Index. Colonization, South Asia, 39, 40 Curated technologies, 1, 7 Curation, 1, 3, 7, 8, 325, 329. D Debitage, 1, 8 Dispersal model, 40

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1 A Alaska. See Owl Ridge Archaeological method and theory, 328, 330, 331 Archaeological site formation processes, 2 Archaic period, 236, 237 Assemblage-formation theory, 329 Australian lithic technology. See also Backed artifacts. See also Environmental change NCT, 79 paleoenvironmental change, 79 terminal Pleistocene and Holocene, 79 B Backed artifacts archaeological examinations, 85 craft goods, 83 defined, 80 degree of craft specialization, 82 economic and social contexts, 87 extractive tools, 87 game hunting and individual pursuit strategies, 83 geographical variation, 80, 81 hafting positions, 82 low chronological resolution, 85 Mangrove Creek catchment, 83 master-apprentice relationships, 84 process of cultural changes, 88 production, 81 production behaviors, 84 public signaling, 88 resin residues and stains, 82 scrutinizing truthfulness of signal, 84 size and shape, 81 specimens identification, 80 territory and group composition, 87 utilitarian kinds, 83 Behavioral ecology theory, 321, 323 BER. See Bonneville estates rockshelter (BER) Bifacial technology, 281 Blade/microblade systems, 7 Bonneville estates rockshelter (BER) early Holocene sediments, 246 lithic assemblages, 245 map of, 243 paleoindian occupation, 244 radiocarbon dates, 245 raw material procurement, raw material selection, 252 stratigraphic profile, 244 technological activities, 250, 251 tools production, 251, 252 Bordes-Binford functional argument, 328 British LMP. See Middle palaeolithic in Britain C Cerro Verlika 1 (CV), 309 Chorrillo Malo 2, 307 Chronological resolution, archeological records, 4, 5 CLIMAP project, 2 Clovis-Folsom transition, 274 Clovis site, 266 Colonization, 124, 139, , 281, 282, 294, 297 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 E. Robinson, F. Sellet (eds.), Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation 9, DOI /

2 336 Index Colonization, South Asia, 39, 40 Curated technologies, 1, 7 Curation, 1, 3, 7, 8, 325, 329 D Debitage, 1, 8 Dispersal model, 40 E Eastern Beringia, archaeological context, archaeological investigations, 203 colonization, 203 environmental change (see Environmental change) Owl Ridge, 208, 210 paleoenvironmental, Pleistocene-Holocene transition, 228 technological strategies, 203 Eastern Great Basin. See Environmental change El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system, 85 Environmental change, , Australian lithic technology, eastern Beringia, eastern Great Basin, 237 alluvial histories, 240 cave records, 241 Gunnison shoreline, 239 intermountain region, 237 Lake Bonneville, geographic extent, 238 paleobotanical studies, 240 Pleistocene large-mammal extinctions, 241 pollen record, 240 small-mammal assemblages, 241 transgressive/regressive cycle, 239 in western Bonneville basin, 241, 242 southern Germany animal species, 190 archaeological entity, 192 boreal forest patterns, hunters, 192 carnivore species, 192 fish productivity and diversity, 193 foraging technology, 190 habitat structure, 190 late and postglacial periods, 190 and lithic technology, 189 lowlands along migratory routes, 191 Magdalenian and late Mesolithic, 189 oldest Dryas period, 192 patchiness, 190 rapid warming, 191 temperate deciduous forests, 193 vegetational communities, 191 Estancia Alice (EA), 313 Estancia Alice 1 (EA1), 313 Expediency, 1, 7 F Feldspar OSL ages, 311 Field processing model, 322 Final paleolithic archaeological entity, 192 faunal assemblages, 194 high and low spatial predictability, 196 late, 191 Fine-grained igneous (FGI) toolstones, 219 Fire activity, 302, 311 Fishtail points morphological variations, 287 PA, 288, 289 Folsom and Clovis stone tool systems, 263 hunters, 267 tool kits, 272 Formal vs. informal technologies, 219, 221 Fynbos taxa, 14 G Good/bad environment, 7 Great Plains, 268, 273 H Hoabinhian, southeast Asia artifact makers, 73 assemblages, at Tham Lod and Jerimalai, 71 bamboo hypothesis, 72, 73 east Asia, 67, 68 hominin taxonomic affiliations, 72 Levallois technology, in Tham Lod, 72 lithic elements, 65 microlithic technology, 71 southeast Asia, 66, stone artifacts, 63 sumatraliths, 72 Hokkaido region, Holocene lower-ranked foods, 85 probabilities of radiometric dates, 87 technological change, Australia, 79

3 337 Homo sapiens, 164, 182 Howiesons Poort artifacts and discard rates, 21 classic/later, 16 earlier Howiesons Poort, 15, 29 fairly intensive occupation, 29 post-howiesons Poort, 17, 30 and Still Bay, 23 Human adaptive responses archaeological data, 92 archaeological features, 106, 108, 110 archaeological sites, climatic amelioration, 114 climatic fluctuations, 93 data, 96 environmental change, 91 fauna, 96 flora, lithic technology, 113, 115 microblade industries, 111 radiocarbon dates, 106 southeastern Hokkaido, 111 stone weaponry systems, 106 technology, 92 Unoki-minami site, 111 Human behavioral ecology, 268 Human mobility patterns, 268 Human occupation, 305, 308, 315, 316 I Interpretive ambiguity, 4, 7 J Jake Bluff Clovis site, 266, 268 Jomon lithic technology, 114 Jomon pottery types, 108 K Kanto/Chubu region, Kyushu region, 108 L Last glacial maximum (LGM), 94, 283 Late glacial (LG), 92 Late Holocene, 305, 316 Levallois-flaked artifacts, 309, 312, 313, 317 Lithic analysis, 7, 8, 41, 263, 294 application scope, 326, 327 artifacts, 315 assemblages, 8 food and people, 265 Hoabhinhian, 65 hominin taxonomic affiliations, 72 and paleoenvironments, in east and southeast Asia, 74 in peninsula Thailand, 68 observation and strategies, 327, 328 recording strategies, 7 resources, 302 size-composition dependence, 327 south Asia (see South Asia, India) types, 274 in Vietnam, 69 M Magdalenian assemblages, 193 food resources, 194 high and low spatial predictability, 196 hunters, 191 lakeshore sites, 194 steppe-tundra landscape, 189 Marginal value theorem, 269 Marine isotope stage (MIS) 4, 14 Mesolithic archaeological entity, 192 early and late, 190, 191 with faunal assemblages, 194 geometric microlithics, 194 locations, 193 low moderate predictability, 196 tool manufacture, 197 Microlithic, in south Asia adaptive model, 41, 54 blade size and elongation, 53 dispersal model, 40, 53 Jurreru River valley, 43, 44, 46 from middle paleolithic, 41, 42 Middle palaeolithic in Britain climatic and environmental contexts, 123, colonization, exploration and risk, continental records, 123 cultural adaptation, 124 cultural isolation and technological homogeneity, 140, 141 cyclical landscape exploitation, dated assemblages, 134 distinctiveness, 139, 140 geographical situation, 123 geographic location, 123, 132 raw materials, 131

4 338 Index Middle palaeolithic in Britain (cont.) sites and chronology, technological characterization, UF radiocarbon, 133 Middle stone age (MSA), 13 SA s, winter rainfall zone (see Southern Africa, WRZ) Milankovitch hypothesis, 2 N Neanderthal re-colonization of Britain (Wragg-Sykes), 6 Neanderthals dated assemblages, 134 geographic location and species, 123 geological resources across entire landscapes, 135 mobility, techno-economic system, 145 subarctic/artic contexts, 142 Niche construction Balzi Rossi site complex, 163 Niche construction technological patterns, 163, 164, 183 Niche construction theory (NCT), 79 Nunamiut, 1, 2 O Owl Ridge artifact types, 213, 214 cultural components, 209 debitage, 213 lithic assemblages, 210 Nenana and Teklanika River valleys, 208 Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, 210 sample of tools, 213, 215 stratigraphic profile, 209 P Paleoclimatic data, 264 Paleoenvironment, 91 96, 302,. See also Australian lithic technology BER, 236 eastern Beringia, Paleoenvironmental change, 2 4, 6, 8, 268 Paleoenvironmental conditions Brazil, 283 landscape features, 283 LGM, 283 Uruguay, 284 Paleo-Honshu island, 96 Paleoindian archeology, 274 hunters, 267 period, 236, 244, 256, , 272, 274 points, 289, 293, 294, 297 Patagonia LIA, 314 pollen records, 308 SWW, 316 Pay Paso 1, 281, 282, 284 Pay Paso point, 292, 293 Penetration angle (PA), 288, 295 Period I cal BP CVk1, 309 Holocene, 304 human occupation, 305 radiocarbon ages, 306, 307 RB1, 309 reduced moisture levels, 308 Period II: cal BP, 311, 312 Period III: cal BP, 312 Period IV: cal BP, Period V: cal BP, 314, 315 Phlegrean fields, 182 Pleistocene, 267 glaciations, 283 Holocene transition, 91, 111, 240, 241, , 285, 295, 296 Pollen analysis, 302 Primary reduction activities, 218 Projectile point designs, 271, 294 Proto-Aurignacian behavioral package, 169 Proto-Aurignacian lithic assemblages adaptations, 181 allochtonous material, 177 archaeological signature, 164, 170 behavioral strategies, 170 behavioral variability and environmental variability, 181, 182 bladelets, 177, 178, 181 Bombrini, 168, 176, 183 chaînes opératoires, 172 climatic factors, 183 coastal plains, 183 discarding pieces, 178 equids and rhinoceros, 168 excavation, 165 hunter-gatherer adaptations, 163 landscape, 183 levels, 175 makers, 177 occupants, 166 paleoenvironmental datasets, 164 proto-aurignacian levels, 167

5 339 radiocarbon dates, 167 raw material, 170 resources, 183 retooling, 178 retouched and unretouched subsets, 178 Riparo Bombrini, 164, technology and typology, typological inventories, 172 typological inventory, 173 unretouched bladelets, 178 variability, volumetric densities and frequencies, 174 Provisioning artifacts, in Howiesons Poort assemblages, 18 definition, 17 humid conditions, 18, 19 of individuals, 17 in late Pleistocene of southern Africa, 18 mobility, 18 of places, 17, 18 systems, 17 Q Quartz OSL ages, 311 R Radiocarbon ages, 306, 307 Raw material procurement, 175 lithic landscape, variability, Raw materials, Southern Africa s WRZ, 22, 23 Región Arqueológica Catalanes Nacientes Arapey (RACNA), 285 Rio Bote 1 (RB1), 301, 308 Riparo Bombrini, 164, 181 location, 165 profile, 166 Riparo Mochi, 181 S Seasonal constraints, 5 Secondary reduction activities, 219 South America, 287, 289 Fishtail point morphological variations, 287 PA, 287, 289 Pampa and Patagonia, 287 paleoindian points, 289 Pay Paso point, 292, 293 Tigre points, 290, 291 South Asia, India chopper, pebble and small tool, 38 chronology, 38 colonization, 39 demographic expansions, 38 environmental settings, 42 Jurreru River Valley, 45, 46 archaeological excavations, 43 in the blades, 45 lithic sequence, 44 raw materials, 45 middle paleolithic assemblages, 43 microlithic adaptation model, 38 microlithic origins (see Microlithic, in South Asia) middle paleolithic, to microlithic transition, 41, 42 Middle Son Valley blade characteristics, 51 changes, in core scar, 50 combined technological sequence, 50 deposits, 49 Dhaba locality, 49 location and border, 47 stone artifacts, 49 sub-continents, 38 timing, Homo sapiens arrival, in India, 39, 40 Southeast Asia, 63 archaeology, 63 Hoabinhian, 65 (see also Hoabinhian, Southeast Asia) locations, 63, 64 Southern Africa, WRZ, 19, 21, analytic methods, for shelter sites, 20 cortex data, 23 Diepkloof, 15 on factors controlling precipitation, 14 fine-grained rocks, 15 fynbos, 14 Howiesons Poort, 21 (see also Howiesons Poort) implements, 21 mobility, 18 MSA archaeological sequence, 15 Olifants River valley, 19 open site data Clanwilliam Dam surveys, 24, 25 Doring River surveys, Knersvlakte surveys, 28 population, 18

6 340 Index Southern Africa, WRZ (cont.) provisioning changes, 17, 18, (see also Provisioning) quartzite and quartz, 19 raw material proportions, 22, 23 retouched flakes and adjusted residuals, 22 rock- shelters, 20 silcrete cores, 23, 24 technological systems design theory, 15 Southern Germany, environmental change (see Environmental change) faunal assemblages, 194 food resources, 194 geometric microlithics, 194 heat-tempered artifacts, 195, 196 host of factors, 189 lakes channeled animal movements, 194 lithic technology, 189 Magdalenian assemblages, 189, 193 microlithic barbs, 195 raw materials, 195 (see also Technological organization (TO)) vegetational changes, 194 Southern Patagonia Ice Field (SPIF), 303 Southern westerly winds (SWW), 303 Stemmed triangular with wings (STW), 290, 291 Still Bay bifacial points, 20 Clanwilliam Dam Surveys, 25 at Diepkloof, 22 discard rates, 21, 22, 29 of fine-grained rocks, 15 and Howiesons Poort, 20 Knersvlakte surveys, 28 termination, at rock- shelter sites, 15 WRZ site, Diepkloof, 15 Stone tools, 295 Sumatraliths, 65, 69, 72 Summer rainfall zone (SRZ), southern Africa, 14, 15 T Technological organization (TO), 92, , behavioral ecology, 322 Binford s development, 323 bison oriented systems, 270 by-products, tool production, 1, 2 chronological resolution, 4 6 CLIMAP project, 2 Clovis and Folsom groups, 270, 273, 328 cost, 321 debitage, 8 defined, 321 environmental conditions, 4 flute, 274, 295 history and adaptation, 330, 331 human mobility patterns, 268 hunter-gatherer material adaptation, 322 lithic assemblages application scope, 326, 327 observation and strategies, 327, 328 size-composition dependence, 327 marginal value theorem, 269 Nunamiut, 2 and organizational constraints, 6, 7 origin, 324 paleoclimate forcing mechanisms, 4 and paleoenvironmental change, 2, 3 Paleoindian hunter, 270 problem-solving, 326 projectile point design, 271 reporting strategies, 7 southern Germany blades in assemblages by period, 197 cores and blades, local raw materials, 199 debitage, 198, 199 faceted core platforms, 197, 198 high and low predictability, 196 stone tool typology, 196 tools, anticipatory production, 197 theoretical specification, 330 time scale, 329 time-series data, 8 tool-caching behavior, 271 tool forms, 272 toolstone acquisition and processing, 321 Techno-typological uniformity, 173 Thailand, 65, 68 Tigre points, 290, 291 Time scales, Time-series arrays, 8 Tohoku region, Tool-Catching behavior, Toolstone, 330 Translucent agate, 296 U Ultrafiltrated (UF) radiocarbon, 133 Unifacial and bifacial technologies, Uruguay bifacial artifacts, 286

7 341 Paleoenvironmental conditions, 284 and Paraná Rivers, 281 RACNA, 285 Tigre site, 285 Urupez 2 and K87, 285 V Vietnam, 65, 69 W Winter rainfall zone (WRZ), 13 southern Africa, 14, (see also Southern Africa, WRZ) Y Year-round rainfall zone (YRZ), southern Africa, 14, 15 Younger Dryas (YD) dynamics bison population, 266 climatic event, 265 Clovis sites, 266 Folsom hunters, 267 paleoindian tradition, 265

Wednesday October 22, VIII The Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens E. Colonization of the New World IX Broad Spectrum Hunting and Gathering

Wednesday October 22, VIII The Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens E. Colonization of the New World IX Broad Spectrum Hunting and Gathering Wednesday October 22, 2014 VIII The Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens E. Colonization of the New World IX Broad Spectrum Hunting and Gathering 1-2 paragraph Summary On the Human Prehistory Part of the Film