Structural Style in the Zagros: Implications for Hydrocarbon Systems. Richard Jones. Geospatial Research Ltd.
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1 Structural Style in the Zagros: Implications for Hydrocarbon Systems Richard Jones
2 The Zagros Fold & Thrust Belt! Canadian Rockies after Price & Mountjoy 1970 (AAPG)
3 The Zagros Fold & Thrust Belt GoogleEarth, Fars (Iran), looking east Thrust, Qara Dagh (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) ca. 1m HZF, Lajin anticline (Tavakoli-Shirazi et al 2013)
4 The Zagros Fold & Thrust Belt Fold axes (GRL Zagros Regional Mapping 2015) Thrust traces
5 The Zagros Fold & Thrust Belt Landsat (20 x 34km) Landsat (23 x 34km) Asmari anticline, Iran Longhurst 1959 Asmari anticline (Longhurst 1959) Behr Bahr anticline, KRI
6 Zagros: Main Structural Controls Mechanical Stratigraphy Structural Inheritance Basement fault systems Inversion of Tethyan rift structures Oblique closure of Tethys Jassim & Goff Google Earth
7 Mechanical Stratigraphy Kurdistan Region (GRL) Lurestan, Iran (Casciello et al 2009) Seal Res. Res. Res. Res. Seal Res. Res. Res. Seal Res. Seal Res. Seal Res. Contrasting mechanical strengths of carbonates vs. mudrocks & evaporites Res. Seal Res. Seal Res.? Seal Res. Seal Res.
8 Mechanical Stratigraphy Contrasting mechanical properties of strong carbonates vs. weak mudrocks & evaporites Softek, SE Turkey Shaikan, Kurdistan Iraq-Turkey border zone Iraq-Turkey border zone
9 High Amplitude vs Wavelength Mechanical contrast can allow anticlines with high amplitude to wavelength ratio to develop excellent stacked 4-way traps Ramsay & Huber 1987 Sargelu (Gara anticline, Kurdistan) Amedi anticline, Kurdistan
10 Unbreached Fractured Reservoirs Thick carbonate units are highly fractured but often not breached by large-offset thrusts Sarvak (Izeh, Iran) Sherkati & Letouzey 2004 Aqra-Behkme (Amedi, Kurdistan) Chia Zairi & Kurra Chine (type localities near the Geli Khana, Iraq- Turkey border)
11 Multiple Detachment Zones increased structural complexity, lateral and vertical heterogeneity, and uncertainty of sub-surface interpretation Mateen anticline, NE Iraq
12 Multiple Detachment Zones Kurdistan Region (GRL) Along-strike vergence changes Landsat (27 x 50km) Mateen-Amedi anticline, Kurdistan
13 Multiple Detachment Zones Lurestan, Iran (Casciello et al 2009) Parasitic fold closures Mokhtar anticline, Khuzestan, Iran Sherkati & Letouzey 2004
14 Multiple Detachment Zones Parasitic fold closures Kedil anticline (parasitic on N side of Softek), near Raman, SE Turkey
15 Multiple Detachment Zones Kurdistan Region (GRL) Back-limb, crestal & out-of-syncline thrusts seeps, Kor Mor thrust, SE Kurdistan Dunnington 1958
16 Multiple Detachment Zones Iran (Casciello et al 2009) Back-limb, crestal & out-of-syncline thrusts GRL regional xs60 Safari et al 2010
17 Upper & Lower Detachments Kurdistan Region (GRL) Dahlstrom 1969, Sherkati et al 2005 Taza block, downloaded from
18 Cross Section (Balancing) Construction algorithms need to allow for different mechanisms (and geometries) for the strong carbonates vs. weak mudrocks McQuarrie 2004 Alavi 2007
19 Basement Inheritance Jassim & Goff 2006 Aqrawi et al 2010
20 Basement Inheritance Transpressional reactivation of faults of the Nabitah system Aqrawi et al 2010 GRL regional xs60
21 Inversion of Tethyan Rifts Where are they (there s a lack of really clear data) Proprietary cross-section based on interpretation of GRL mapping in SE Turkey and northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq, showing Lower Palaeozoic in the hangingwall, thrust steeply on to Paleogene in the footwall. Late Carb. subcrop map (Aqrawi et al 2010) Tavakoli-Shirazi et al 2013
22 Oblique Closure of Tethys Transcurrent + Compression = Transpression Jones & Tanner 1995 Jones et al 2005 Harland 1971
23 Strain Partitioning Transcurrent + Compression = Transpression GRL Zagros Regional Mapping 2015 Proprietary GRL map showing interpretation of the main regional tectonic elements of the Zagros, including newly mapped faults that allow us to extend recent geodynamic interpretations from Iran, northwestwards into Iraq & SE Turkey
24 Strain Partitioning add Blanc et al Blanc et al 2003 GoogleEarth looking S
25 Strain Partitioning: Implications Compression-dominated zone: very long anticlines Fracture systems are often slightly asymmetrical to anticlinal hinges (i.e. partitioning is incomplete) Strike-slip dominated: very large earthquakes (MRF) very important synthetic regional faults (Khanaqin-Izeh-Kazerun- Sarvestan) Bergbauer & Pollard 2004, after Stearns 1968
26 Strain Partitioning: Implications Regional synthetic strike-slip faults: difficult to measure large offset but they control the location & termination of anticlines likely to be long-lived, still active segmented, anastomosing high risk to trap integrity Kazerun Kareh Bas (GRL mapping on Google Earth)
27 Summary: Main Structural Controls Mechanical Stratigraphy High amplitude folds, often unbreached Highly fractured, contiguous, stacked reservoirs Increased complexity (surface & sub-surface) carry out fieldwork as early as possible! Multiple detachments Structural Inheritance Basement fault systems Inversion of Tethyan rift structures (?) Oblique closure of Tethys Very long anticlines (in compression dominated zone) Fracture systems asymmetric to anticlines Major 1 st order strike-slip zones: very complex, increased likelihood of breached traps Jassim & Goff
28 Zagros Workshops GRL and Mark Allen (Durham University) are planning to run Zagros workshops in November - December
29 GRL Zagros Regional Mapping Proprietary GRL maps & cross-sections
30 ZRM (Phase1): Main Report
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