added material f any kind will cause the crust t sink the mantle density changes in prprtin t the crust density the crust is already less dense than the mantle, s there will be n effect 11. Based n the relatinship between relief and ersin, which f the fllwing places f the Caucasus Muntains is likely t experience the highest ersin rate? areas f steep relief with high peaks and deep valleys areas f mderate relief such as fthills areas f gradual relief such as plains all areas shuld have the same ersin rate 12. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 11 is because: the frce f gravity is greater clser t the center f Earth weathering has a greater effect in the plains than in muntainus regins ersin is dependent n temperature and misture rather than elevatin differences water and ice mve faster n steeper slpes, increasing its ability t erde and transprt sediment 13. Accrding the climate infrmatin prvided in the intrductry paragraph, which f the fllwing regins f the Caucasus Muntains is likely t experience the lwest ersin rate? Western (warm, humid, rainy, temperate frested) Central (glacial in muntain regins, temperate frests at lwer elevatins) Eastern (drier, semi-arid climate) all regins shuld have the same ersin rate

16 14. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 13 is because: cld, dry climates allw little weathering less water is available t cntribute t ersin mre glaciers and jagged peaks slw ersin rates all regins will erde equally because f similar relief 15. Hw des isstasy affect the average elevatin f the Caucasus Muntains ver time as mass is remved frm the muntain range by ersin? Isstasy: des nt have an effect n average elevatin ver time slws the rate at which average elevatin decreases ver time speeds up the rate at which average elevatin decreases ver time increases the average elevatin f the muntainus regin ver time 16. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 15 is because: the mantle density increases and pushes the muntains upward as material is erded away, the elevatin decreases at an faster rate mvement f the crustal rt uplifts the muntain range t greater average elevatin as the muntain belt gets smaller, isstasy pushes the muntain up t maintain equilibrium 17. High grade metamrphic rcks and intrusive igneus rcks are expsed and visible at the surface f the Caucasus Muntains. Hw can metamrphic and igneus rcks frmed deep in the crust eventually be fund at the surface? ersin remves verlying material as rcks within the crust are uplifted the crust is erded away dwn t the mantle, expsing igneus rcks the rcks decrease in density nce cled and rise t the surface a drastic decrease in sea level expsed the rcks at the surface 18. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 17 is because: the rcks are uncvered as the water level decreases rcks can buyantly rise thrugh the surrunding crust deep crustal rcks erupt nt the surface thrugh vlcanes mass remval frm the muntain allws the crust t mve up 19. Marine sedimentary rcks cntaining fssils 10 millin years in age have been fund at elevatins f 3500 m (11,500 feet) in the Caucasus Muntains. Which f the fllwing is the mst likely explanatin fr cean sediments t be fund at this elevatin? marine rganisms have evlved t live in muntainus regins sea level has drpped 4 kilmeters in the last 10 millin years the crust where the sediment was depsited has been uplifted dense cean basins have sunk t a deeper elevatin ver time

17 20. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 19 is because: marine sediments are left n land as the cean flr sinks lwer vlcanism has uplifted the sedimentary rcks t high elevatins the sedimentary rcks are uncvered as the water level decreases the seaflr sediment is pushed upwards as the cntinents cllide 21. The Caucasus Muntains are ne f Earth s mst rapidly grwing muntain ranges. What des this imply abut the relatinship between ersin rates and uplift rates in this regin? uplift rates and ersin rates are apprximately equal uplift rates are greater than ersin rates uplift rates are less than ersin rates 22. The reasn fr my answer t Questin 21 is because: ersin prcesses are very slw until after the muntain range reaches its maximum height thugh ersin is nging, tectnic and isstatic frces cmbine t cause uplift ersin des nt begin until plate cnvergence ceases isstasy prevents ersin frm ccurring

18 DELAYED POST-TEST: Caucasus Muntains (Essay) Which f RUSSIA CASPIAN SEA BLACK SEA CAUCASUS MTS. Satellite image curtesy f: visibleearth.nasa.gv The Caucasus Muntains are lcated between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, separating Eurpe frm Asia. This 550-mile lng muntain range lies between Russia t the nrth and the cuntries f Gergia, Azerbajian and Armenia t the suth. With an average elevatin f feet (~ meters), the Caucasus Muntains cntain several 4000 meter (13,000 feet) peaks, including Mt. Elbrus at 5642 m (18,481 feet) in height. The western Caucasus Muntains, because f its prximity t the Black Sea, have a warm, humid and rainy climate with thick cnifer and deciduus frests. The Central Caucasus Muntains are glaciated at high elevatins with high, jagged peaks and 30 small glaciers. At lwer elevatins, the Central Caucasus cnsists f alpine meadws and pine frests in the valleys. The Eastern Caucasus has a drier, semi-desert climate and cntains barren fthills with islated peaks. Instructins: Answer the fllwing questins abut the Caucasus Muntains based n the brief infrmatin given abve and yur knwledge f muntain building prcesses. YOU WILL NOT NEED ANY OTHER REFERENCES TO COMPLETE THIS ASSESSMENT. T earn maximum pints fr each shrt essay answer, please be sure t include each f the bulleted pints as part f yur answer, and explain yur reasning t the best f yur ability. Yur gal shuld be t explain yur thughts as briefly and clearly as pssible. Questin 1: Hw has the elevatin f the Caucasus Muntains abve sea level and thickness f the crust belw the muntain range been affected by the cnvergence f the Eurasian and Arabian plates? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the elevatin f the crust abve sea level has increased, decreased, r remained the same as befre the plates began t cnverge Whether the thickness f the crust belw the muntain range has becme thicker, becme thinner, r remained the same Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut the cntinental crust

19 Questin 2: The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. Hw is the psitin f Earth s crust flating in the mantle affected by changes in muntain height r changes in crustal density? Specifically, a) hw des the crustal rt belw the Caucasus Muntains mst likely react t the lss f material at the tp due t ersin?, and b) hw des the psitin f the crust likely react t the intrusin f lw-density mlten magma that has frmed granite plutns in the Caucasus Muntains? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the crustal rt mves farther dwn int the mantle, mves up within the mantle, r remains the same size/psitin as material erdes frm the Caucasus Muntain range? Whether the crust mves up, mves dwn r remains in the same psitin in the mantle as lw-density magma intrudes int the crust Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut the cntinental crust Questin 3: The Caucasus Muntain range cntains regins with varied tpgraphic relief, as well as a variety f climates. The muntain range has steep relief in areas f high peaks and deep valleys, mderate relief in the fthills, and gradual relief in the plains and plateaus. As is detailed in the intrductry paragraph, the climate in the western prtin f the range is warm, humid and rainy. In the central Caucasus, a glacial climate exists in higher elevatins with temperate frests at lwer elevatins. The Eastern prtin, furthest inland, is drier and semi-arid. Which climate and which degree f relief (steep, mderate r gradual) likely results in the lwest ersin rates in the Caucasus Muntains? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether slwer average ersin rates ccur in regins with steep relief r regins with gradual relief (r whether ersin rates are unaffected by relief) Which f the climate regins abve (western, central r eastern Caucasus) has the slwest average ersin rates (r whether ersin rates are unaffected by climate) Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut ersin rates Questin 4: High grade metamrphic rcks and intrusive igneus rcks (granite and grandirite plutns) are expsed and visible at the surface f the Caucasus Muntains. Hw can metamrphic and igneus rcks frmed deep in the crust eventually be fund at the surface? Be sure t include in yur answer: At least tw prcesses assciated with the frmatin and evlutin f the Caucasus Muntains that are invlved with expsing deep crustal rcks at the surface f the muntain range Yur reasning fr bth f the prcesses yu bserved that cntributed t expsing deep crustal rcks

20 Rubrics fr Essay Respnses Pre-test and Pst-test questins were identical except that the Pst-Test are in present rather than future (predictive) tense. Predictins (Pre-Test) and Observatins (Pst-Test) Hw will the elevatin f the crust abve sea level and thickness f the crust belw the muntain range be affected by cntinued subductin f the ceanic plate and cllisin f a secnd cntinent? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the elevatin f the crust abve sea level will increase, decrease, r stay the same Whether the thickness f the crust belw the muntain range will becme thicker, becme thinner, r remain the same Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut the cntinental crust RUBRIC fr Questin #1 (pre, pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Crrectly states that the elevatin f the crust abve sea level will INCREASE Includes reasning fr increase in elevatin, which culd include: Upward mvement f magma/mantle during subductin (resulting in thickening r vlcanism) Additin f new material t the crust (accretinary wedge) Shrtening/thickening due t cmpressin r plate cnvergence Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin **Uplift due t subducting plate pushing up cntinental plate is NOT acceptable Crrectly states that the thickness f the cntinental crust belw the muntain range will INCREASE Includes reasning fr thickening f crust, which culd include: Upward mvement f magma/mantle during subductin Additin f new material t the crust (accretinary wedge) Shrtening/thickening due t cmpressin r plate cnvergence Thickening ccurs abve and belw surface t maintain balance Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. Pints Earned /1pt TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #1 /4 pts Ntes: The elevatin and thickness culd ptentially STAY THE SAME if student s reasning includes an explanatin such as: If all factrs (tectnic uplift, vlcanism, ersin, etc.) are in balance, elevatin maintains equilibrium Sme respnses shw student cnfusin abut the crust belw the muntain range. Respnses discuss the subducting ceanic crust will receive n credit fr that prtin f the respnse because the questin asks fr predictins r bservatins abut the cntinental crust. Respnses that refer t the cntinental crust as a whle, w/ making reference t belw the muntain range are acceptable if they are scientifically crrect.

21 Predictins (Pre-Test) and Observatins (Pst-Test) The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. Hw will the psitin f Earth s crust flating in the mantle be affected by changes in muntain height r changes in crustal density? Specifically, a) what will happen t the size r psitin f the crustal rt if the height f the muntain range is decreased by ersin?, and b) hw wuld the psitin f the crust be affected if the crustal density culd increase t greater than 2700 kg/m 3? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the crustal rt will mve farther dwn int the mantle, mve up within the mantle, r remain the same size/psitin when the height f the muntain range is decreased by ersin Whether the crust wuld mve up, mve dwn r remain in the same psitin in the mantle if the crustal density increased Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut the cntinental crust RUBRIC fr Questin #2 (pre, pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Pints Earned Crrectly states that the crustal rt will MOVE UP within the mantle when muntain height decreases due t ersin Includes reasning fr upward mvement f rt, which culd include: Decreased dwnward frce (crust is lighter) Less crustal rt is necessary t cmpensate fr weight f mt. range The crustal rt respnds by thinning t maintain isstatic equilibrium Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. Crrectly states that the crust will MOVE DOWN r SINK INTO the mantle when crustal density increases /1pt Includes reasning fr dwnward mvement f crust, which culd include: Increased dwnward frce (crust is heavier, mre affected by gravity) Decreased buyancy Crust respnds t maintain isstatic equilibrium Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. **Crust cmpletely sinking int mantle is nt acceptable unless crust density > mantle density. Heavy things sink is nt acceptable (e.g. battleships are heavy, but buyant). TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #2 /4 pts

22 TEST QUESTION INCLUDES VISUALS OF CLIMATE AND RELIEF CONTRASTS Predictins (Pre-Test) and Observatins (Pst-Test) Landfrms n Earth are shaped and changed by ersin and ther gelgic prcesses. Hw will relief (the difference between the highest and lwest elevatins in a regin) and climate affect average ersin rates in a regin? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether faster average ersin rates will ccur in regins with steep relief r regins with gradual relief (r whether ersin rates will be unaffected by relief) Which f the climates abve (glacial, temperate r trpical) will have the fastest average ersin rates (r whether ersin rates will be unaffected by climate) Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut ersin rates RUBRIC fr Questin #3 (pre, pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Crrectly states that ersin rates are higher in regins with STEEP relief Includes reasning fr high ersin rates with steep relief, which culd include: Less slpe stability (weathered material remved mre easily) Mre expsure t ersive agents Stream velcities greater/greater driving frces Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. Crrectly states that ersin rates are highest in GLACIAL climates Includes reasning fr high ersin rates in glacial climates, which culd include: Mvement f heavy/massive glaciers is a strng ersive frce Cmbinatin f several ersive frces (water, ice, rckfall, etc.) Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. ** if glacier is frzen t bedrck, ersin will be minimal, but nt all glaciers are frzen t the bedrck, s verall, glacial climates still have fastest ersin Pints Earned /1pt TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #3 /4 pts Ntes: High ersin rates in TROPICAL climates are als acceptable, if sufficient explanatin is included. Simple statements abut climate such as high precipitatin r high humidity and temperature are nt acceptable withut an explanatin f WHY thse climate cnditins prduce high weathering r ersin rates. The distinctin between weathering rates and ersin rates is t subtle t be penalized at the Gelgy 101 level. Heavy precipitatin r mre water is nt acceptable withut references t water velcity r relief. Mre water des nt necessarily = faster ersin rates.

23 Predictins (Pre-Test) and Observatins (Pst-Test) Which prcesses that ccur during muntain frmatin will be respnsible fr expsing intrusive igneus and metamrphic rcks, which frm deep within the crust, at the surface f the muntain range? Be sure t include in yur answer: At least tw prcesses assciated with the frmatin and evlutin f a muntain range that wuld be invlved with expsing deep crustal rcks at the surface f the muntain range Yur reasning fr bth f yur predictins abut hw deep rcks can be expsed RUBRIC fr Questin #4 (pre, pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin One prcess related t muntain building that culd expse deep rcks at the surface is identified, which culd include: Ersin Isstatic Uplift (upward mvement f crust r crustal rt) Crustal shrtening/thickening (tectnic uplift due t cnvergence) Faulting/earthquakes Caldera frmatin (**vlcanism in itself is nt sufficient, unless xenliths are specified**) Weathering (nly if ersin is als included in answer) Flding/verturning (in assciatin with ersin) Reasning cnsistent with the prcess listed abve is included, which must be a Scientifically Accurate statement (an explanatin f WHY r HOW the abve prcess cntributes t the expsure f deep rcks must be included in rder t receive this pint) A secnd prcess related t muntain building that culd expse deep rcks at the surface is identified, which culd include: Ersin Isstatic Uplift (upward mvement f crust r crustal rt) Crustal shrtening/thickening (tectnic uplift due t cnvergence) Faulting/earthquakes Caldera frmatin (**vlcanism in itself is nt sufficient, unless xenliths are specified**) Weathering (nly if ersin is als included in answer) Flding/verturning (in assciatin with ersin) Reasning cnsistent with the prcess listed abve is included, which must be a Scientifically Accurate statement (an explanatin f WHY r HOW the abve prcess cntributes t the expsure f deep rcks must be included in rder t receive this pint) Pints Earned /1pt TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #4 /4 pts **In rder t receive full credit, ne f the identified prcesses MUST be EROSION** Delayed Pst-Test

24 The Caucasus Muntains are lcated between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, separating Eurpe frm Asia. This 550- mile lng muntain range lies between Russia t the nrth and the cuntries f Gergia, Azerbajian and Armenia t the suth. With an average elevatin f feet (~ meters), the Caucasus Muntains cntain several 4000 meter (13,000 feet) peaks, including Mt. Elbrus at 5642 m (18,481 feet) in height. The western Caucasus Muntains, because f its prximity t the Black Sea, have a warm, humid and rainy climate with thick cnifer and deciduus frests. The Central Caucasus Muntains are glaciated at high elevatins with high, jagged peaks and 30 small glaciers. At lwer elevatins, the Central Caucasus cnsists f alpine meadws and pine frests in the valleys. The Eastern Caucasus has a drier, semi-desert climate and cntains barren fthills with islated peaks. TEST QUESTION INCLUDES SATELLITE IMAGE OF CAUCASUS MOUNTAINs Hw has the elevatin f the Caucasus Muntains abve sea level and thickness f the crust belw the muntain range been affected by the cnvergence f the Eurasian and Arabian plates? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the elevatin f the crust abve sea level has increased, decreased, r remained the same as befre the plates began t cnverge Whether the thickness f the crust belw the muntain range has becme thicker, becme thinner, r remained the same Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut the cntinental crust RUBRIC fr Questin #1 (delayed pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Crrectly states that the elevatin f the crust abve sea level will INCREASE Includes reasning fr increase in elevatin, which culd include: Upward mvement f magma/mantle during subductin (resulting in thickening r vlcanism) Additin f new material t the crust (accretinary wedge) Shrtening/thickening due t cmpressin r plate cnvergence Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. **Uplift due t subducting plate pushing up cntinental plate is NOT acceptable Crrectly states that the thickness f the crust belw the muntain range will INCREASE Includes reasning fr thickening f crust, which culd include: Upward mvement f magma/mantle during subductin Additin f new material t the crust (accretinary wedge) Shrtening/thickening due t cmpressin r plate cnvergence Thickening ccurs abve and belw surface t maintain balance Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #1 Pints Earned /1pt /4 pts Ntes: The elevatin and thickness culd ptentially STAY THE SAME if student s reasning includes an explanatin such as: If all factrs (tectnic uplift, vlcanism, ersin, etc.) are in balance, elevatin maintains equilibrium

25 Delayed Pst-Test The psitin f Earth s crust as it flats upn the mantle depends n isstasy. Isstatic equilibrium is achieved when the gravitatinal frces pulling dwn n the weight f the crust equals the buyancy frces pushing up n the crust. If density r crustal thickness changes, the crust will slwly respnd t regain equilibrium. Hw is the psitin f Earth s crust flating in the mantle affected by changes in muntain height r changes in crustal density? Specifically, a) hw des the crustal rt belw the Caucasus Muntains mst likely react t the lss f material at the tp due t ersin?, and b) hw des the psitin f the crust likely react t the intrusin f lw-density mlten magma that has frmed granite plutns in the Caucasus Muntains? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether the crustal rt mves farther dwn int the mantle, mves up within the mantle, r remains the same size/psitin as material erdes frm the Caucasus Muntain range? Whether the crust mves up, mves dwn r remains in the same psitin in the mantle as lw-density magma intrudes int the crust Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut the cntinental crust RUBRIC fr Questin #2 (delayed pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Pints Earned Crrectly states that the crustal rt will MOVE UP within the mantle when muntain height decreases due t ersin Includes reasning fr upward mvement f rt, which culd include: Decreased dwnward frce (crust is lighter) Less crustal rt is necessary t cmpensate fr weight f mt. range The crustal rt respnds by thinning t maintain isstatic equilibrium Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. Crrectly states that crust will MOVE UP, STAY THE SAME, r MOVE DOWN when lw-density magma intrudes int crust /1pt Includes reasning fr mvement f crust, which culd include: Increased buyancy with the additin f lw-density material (which increases vlume mre than it increases mass) Additin f mlten magma decreases verall density f crust Additin f new material increases thickness (increases elevatin) Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. **Des nt mve dwnward due t increased weight r increased mass because verall density decreases **Because f the cmplexity f this part f the questin, accept any respnse that is internally cnsistent and scientifically reasnable** TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #2 /4 pts Ntes: The intruding magma culd have n measurable effect n the crust because the amunt f magma is very little cmpared t the size f the muntain (amunt f magma isn t specified in the questin s this is a gd pint) With a reasnable (scientifically accurate) explanatin, the psitin f the crust culd STAY THE SAME (ie. ersin and uplift rates are in balance) Accept the crustal ROOT mving dwnward when lw-density magma intrudes (due t increased vlume, crustal thickening)

26 Delayed Pst-Test The Caucasus Muntain range cntains regins with varied tpgraphic relief, as well as a variety f climates. The muntain range has steep relief in areas f high peaks and deep valleys, mderate relief in the fthills, and gradual relief in the plains and plateaus. As is detailed in the intrductry paragraph, the climate in the western prtin f the range is warm, humid and rainy. In the central Caucasus, a glacial climate exists in higher elevatins with temperate frests at lwer elevatins. The Eastern prtin, furthest inland, is drier and semi-arid. Which climate and which degree f relief (steep, mderate r gradual) likely results in the lwest ersin rates in the Caucasus Muntains? Be sure t include in yur answer: Whether slwer average ersin rates ccur in regins with steep relief r regins with gradual relief (r whether ersin rates are unaffected by relief) Which f the climate regins abve (western, central r eastern Caucasus) has the slwest average ersin rates (r whether ersin rates are unaffected by climate) Yur reasning fr bth f yur bservatins abut ersin rates RUBRIC fr Questin #3 (delayed pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin Crrectly states that ersin rates are higher in regins with STEEP relief Includes reasning fr high ersin rates with steep relief, which culd include: Less slpe stability Mre expsure t ersive agents Stream velcities greater/greater driving frces Other scientifically accurate reasning that is directly applicable t the questin. Crrectly states that ersin rates will be slwest in the EASTERN Caucasus regin Includes reasning fr slw ersin rates in Eastern Caucasus, which culd include: dry climate (dry = less mving water, less precipitatin, n glaciatin) **n credit fr just stating it is a dry climate w/ further explanatin** TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #3 Pints Earned /1pt /4 pts Ntes: The CENTRAL Caucasus regin culd als be acceptable because they are temperate frests if heavy vegetatin is mentined.

27 Delayed Pst-Test High grade metamrphic rcks and intrusive igneus rcks (granite and grandirite plutns) are expsed and visible at the surface f the Caucasus Muntains. Hw can metamrphic and igneus rcks frmed deep in the crust eventually be fund at the surface? Be sure t include in yur answer: At least tw prcesses assciated with the frmatin and evlutin f the Caucasus Muntains that are invlved with expsing deep crustal rcks at the surface f the muntain range Yur reasning fr bth f the prcesses yu bserved that cntributed t expsing deep crustal rcks RUBRIC fr Questin #4 (delayed pst) This questin is graded n a 0-4 pint scale. Each pint can be earned as fllws: Criterin One prcess related t muntain building that culd expse deep rcks at the surface is identified, which culd include: Ersin Isstatic Uplift (upward mvement f crust r crustal rt) Crustal shrtening/thickening (tectnic uplift due t cnvergence) Faulting/earthquakes Caldera frmatin (**vlcanism in itself is nt sufficient, unless xenliths are specified**) Weathering (nly if ersin is als included in answer) Flding/verturning (in assciatin with ersin) Reasning cnsistent with the prcess listed abve is included, which must be a Scientifically Accurate statement (an explanatin f WHY r HOW the abve prcess cntributes t the expsure f deep rcks must be included in rder t receive this pint) A secnd prcess related t muntain building that culd expse deep rcks at the surface is identified, which culd include: Ersin Isstatic Uplift (upward mvement f crust r crustal rt) Crustal shrtening/thickening (tectnic uplift due t cnvergence) Faulting/earthquakes Caldera frmatin (**vlcanism in itself is nt sufficient, unless xenliths are specified**) Weathering (nly if ersin is als included in answer) Flding/verturning (in assciatin with ersin) Reasning cnsistent with the prcess listed abve is included, which must be a Scientifically Accurate statement (an explanatin f WHY r HOW the abve prcess cntributes t the expsure f deep rcks must be included in rder t receive this pint) Pints Earned /1pt TOTAL SCORE fr Questin #4 /4 pts **In rder t receive full credit, ne f the identified prcesses MUST be EROSION**