SOIL PROPERTIES STUDY NOTES

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1 SOIL PROPERTIES STUDY NOTES UNIT I SOIL PROPERTIES Objectives and Values f Getechnical Engineering Physical prperties f sil Phase relatins, Grain size distributin, Atterberg Limits, Sil descriptin and classificatin fr Engineering purpses, their significance, IS Classificatin and Textural classificatin. OBJECTIVES AND VALUES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: Intrductin: The term "sil" can have different meanings, depending upn the field in which it is cnsidered. T a gelgist, it is the material in the relative thin zne f the Earth's surface within which rts ccur, and which are frmed as the prducts f past surface prcesses. The rest f the crust is gruped under the term "rck". T an engineer, it is a material that can be: built n: fundatins f buildings, bridges built in: basements, culverts, tunnels built with: embankments, rads, dams supprted: retaining walls Sil Mechanics is a discipline f Civil Engineering invlving the study f sil, its behaviur and applicatin as an engineering material. Sil Mechanics is the applicatin f laws f mechanics and hydraulics t engineering prblems dealing with sediments and ther uncnslidated accumulatins f slid particles, which are prduced by the mechanical and chemical disintegratin f rcks, regardless f whether r nt they cntain an admixture f rganic cnstituents.sil cnsists f a multiphase aggregatin f slid particles, water, and air. This fundamental cmpsitin gives rise t unique engineering prperties, and the descriptin f its mechanical behavir requires sme f the mst classic principles f engineering mechanics.

2 Engineers are cncerned with sil's mechanical prperties: permeability, stiffness, and strength. These depend primarily n the nature f the sil grains, the current stress, the water cntent and unit weight. Frmatin f sil: In the Earth's surface, rcks extend upt as much as 20 km depth. The majr rck types are categrized as igneus, sedimentary, and metamrphic. Igneus rcks: frmed frm crystalline bdies f cled magma. Sedimentary rcks: frmed frm layers f cemented sediments. Metamrphic rcks: frmed by the alteratin f existing rcks due t heat frm igneus intrusins r pressure due t crustal mvement. Sils are frmed frm materials that have resulted frm the disintegratin f rcks by varius prcesses f physical and chemical weathering. The nature and structure f a given sil depends n the prcesses and cnditins that frmed it: Breakdwn f parent rck: weathering, decmpsitin, ersin. Transprtatin t site f final depsitin: gravity, flwing water, ice, wind. Envirnment f final depsitin: fld plain, river terrace, glacial mraine, lacustrine r marine. Subsequent cnditins f lading and drainage: little r n surcharge, heavy surcharge due t ice r verlying depsits, change frm saline t freshwater, leaching, cntaminatin. All sils riginate, directly r indirectly, frm different rck types. Sil types: Sils as they are fund in different regins can be classified int tw brad categries: (1) Residual sils (2) Transprted sils Residual Sils Residual sils are fund at the same lcatin where they have been frmed. Generally, the depth f residual sils varies frm 5 t 20 m. Chemical weathering rate is greater in warm, humid regins than in cld, dry regins causing a faster breakdwn f rcks. Accumulatin f residual sils takes place as the rate f rck decmpsitin exceeds the rate f ersin r transprtatin f the weathered material. In

3 humid regins, the presence f surface vegetatin reduces the pssibility f sil transprtatin. As leaching actin due t perclating surface water decreases with depth, there is a crrespnding decrease in the degree f chemical weathering frm the grund surface dwnwards. This results in a gradual reductin f residual sil frmatin with depth, until unaltered rck is fund. Residual sils cmprise f a wide range f particle sizes, shapes and cmpsitin. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL: Features f the sil prfile and the sil hrizns are ften described in the field in terms f the sil's physical prperties. Hrizns are defined based n difference in the physical prperties. Sil physical prperties affect the appearance and feel f a sil. The majr sil physical prperties are: Sil Texture Sil Structure Sil Cnsistence/Sil Strength Sil Clr Sil Permeability Sil Temperature 1. Sil texture: Each sil separate represents a distinct physical size grup. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging between specified size limits. The names and sizes f the sil separates recgnized in the United States are as fllws Very Carse Sand mm Carse Sand mm Medium Sand mm Fine Sand mm Very Fine Sand mm Silt mm Clay mm General classificatin is as fllws: Sand mm

4 Silt Clay mm <0.002 mm

5 2. Sil structure: Structure is the arrangement f primary sand, silt and clay particles int secndary aggregates called peds r structural units which have distinct shapes and are easy t recgnize. These differently shaped aggregates are called the structural type. The five basic types f structural units are as fllws: a. Platy: Plate-like aggregates that frm parallel t the hrizns like pages in a bk. This type f structure may reduce air, water and rt mvement. cmmn structure in an E hrizn and usually nt seen in ther hrizns. b. Blcky: Tw types--angular blcky and subangular blcky These types f structures are cmmnly seen in the B hrizn. Angular is cube-like with sharp crners while subangular blcky has runded crners. c. Prismatic: d. Granular: Vertical axis is lnger than the hrizntal axis. If the tp is flat, it is referred t as prismatic. If the tp is runded, it is called clumnar. Peds are rund and purus, spheridal. This is usually the structure f A hrizns. e. Structureless N bservable aggregatin r structural units. Single grain-sand 3. Sil Cnsistence Massive-slid mass withut aggregates

6 Expresses chesive and adhesive frces hlding sil particles tgether; varies with misture cntent. Describes the resistance f a sil at varius misture cntents t mechanical stress r manipulatin. It is described at three misture levels: This is a SAMPLE (Few pages have been extracted frm the cmplete ntes:-it s meant t shw yu the tpics cvered in the full ntes and as per the curse utline Dwnlad mre at ur websites: T get the cmplete ntes either in sftcpy frm r in Hardcpy (printed & Binded) frm, cntact us n: Call/text/whatsApp / naarcm@gmail.cm inf@naarcm.cm sales@naarcm.cm Get news and updates by liking ur page n facebk and fllw us n Twitter Sample/preview is NOT FOR SALE

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