We re living in the Ice Age!
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1 Chapter 18. Coping with the Weather: Causes and Consequences of Naturally Induce Climate Change 지구시스템의이해 We re living in the Ice Age! 1
2 Phanerozoic Climate 서늘해지고 더웠고 따뜻했고 3 Climate Rollercoaster 4 2
3 Time Scale of Climate Variations and Possible Causes 5 Cenozoic Cooling Continents moves to their current positions Warm ice free climate gives way to a gradually colder climate 6 3
4 Eocene Climate Analogous to our future warmer world? Ice-free; equator to pole temperature gradient was around half of today s gradient Deep ocean temperature was much warmer (8-12 ) Tropical forests extended to around 40-45ºN Why was it so warm? 7 Hypotheses for post-eocene Cooling 1. The spreading rate hypothesis (BLAG) 2. The tectonic uplift weathering hypothesis (Raymo- Ruddiman hypothesis) 3. The ocean heat transport hypothesis 4. The organic burial hypothesis (The Monterey hypothesis) 8 4
5 1. The spreading rate hypothesis (Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels) CO 2 is generated by plate tectonic processes at mid ocean ridges and subduction zones The CO 2 input is therefore controlled by seafloor spreading rate Higher the spreading rate, more the CO 2 outgassing 9 Negative feedback by chemical weathering 10 5
6 BLAG Model- Controversial mya general decrease in spreading produce cooling. yes! 15 mya to today spreading increased produce warming? no! Tectonic Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Tectonic uplift in the last 55 Myr (e. g. the Himalayas, the Andes) caused increased physical breakdown of rocks. The consequent increase in chemical weathering results in draw down of atmospheric CO 2 leading to cooling. 12 6
7 3. Ocean Heat Transport Hypothesis Antarctic Circumpolar Current (25-10 mya) North Atlantic Currents Organic Carbon Burial Hypothesis Organic carbon-rich sediments deposited along California coast 13 mya Increased upwelling in the coastal ocean and increased nutrient delivery could enhance the rate of organic carbon production CO 2 + H 2 O organic C burial > CH 2 O + O 2 Increase rate of the organic carbon burial in the sediment means loss of the total amount of carbon in the oceanatm system and decreased level of CO 2 in the atm 14 7
8 Lessens from Long-term Climate History Since the rise of O 2 and demise of CH 4, Earth s climate determined by the combination of CO 2 and solar luminosity Negative feedback by carbonate-silicate weathering maintains climate, but this has temporarily broken down to produce glaciations and hothouse (sometimes extreme) Ice-albedo feedback appears to play a major role in glaciations Possible role for ocean heat transport changes with continental configuration changes Possibility of catastrophic events 15 LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) NHG 8
9 Oxygen isotope record δ 18 O-Benthic Foram Temperature 100K cycles Globigerinoides sacculifer 9
10 What makes the season? Tilt Eccentricity Current Setting NH: Canceling SH: Reinforcing 10
11 What changes the season? Precession Milankovitch Cycle 11
12 δ 18 O- Benthic Foram vs. Insolation Orbital forcing on climate Figure δ 18 O- Benthic Foram change rate vs. Insolation Correlates much better! 12
13 Rapid recess of ice by + feedback of volcanism 40k to 100k periodicity, why? 13
14 Ice began to build up ~30Ma Abrupt Climate Change Chaotic nature of Climate Fractal nature of Climate Younger Dryas 14
15 Conveyor Belt 29 The Salt Oscillator Bottom line D-O events are due to bottom water formation (THC) in the N. Atlantic turning ON and OFF. Warmer N. Atlantic climate during periods of high bottom water formation, colder when it shuts off. Heinrich events are periods of pack ice surge during cold periods, due to the previous thinning of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These surges would be related to ice sheet dynamics
16 Younger Dryas Event Brief(1,300±70 yr), deep freeze near the end of Pleistocene (12,900-11,600 BP) 31 LGM Temperature: The CLIMAP summer SST record N. Atlantic cooled by 8 º C Pacific cooled less Tropical ocean cooled only slightly 32 16
17 Ice Sheets/ Sea Level at LGM 33 Dustier during LGM Major sources of windblown dust were African and Asian desserts Beneficial to marine phytoplankton 34 17
18 Reorganization of ocean circulation Reduced production of NADW Formation of GNAIW Dominance of southern water mass in deep Atlantic 35 LGM Termination The rapid deglaciation that suddenly shrank the ice sheets is called termination Caused by rising summer insolation and CO 2 concentration (volcanism) 36 18
19 Retreat of N. American ice sheet N. American ice sheet retreat began about 14, C years ago as determined by radiocarbon dating of organic carbon found in moraines. 37 Meltwater signals in the Gulf of Mexico and Norwegian Sea Meltwater from Barents ice sheet in the Arctic and from Laurentide ice sheet ocean discharged through the Mississippi River to GOM Low O in planktonic foram shells because ice is depleted in O (~30 ) compared to surface seawater (~0 ) 38 19
20 Two meltwater pulses to the ocean At ~12,800 C-14 years there was a major warming event (Boling-Allerod) MP1-14K Th/U year (~12K C-14 years) MP2 12K Th/U year (~10K C-14 years) 39 Mid-deglacial cooling - Younger Dryas Brief reversal to glacial conditions during deglaciation (13,000 yrs ago) Evidence of cooler temperature and Southward shift of polar front: Cold dwelling planktonic species N. pachyderma Cold-adapted vegetation Cooling of Europe 40 20
21 Greenland ice core record Decreased ice accumulation rate during the cold event Increased windblown dust 41 What caused Younger Dryas? Broecker hypothesis: Diversion of meltwater route from the Gulf of Mexico to the N. Atlantic via St. Lawrence River valley
22 Glacial Lake Aggasiz 43 Meltwater Routing Oscillator Clark et al. (2001) 44 22
23 Conveyor-based explanation LGM: Deep water production shut down. Cold in N. Atlantic Bolling-Allerod: Conveyor resumed at 14 ka ago, warming N. Atlantic YD diversion of meltwater to N. Atlantic shut down conveyor again, returning N. Europe to glacial state The antiphase in T suggests that when deep water production slowed in N. Atlantic, Antarctic production increased and vice versa The boundary between the N. and S. operation seems to lie in the tropics. 45 Seesaw-type operation When the conveyor circulation strong, N. Atlantic region is warm and the S. hemisphere is cool. When the conveyor is week, heat is left in the S. hemisphere and the northern Atlantic ocean is cooler 46 23
24 Chances of catastrophic shutdown of THC Add freshwater to ocean 1. Increased rain in the N. Atlantic regions 2. Melting of Greenland ice sheets 47 The Day After Tomorrow? Not likely, it takes time to shutdown the THC
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