ChArMEx. The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment. Contact: - Ambient air quality - Chemistry-climate interactions
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1 ChArMEx The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment Contact: 1. Main regional stakes - Ambient air quality - Chemistry-climate interactions - Impact on ecosystems 2. Scientific objectives 3. Interfaces with other projects Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
2 ChArMEx is the atmospheric chemistry component of the programme: it deals with short-lived tropospheric species ChArMEx Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
3 Our motivation The remote Mediterranean atmosphere offers the best combined possibilities to follow very diverse polluted continental air masses over the basin using satellites (clear sky), background monitoring (observatories) and field campaigns (proximity) to constrain coupled chemistry-transport transport and chemistry-climate models ability to simulate all relevant dynamical and chemical processes In addition, the oligotrophic Mediterranean waters offers the best opportunity to couple atmospheric and marine biogeochemical models The "Chantier" offers a great opportunity for multidisciplinary coupled approaches (ChArMEx- HyMeX-MERMEX-SICMED) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
4 The Mediterranean marine atmosphere is heavily impacted by continental air masses All types of continental and marine sources of particles and reactive gases Forest fires Biogenic emissions Biomass burning Seasalts Forest fires Volcanic sulfate Forest fires Marine biogenic i emissions i Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
5 The Mediterranean: an intense summer photochemistry with a regional ozone peak GOME JJA2000 tropospheric p O 3 column (DU) PREVAIR 14 July 2006 O 3 peak (µg m -3 ) Summer max.: ~+20 ppb Example of open questions: Relative contributions of long-distance transport and regional pollution sources (decreasing European emissions) Impact on the radiative budget Long term trends and evolution Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
6 The Mediterranean: the regional European maximum in aerosol annual average aerosol column Load mass load from AEROCOM models (courtesy of Christiane Textor, after Textor et al., ACP, 2006) 180 mg/m Continental sources dominate There is a strong maximum in the dry season (no wet scavenging, increased emissions ) SS DUST SO4 POM BC Mediterranean Baltic Sea North Sea Europe EuropeLand World Many open questions: - model components not validated (organics, deposition ) - uncertain trends - impacts not quantified Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
7 Enjeu sociétal: améliorer les prévisions de qualité de l air Summer 2001 (courtesy of K. Sartelet et al.) Strong biases: major need to improve - desert dust - soot & organics (anthropogenic emissions, emissions of biogenic and semi- volatile compounds, SOA formation) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
8 Autre enjeu: quantifier la contribution du transport longue distance Corse Matin, 17 octobre 2008 Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
9 Radiative effects of aerosols dominate those of greenhouse gases at the regional scale Direct forcing of sulphates (min. -2.8, max. 0.2, mean -0.3 W m -2 ) CO 2 forcing (min. 0.0, max. 1.0, mean +0.5 W m -2 ) 0 0 Indirect forcing of sulphates (min , max. 0.9, mean -0.8 W m -2 ) Simulations of the difference in radiative flux at TOA between present and pre-industrial period, considering changes in CO 2 and sulphate concentrations (Le Treut et al., J. Climate, 1998) the Mediterranean is among the most affected regions Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
10 The Mediterranean aerosols have a large impact on the solar radiation Pollution aerosol (ω o = ) ): Aged biomass burning -66 W m -2 (ω o = 0.89): (Roger et al., Atmos. Env., 2006) -60 W m -2 (Formenti et al. JGR, 2002) Desert dust (ω 0730 Anthropogenic aerosol o = ): -13, -24, -37 W m -2 (ω o = 0.87): Non dust: -37 and -39 W m W m -2 (Meloni et al., JGR, 2003 and 2004) (Markowicz et al., GRL, 2002) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
11 Enjeu sociétal: l impact probable de la pollution sur le climat régional -15 to -20 W m -2 AOT 532 =0.6 ω o ~0.85 (Léon et al., JGR, 2002) March 1999 Direct effect Semi-direct effect 1.5 <heating<2.5 K j gradient >0 convection W m <heating<1.5 K j -1 gradient <0 stratification Evaporation of low clouds (Ackerman et al., 2000) -40 to -50 W m -2 Modification of the latent heat flux (-20% over the dry season! Ramanathan et al., JGR, 2001) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
12 Chemistry/aerosol-climate interaction studies are based on regional experiments The western Med has been neglected up to now SCAR-C 1994 ChArMExEUCAARIEUCAARI SCAR-A 1993 MINOS ACE-2 ABC TARFOX ACE-3 PRIDE SHADE AMMA INDOEX SCAR-B 1995 SAFARI 2000 ACE Polder Aerosol Index (March 1997) 0.5 Chantier Journées Méditerranée IPSL Méditerranée, Aix-En-Provence Jussieu, Nov oct /17
13 Atmospheric input to surface waters A Saharan dust episode: about a half million of tons of dust over the Mediterranean and a deposition of grams per m 2 Cumulated deposition of DFe from anthropogenic aerosols from Saharan aerosols ΔDFe (above-belowbelow thermocline) e (nm) ssolved iron DFe Dis May June July August Sept. Oct. (Dulac et al, Kluwer, 1996) (Bonnet and Guieu, JGR, 2006) In the period of surface water stratification, deposition explains the dissolved iron enrichment above the thermocline Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
14 Enjeu sociétal: le dépôt impacte les 1ers éléments de la chaîne trophique marine Impact of atmospheric deposition on marine ecosystems during marine stratification (courtesy of Guieu et al., ANR DUNE) Seeding the mesocosms with 10 g m -2 of Saharan dust pth (m) Dep Triplicates for dust addition and for control Increase in chlorophyll (total duration 9 d) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
15 The huge model variability on deposition is a critical problem Global dust aerosol model intercomparison with prescribed mass fluxes, injection height and emitted particle size 1600 Dry deposition Wet deposition x r) deposition (Mt/yr dry wet depo osition (M t/yr) x MATCH UIO_CTM GISS LSCE MozGN ULAQ 0 ULAQ MozGN GISS LSCE UIO_CTM MATCH Adapted from AEROCOM (Aerosol Model Comparison; Textor et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2006 and 2007) Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
16 ChArMEx scientific objectives Assessing the present state t of the Mediterranean atmospheric environment Sources and budgets of aerosols and precursors of secondary species? - inventories of natural/anthropogenic sources - long-range transport/regional sources - trends and variability Chemical and dynamical processes? - chemical transformations, plume aging processes - air mass import/export (3D), orographic and see-breeze effects - stratification and variability in the vertical Atmospheric deposition? - soluble/insoluble - nutrients (P, N), micronutrients (Fe), contaminants (Hg) Quantifying the impacts of aerosols and reactive gases On the surface air quality (long range vs regional contributions) On the Mediterranean radiative budget and regional climate (SST, evaporation, atmospheric heating, cloud cover, heat waves, photochemistry/oxidizing capacity) On the surface ecosystems (role of deposition, perturbation of incident radiation) Predict future evolution Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
17 ChArMEx interfaces with other projects ChArMEx-HyMeX: ChArMEx: radiative budget, impacts of its perturbations on SST, evaporation, atmospheric heating HyMEx: aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions ChArMEx-MERMEX and ChArMEx-SICMED (not investigated yet) : ChArMEx: atmospheric deposition, perturbation of incoming solar radiation at the surface MERMEX: impacts on marine biogeochemistry, marine biogenic emissions SICMED: impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, soil and terrestrial biogenic emissions Chantier Méditerranée Aix-En-Provence Nov /17
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