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1 GIS 39 Vol.4, No.3, Autumn 202 Iranian Remote Sensing & GIS 8-98 GDEM SRTM NIDEM 2 * //7 : 390/9/23 : GDME, 2009; ) ( 90 ) SRTM 30 (GDEM2, 20. ( 0 ).... GDEM.. SRTM /3 3/9 95 3/8 4/8 GDEM GDEM2. GDEM / 3 SRTM. -20/8 4/8. -5/ 9/ 95 8/ GDEM GDEM2. ( ) NIDEM SRTM.. GDEM GDEM2 NIDEM SRTM : babak_ebrahimi@ltr.ui.ac.ir : *

2 (NASA) (NGA) 3 SRTM. (SRTM) 3 SRTM... Rodriguez et al., 2005) Carabajal and Harding Hofton et al., 2006 SRTM.(2006 ) ) (.(Ham, 2005) ( 32.(Seal et al., 2007) SRTM 4 ASTER.(Hirano et al., 2003 Kamp et al., 2003). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 2. Relief 3. Shultle Radar Topography Mission 4. Advanced Space borne home Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-ASTER -. 2 Irvin 997) Roberts and Cunningham Klingseisen 2004 Bubenzer Paul, et al., 2004 Bolch et al., 2008 Desmet and Kirkby 990 and Bolten 2008 Sobel et al., Dietrich et al., 993 Govers 995.( GDEM SRTM. SRTM

3 NIDEM GDEM SRTM GDEM ( ) ) 20 7 (2009 ).(20 GDEM (GDEM) (GDEM2).. GDEM (C-D) (A-B) : GDEM (E). Global Digital Elevation Model 2. METI 3. NASA 4. Step anomalies 5. Pit in Bump 6. Bump 39 83

4 ) º-30 49º º-2 3º-54 SRTM ( ) GDEM. 0.. GDEM (Krieger et al., 20) GDEM. SRTM SRTM 0 GDEM ( ). -2 SRTM

5 NIDEM GDEM SRTM GDEM. ASTER / (GDEM2) ( : (DEM).. / UTM 0. : GRD TIF. USGS84. Endeavour 2. Radar interferometry 3. Stack number :SRTM ( 56 ) 80 ( SRTM Rosen et al., 2000) ( 6 ). SRTM3 SRTM ) SRTM 30 ( ( GDEM2) :ASTER (GDEM. 3 (VNIR) (SWIR). (TIR) 3B 3N VNIR ( 27/7 ). ( 30 ) GDEM. GEOTIFF 39 85

6 .. ENVI GDEM2-NIDEM GDEM-NIDEM. SRTM-NIDEM. 7. GDEM-NIDEM GDEM2-NIDEM GDEM2 GDEM.. SRTM-NIDEM. SRTM NIDEM..(9 8 ).. Scatter Diagram. Cubic ( 30 ).(Keeratikasikorn and Trisirisatayawong, 2008) NIDEM. ) GDEM NIDEM SRTM ( SRTM ( ) GDEM / NIDEM. GIS. 6. NIDEM GDEM2 SRTM ( ) NIDEM GDEM ( ) ( ) NIDEM 39 86

7 NIDEM GDEM SRTM 0. (AB ) ( ) ( ). ( ). 7. ( ). Strip-3 Strip-2 Strip- NIDEM-GDEM NIDEM-GDEM2 NIDEM-SRTM SRTM-GDEM NIDEM-GDEM NIDEM-GDEM2 NIDEM-SRTM SRTM-GDEM NIDEM-GDEM NIDEM-GDEM2 NIDEM-SRTM SRTM-GDEM (km 2 ) /4±6/6-3±7/8 2±7/ 0/4±8/2 3/2±20/4 -/9±9/4 /3±7/4 /9±20/6 4/8±27/ -0/4±20/6 0/5±29/6 4/3±35/5 8/5 9/ 8/7 9/3 0/4 9/9 8/9 0/5 3/8 0/5 5/ 8/ RMSE (est.) 9/7 0/6 9/7 9/5 2 0/9 9/55 /45 6/2 0/7 5/35 20/25.3. Hill Shade 39 87

8 !=72 >"?"#" A (B- 2 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 ZC^G Y!. t03mf% [~Ch% #Ll.4 m=a 3 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 ZC^G Y!. t03mf% [~Ch% #Ll.5 m=a N+") NIDEM *(03MF% *GEWF S&G #. N'_8 (TA9 UL%-LA) GDEM S&G #eg%9 A F%E8 -, Nb0_G ]% &4 F9.6 m=a NIDEM *(03MF% *GEWF S&G #. N'_8 STRM S&G A ( "A) NIDEM *(03MF% *GEWF S&G #. N'_8 (SA% UL%-LA) GDEM S&G )(N"%F.( k N+") *$+)$ GIS! " #$ %&'( 39 56)-7.( 2!-34.!-/0,-( 88

9 NIDEM!-#./&!)0+& '() % 4,#.56 #" GDEM 3 SRTM!-#./&!)0+& #2'() *+,!"#$%& 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 *.0^C8% 59A&VG ]% - 0eCG -LA0gM A *(03MF% Y!. UeI%-R T%-B0L9.7 m=a 2 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 *.0^C8% 59A&VG ]% - 0eCG -LA0gM A *(03MF% Y!. UeI%-R T%-B0L9.8 m=a 3 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 *.0^C8% 59A&VG ]% - 0eCG -LA0gM A *(03MF% Y!. UeI%-R T%-B0L9.9 m=a *$+)$ GIS! " #$ %&'( 39 56)-7.( 2!-34.!-/0,-( 89

10 . ( ) NIDEM-GDEM NIDEM (Aster GDEM Validation Team, 2009) GDEM -5/3 SRTM RMSE 7/75 ). 9/73-5. GDEM Aster GDEM ) GDEM2. (Validation Team, 20 ) -6/ GDEM 0/9-23/ 95.(Krieger et al., 20) ( -3. NIDEM (Arc Sec) NIDEM SRTM. NIDEM SRTM ) Keeratikasikorn and ) (.(Trisirisatayawong, 2008 GDEM2 SRTM GDEM. NIDEM-GDEM ( ) /8 2/4 3/8 ) (. -22/3 3/9 95 A-B ( ) ( ) ( ).0 NIDEM SRTM GDEM GDEM

11 NIDEM!-#./&!)0+& '() % 4,#.56 #" GDEM 3 SRTM!-#./&!)0+& #2'() F9 A-B F9 (Y!L0R) *:%-BEREM u-+!8 A (#80!G) *GEWF S&G )(l0.) *(03MF% YaAF #L0" S&G. m=a A9 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 *.0^C8% 59A&VG #. E.-G NIDEM A SRTM ) GDEM)GDEM2 F9 A-B F9 (Y!L0R)*:%-BEREM u-+!8 A(#80!G) *GEWF S&G )(l0.)*(03mf% YaAF #L0" S&G.2 m=a #" 5F0+a *M0>$0cG F%E8 F9 *.0^C8% 59A&VG #. E.-G NIDEM A SRTM ) GDEM)GDEM2 *GEWF 0`. - 0`eCG) SA% F%E`8 9/ 9F%&80C`"% [%-V8% w`zcg F&`W) SA% F%E8 F9 5&a5&,07G - I%&b Y!680!G 0`e!+?% yc`" F9 0ch Y!680!G f%-!!;m #eg%9 )(0ch.9E`. &`,%Eh -CG -20/8 A 4/8 Y!. #eg%9 )&4F9 95 F9 #`I 9]0" *G ^7G (*80!G F%9E+8 5 m=a *"F-. *Z```q03M #```Ll f%-```!!;m #```eg%9 SA&```< F9 f%-`!!;m Y`L% #`eg%9 A )5&a #H%F% NIDEM-GDEM2 TA9 F%E8 F9) -CG 35 - I%&b 0M -CG -335 mw%&b Y!. s`!8 [~C`h% Y`L% Y!680!G.N"% 5&a 5&,07G (TE" A YC:-`B -`d8 F9 0`..N`"% -`CG -3 *`$% -CG -0/4 Y!. *$+)$ GIS! " #$ %&'( 39 56)-7.( 2!-34.!-/0,-( 9

12 ( 6 ) NIDEM-SRTM SRTM. (GDEM ) NIDEM 6 SRTM SRTM GDEM2 ( 30 ) (RMSE=3/88) 0/76 0/8 ( 90 ) SRTM3 Aster GDEM Validation ) (RMSE=4/2) 5.(Team, 20 SRTM 3. GDEM GDEM. SRTM SRTM SRTM GDEM GDEM 9. SRTM Kurtosis NIDEM-GDEM NIDEM GDEM GDEM2 5. GDEM GDEM2 GDEM2 ( ).. Aster GDEM ) GDEM2 (Validation Team, 20 ) -/57 SRTM 95 8/82. ( 5/7-8/ 95 GDEM (Krieger et al., 20) SRTM NIDEM-. SRTM ) ( 8/7-5/ 9/ 95. ( ) 39 92

13 NIDEM GDEM SRTM SRTM ( 30 ) NIDEM 0 ). ( GDEM. GDEM. NIDEM-GDEM ( ) GDEM ( ) SRTM NIDEM. Kurtosis 39 93

14 3. (GDEM ) GDEM2 GDEM2 2. (5 ) GDEM.. (20) Krieger GDEM2 3..(4 ) GDEM SRTM 90 ) SRTM ( 30 ) GDEM. (. SRTM. GDEM GDEM2 GDEM... ).( (E-F) (G-D). Mesokurtic 2. Leptokurtic 3. Voids 39 94

15 NIDEM GDEM SRTM. GDEM2. 3//0-0/4 4/ /8 20 GDEM2 95 ) 7 SRTM GDEM2. ( 60.. GDEM GDEM2 GDEM GDEM GDEM2. NIDEM SRTM ( ). SRTM. GDEM 2 NIDEM SRTM. ( 90 ) SRTM3 GDEM2. 0/8. SRTM GDEM2-4 SRTM (NIDEM) GDEM. NIDEM 4/8 2/ /3 3/ GDEM 20 SRTM. ( 95 ) GDEM GDEM. DEM 30 GDEM 90 SRTM

16 Bolch B., Kamp U., Olsenholler J., 2005, Using ASTER and SRTM DEMs for Studying Geomorphology and Glaciation in High Mountain Areas, New Strategies for European Remote Sensing, Oluiþ, Millpress, Rotterdam. Carabajal, C., D.J. Harding, 2006, SRTM C- Band and ICESat Laser Altimetry Elevation Comparisons as a Function of Tree Cover and Relief, Photogramm, Eng. Rem. Sens., 72, Dietrich, W.E., Wilson, C.J., Montgomery, D.R. and McKean, J., 993, Analysis of Erosion Thresholds, Channel Networks, and Landscape Morphology Using a Digital Terrain Model, Journal of Geology, 0: Desmet, P.J.J. and Govers, G., 995, GIS-based Simulation of Erosion and Deposition Patterns in an Agricultura Landscape: a Comparison of Model Results with Soil Map Information, Catena, 25: Farr, T.G., M. Kobrick, 2000, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Produces a Wealth of Data, Amer, Geophys. Union Eos, v. 8, Farr, T.G., E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren, S. Hensley, M. Kobrick, M. Paller, E. Rodriguez, P. Rosen, L. Roth, D. Seal, S. Shaffer, J. Shimada, J. Umland, M. Werner, M. Oskin, D. Burbank, D. Alsdorf, 2007, The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, v. 45, Reviews of Geophysics, doi: 029/2005RG NIDEM 90 SRTM GDEM2. SRTM. DEM GDEM Aster GDEM Validation Team, 2009, Aster Global DEM Validation (Summary Report), METI/ERSDAC, NASA/ LPDAAC, USGS/EROS. Aster GDEM Validation Team, 20, ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 Summary of Validation Results, METI/ERSDAC, NASA/LPDAAC, USGS/EROS. Bubenzer, O., Bolten, A., 2008, The Use of New Elevation Data (SRTM/ASTER) for the Detection and Morphometric Quantification of Pleistocene Megadunes (draa) in the Eastern Sahara and the Southern Namib, Geomorphology 02,

17 NIDEM GDEM SRTM German Space Agency: Hirano, A., Welch, R., Lang, H., 2003, Mapping from ASTER Stereo Image Data: DEM Validation and Accuracy Assessment, Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 57, USA, Ham, A., 2005, A Standardized Approach to Phase Unwrap Detection/removal and Void fill of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Data, abs., SRTM Data Validation and Applications Workshop, Reston, VA, 4-6 June. See also: Hofton, M., R. Dubayah, J.B. Blair, D. Rabine, 2006, Validation of SRTM Elevations Over Vegetated and Non-vegetated Terrain Using Medium Footprint Lidar, Photogramm, Eng. Rem. Sens., 72, Irvin, B.J. et al., 997, Fuzzy & Isodata Classification of Landform Elements from Digital Terrain Data in Pleasant Valley, Wisconsin, Geoderema, 77: Kirkby, M.J., 990, The Landscape Viewed Through Models, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., SupplBd.,79: Klingseisen, B., 2004, GIS Based Generation of Topographic Attributes for Landform Classification, Ph.D. Thesis, university of Applied Sciences. School of Geohnformation Karnten, Germany. Kamp, U., Bolch, T., Olsenholler, J., 2003, DEM Generation from ASTER Satellite Data Forgeomorphometric Analysis of Cerro Sillajhuay, chile/bolivia, ASPRS Annual Conference Proceedings, Anchorage, Alaska. Keeratikasikorn C.C., Trisirisatayawong I., 2008, Reconstruction of 30m DEM from 90m SRTM Dem with Bicubic Polynomial Interpolation Method, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B. Beijing. Krieger, T., W. Curtis, and J. Haase, 20, Global Validation of the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 2, Report to the ASTER GDEM Version 2 Validation Team. Paul, F., Huggel, C. and A. Kääb, 2004, Combining Satellite Multispectral Image Data and a Digital Elevation Model for Mapping Debris-covered Glaciers, Remote Sensing of Environment. 89(4) Roberts N. and Cunningham D., 2008, Automated Alluvial Fan Discrimination, Quaternary Fault Identification, and the Distribution of Tectonically Reactivated Crust in the Gobi Altai Region, Southern Mongolia, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, No. 23,

18 Rodriguez, E., C.S. Morris, J.E. Belz, E.C. Chapin, J.M. Martin, W. Daffer, S. Hensley, 2005, An Assessment of the SRTM Topographic Products, Technical Report JPL D-3639, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 43 pp. Sobel, E.R., M. Oskin, D. Burbank, A. Mikolaichuk, 2006, Exhumation of Basement-cored Uplifts-Example of the Kyrgyz Range Quantified with Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology, Tectonics, 25, doi: 0.029/2005TC