Phyllosilicate minerals. Serpentine group Clay minerals group Mica group Chlorite group
|
|
- Timothy Randall Melton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Phyllosilicate minerals Serpentine group Clay minerals group Mica group Chlorite group
2 Phyllosilicate Phyllosilicate is characterised by extended sheet of SiO 4 tetrahedra of which 3 in 4 oxygens are joined with adjacent tetrahedra leading to Si:O ratio of 2:5 Minerals in this group are generally platy or flaky habit with one perfect cleavage. They are soft, rather low SG, may exhibit flexibility or even elasticity. Most minerals in this group contain (OH) group in centre of 6- fold rings of tetrahedra at same height as unshared apical oxygens of SiO 4 tetrahedra.
3 External ions joined to Si 2 O 5 sheet by coordinated to two oxygens and one (OH). Size of triangle between two oxygens and one (OH) is nearly the same as triangle face of XO 6 octahedron (X = Mg or Al). Therefore, XO 6 can join to (Si 2 O 5 OH) 3- by fit its triangle face to triangle spaced. As a result, lizardite or kaolinite structure is formed.
4 If cations in octahedral sheet are divalent (Mg, Fe 2+ ), it has brucite geometry also known as trioctahedral. Likewise, if cations are trivalent as in corundum and gibbsite structure, also known as dioctahedral. It is, therefore, employed for classified structure of phyllosilicate into two types.
5
6 Brucite, Mg(OH) 2, consists of two (OH) planes between Mg is coordinated in octahedra..if two (OH) groups are replaced by two apical oxygen of Si 2 O 5 sheet, then we get... This means that other side of brucite structure is not attached to Si 2 O 5 sheet. This structure present in lizardite, Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4, structure. Equivalent structure with dioctahedral sheet is kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4. These structure are made of one tetrahedral t and one octahedral o sheet (t-o layers). The arrangement is clue for classifying phyllosilicate structure, which leads to t-o layer and t-o-t layers.
7 These t-o layers are electrically neutral and linked to each other by van der Waals bonds, which is very weak bond and lead to excellent cleavage, easy gliding, and greasy feeling. Substitution of Al for Si in tetrahedral sites of Si 2 O 5 sheets cause free electrical charge (HOW?) occurred on surface of t-o-t layer. This electrical charge could be neutralised by introducing of univalent cations (K & Na) as interlayer cation. As a result, structure is more tighten together, easiness of gliding is minimised, hardness is increased, and slippery feel is lost. Trioctahedral Dioctahedral KMg 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2 Phlogopite KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH)2 Muscovite
8 If Al substitute for Si up to half of Si in tetrahedral sites of Si 2 O 5, two charges for t-o-t layers become available and it can link interlayer cation like Ca 2+, Ba + (smaller degree). It is directly affect physical properties of micas e.g. strongly linked by ionic bond decrease quality of cleavage, hardness is increased, flexibility seems to totally gone, density is higher it is known as brittle micas
9
10
11
12 Antigorite, Lizardite and Chrysotile: Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Hexagonal and monoclinic, where orthorhombic polymorphs of antigorite and chrysotile are also found. Xtals, except as pseudomorphs, unknown. Antigorite and lizardite are commonly massive and fine-grained; chrysotile is fibrous. Chrysotile asbestos occurs in very narrow tubular fibers, often hollow. Serpentine group Garnierite (Ni,Mg) 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 is apple-green Ni-bearing serpentine formed as alteration product of Ni-rich peridotites.
13 Fe and Ni may substitute Mg, where Al for Si. Antigorite (trioctahedral) structure is analogous to kaolinite (dioctahedral). The mistif in its structure cause corrugated layer parallel to {001} Chrysotile mistif is responsible for curvature of t-o layer forming cylindrical tubes. Lizardite, matrix material in serpentine, is extremely fine-grained and exhibits platy morphology. Recognized by its variegated green colour and its greasy lustre or fibrous habit. Serpentine is commonly found as alteration of Mg-silicates, particularly, olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole. Example for olivine; 2Mg 2 SiO 4 + 3H 2 O Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + Mg(OH) 2
14 Frequently associated with magnesite, chromite, and magnetite. Found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, usually in disseminated particles or make up the whole rock mass. Serpentine as a rock name, is applied to rock masses made up mostly of mixture of fine-grained antigorite and lizardite. Use as ornamental stone and dimension stone. Verde antique marble is beautiful variegated colour of serpentine mixed with white marble. Bowenite is transparent yellowgreen variety of serpentine used as jade substitute. Chrysotile, as asbestos, fibrous and its flexibility nature allows it to be made into felt or woven into clothes and other fabrics for fire-proofing and insulators agains heat and electricity
15 Yellowish green, fibrous antigorite from East Broughon, Quebec, Canada Dave Barthelmy
16 Vein filling lizardite, Trinitiy ultramafic complex, California
17 Asbestiform of serpentine: chrysotile also known as white asbestos
18 Clay mineral group Clay refers to naturally occurring material composed of fine-grained materials, which are plastic at appropriate water contents and will harden when dried or fired. XRD techniques shown group of crystallin substances, clay minerals, which are essentially hydrous aluminum layers of silicates. Mg or Fe may substitute for Al; alkalies or alkali earths may present as essential components.
19 Kaolinite: Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Triclinic, very minute, thin, rhombic or hexagonal plates, usually claylike masses, either compact or friable Little variation in chemical composition (Al 2 O , SiO , H 2 O 14%). It consists of Si 2 O 5 sheet bonded to a gibbsite sheet. Dickite and nacrite are similar compositions but exhibit different way of t-o arrangement. Recognised by its claylike structure, but cannot be distinguished from other clay minerals without X-Ray test.
20 Common constituent of kaolin or clay. Secondary mineral formed by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of aluminum silicates, particularly feldspar. Found mixed with feldspar in under gone weathered rocks and could form entire deposits where completely altered. One of common product of decomposition of rocks found in soils and transported by water to deposit with other material like quartz formed clay beds.
21 Use as raw material for producing brick, paving brick, drain tile, and sewer pipe. High-grade clay, china clay or kaolin, has many uses in addition to produce china and pottery, including filler in paper, rubber industry, and manufacture of refractories. The great benifit of clay for ceramic products is owing to special properties that it can be molded easily when wet, and when it is heated, some water is driven off, resulting hard and durable surface
22 eas170/minerals/pages/kaolinite.htm
23 Similar species including dickite and nacrite, halloysite that shows two forms: one with kaolinite composition (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ), one with Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4.2H 2 O. Second type dehydrates give the first type with loss of interlayer water molecules. Smectite group refers to t-o-t layers clay of both dioctahedral and trioctahedral group that show special capacity of absorbing water molecules between sheets, leading to expansion in structure. Dioctahedral members are montmorillonite, beidelite, and nontronite. Trioctahedral members are hectorite and saponite.
24 Montmorillonite is dominant clay mineral in bentonite, altered volcanic ash. Bentonite can expand several times to its original volume when placed in water. How can we use it??? llite is alkali-deficient mica close to muscovite composition but illite has less Al replaced Si. It contains more water and K may be replaced by Ca and Mg. Illite is major constituent in many shales.
25
26 Talc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Triclinic. Rare xtals, usually tabular with rhombic or hexagonal outline. Foliated and in radiating foliated groups. Compact and massive known as steatite or soapstone. Pure talc contains MgO 31.7%, SiO %, H 2 O 2.8%. Small amount of Al or Ti could replace Si, where Fe may substitute some Mg. Minnesotaite (Fe 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ) commonly found in low grade metamorphic iron ore deposits could be the other end-member of complete solid solution. Trioctahedral t-o-t structure in talc similar to that dioctahedral t-o-t in pyrophyllite where neutral t-o-t layers joined together by weak residual bonds. Characterised by its micaceous habit, cleavage, softness, and greasy feel.
27 Talc is secondary mineral formed by alteration of magnesium silicates like olivine, pyroxenes, and amphiboles (also found as pseudomorphs after these minerals). Characteristic of low-grade metamorphic rocks. Use in powdered form as ingredient in paint, ceramics, rubber, insecticides, roofing, paper, and foundry facings. Talcum powder is the most familiar use. Also use as ornamental stone for carving.
28 /08/are-you-talc-ing-to-me.jpg
29 Pyrophyllite Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Triclinic, not in distinct xtals. Foliated, sometimes in radiatin lamellar aggregates, or granular to compact. Identical with talc in appearance. Little variation from ideal formula; Al 2 O , SiO , H 2 O 5.0%. Dioctahedral t-o-t structure held together by weak van der waal bonds. Recognised by its micaceous habit, cleavage, and greasy feel. XRD techniques are needed for positive identification. Pyrophyllite is comparatively rare minerals. Found in metamorphic rocks; frequently with kyanite. Use for the same purpose as talc but cheaper than talc. Considerable part of agalmatolite, Chinese carve small images, is pyrophyllite.
30 t o tlayers in pyrophyllite
31
32 Mica group Micas composed of t-o-t layers with interlayer cations and little or no exchangeable water. They are monoclinic minerals with β close to 90, so their monoclinic symmetry is not easily observed.
33
34 Muscovite: KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2 Monoclinic, rare isolated xtals; usually tabular with prominent {001}. Prim faces {110} at nearly 60 give some plates diamond-shaped outline, as a result imitating orthorhombic symmetry. Prism faces are roughened by horizontal striations and frequently taper. [310] penetration twins. Foliated in large to small sheets, also aggregated into plumose or globular forms. Cryptocrystalline and compact massive also found.
35 Minor replacement of Na, Rb, Cs for K; Mg, Fe 2+, Fe 3+, Li, Mn, Ti, Cr for Al; and F for OH. Paragonite, NaAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2, is isostructural with muscovite and cannot be distinguished without X-Ray techniques. Large miscibility gap occurs between muscovite and paragonite at low-moderate temperature. Characterised by its highly perfect cleavage and light colour. Common rock-forming mineral. Characteristics of granites and granite pegmatites. Form as major constituents of certain mica schist.
36 Almandine garnet in albite with muscovite from pegmatite, west of Cathance Road, Topsham District, Sagadahoc County, Maine
37 Biotite: K(Mg, Fe) 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2 Monoclinic, rare tabular or short prismatic with prominent {001} and pseudohexagonal outlines. Usually irregular foliated masses or often disseminated scales/ scales aggregates. Dark green or brown to black or rarely light yellow, perfect cleavage {001}, folia flexible and elastic, splendent (metallic) lustre. Considerable substitution of Fe 2+ for Mg, Fe 3+ and Al or Mg and Al for Si. Also substitution of Na, Ca, Ba, Rb and Cs for K. Recognised by micaceous cleavage and dark colour
38 Biotite is found in wide spectrum of igneos rocks (granite pegmatitesgranite-diorite-gabbro-peridotite). In metamorphic rocks, biotite forms in both contact and regional metamorphism over a wide range of temperature. Xtallisation of biotite in argillaceous rocks P-T conditions (metamorphic grade) for biotite zone e.g. biotite-chlorite, biotite-muscovite Glauconite: authigenic mineral found green pellets in marine sedimentary rocks Vermicultie: alteration of biotite with structure of talc interlayered by water molecules. Vermiculite expands into wormlike forms when heated thus expanding condition is used in heat & sound insulator. vermiculite Heated vermiculite
39 t o t type layer with interlayer of H 2 O in vermiculite
40 Lepidolite: K(Li, Al) 2 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(O,OH,F) 2 Monoclinic and hexagonal depends on polytype. Xtals are small plates or prisms with hexagonal outline. Commonly coarse- to fine-grained scaly aggregates. Pink and lilac to greyish white, perfect cleavage {001}, pearly lustre. Li substitution Al in octahedron site that can contain up to wt% Li 2 O. Also substitution of Na, Rb and Cs for K. Recognised by micaceous cleavage and lilac to pink colour Lepidolite is relatively rare, found in pegmatites associated with Li-bearing minerals e.g. pink-green tourmaline, amblygoinite and spodumene. Often intergrown with muscovite in parallel position.
41
42
43 Chlorite group Chlorite: (Mg,Fe) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 (Mg,Fe) 3 (OH) 6 Triclinic or monoclinic, rare distinct xtal, usually foliated massive or minute scales aggregates Green of various shades rarely yellow, white, rose-red. Perfect cleavage {001}, flexible but not elastic t-o-t layers interleaved with a brucitelike sheet. 1/3 of Mg 2+ is replaced by Al 3+ [Mg 2 Al(OH) 6 ] 1+ and becomes (Mg,Al) 6 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 8 when added t-o-t layers and brucitelike sheet.
44 A 5-6 Z 4 O 10 (OH) 8 general formula A = Al, Fe 2+, Fe 3+,Li, Mg, Mn and Ni Z = Al, Si, Fe 3+ Giving rise to extensive solid solutions and mineral members of this group e.g. chamosite, clinochlore, pennantite and sudoite Recognised by green colour, micaceous habit and cleavage. Chlorite is common in metamorphic rocks. It is a diagnostic mineral of greenschist facies. The assemblage quartzalbite-chlorite-sericite-garnet is found in pelitic schist. It is also commonly found with actinolite & epidote. In igneous rock, chlorite forms as alteration product of Mg-Fe silicates like pyroxenes, amphiboles, biotite and garnet.
45
46 t o t type layer with interlayer of brucite e.g. chlorite
47 Chlorite schist from the Michigamme Mine, Michigan, USA
48 Metamorphic facies
muscovite PART 4 SHEET SILICATES
muscovite PART 4 SHEET SILICATES SHEET SILICATES = PHYLLOSILICATES Phyllon = leaf Large group of mineral including many common minerals: muscovite, biotite, serpentine, chlorite, talc, clay minerals Structure:
More informationLAB 2: SILICATE MINERALS
GEOLOGY 640: Geology through Global Arts and Artifacts LAB 2: SILICATE MINERALS FRAMEWORK SILICATES The framework silicates quartz and feldspar are the most common minerals in Earth s crust. Quartz (SiO
More informationCERAMIC MATERIALS I. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
CERAMIC MATERIALS I akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com, Phone: 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Traditional Ceramics Clay products Main Components Clay Feldspar Silica
More informationCopyright SOIL STRUCTURE and CLAY MINERALS
SOIL STRUCTURE and CLAY MINERALS Soil Structure Structure of a soil may be defined as the mode of arrangement of soil grains relative to each other and the forces acting between them to hold them in their
More informationLab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009
Name: Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 While about 3000 minerals have been recognized as valid species, very few of these are commonly seen. Comprehensive mineralogy texts typically deal with
More informationLecture 6. Physical Properties. Solid Phase. Particle Composition
Lecture 6 Physical Properties Solid Phase Particle Composition 1 Questions What are tetrahedrons and octahedrons? How do silica tetrahedra bonds affect mineral weathering? Difference between primary and
More informationSilicates. The most common group of minerals forming the silicate Earth
Silicates The most common group of minerals forming the silicate Earth 25% of all minerals (~1000) 40% of rock forming minerals 90% of earth s crust i.e those minerals you are likely to find ~100 of earth
More informationMetamorphism (means changed form
Metamorphism (means changed form) is recrystallization without melting of a previously existing rock at depth in response to a change in the environment of temperature, pressure, and fluids. Common minerals
More informationIntroduction to Prospecting. Session Three Minerals
Introduction to Prospecting Session Three Minerals Mineral: Solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence with a specific elemental composition and crystal structure. Rock: An aggregate of minerals.
More informationStructures and Chemistry of silicate Silicates are classified on the basis of Si-O polymerism The culprit: the [SiO 4 ] 4 - tetrahedron
Structures and Chemistry of silicate by: Seyed mohsen hoseini zade Structures and Chemistry of silicate Silicates are classified on the basis of Si-O polymerism The culprit: the [SiO 4 ] 4 - tetrahedron
More informationMinerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms. From:
Minerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms From: http://webmineral.com/data/rhodochrosite.shtml The Physical Properties of Minerals Color Streak Luster Hardness External Crystal Form Cleavage The
More informationClays and Clay Minerals
Clays and Clay Minerals Fields of interest for clays Various definitions Acients: Earths in the earth-air-fire-water system Definition of clay depends on discipline: Geologist grain size
More informationCh. 4 - Clay Minerals, Rock Classification Page 1. Learning Objectives. Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Ch. 4 - Clay Minerals, Rock Classification Page 1 Learning Objectives Ch. 4 - Clay Minerals, Rock Classification Page 2 Symbols Ch. 4 - Clay Minerals, Rock Classification Page 3 Clay Minerals and Structure
More informationIonic Coordination and Silicate Structures
Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures Pauling s Rules A coordination polyhedron of anions forms around a cation Ionic distance determined by radii Coordination number determined by radius ratio. May
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationEarth Materials II Review Optical Mineralogy and Igneous Minerals
Earth Materials II Review Optical Mineralogy and Igneous Minerals Refractive Index and Angle of Refraction Refractive Index(R. I. ) = velocity of light in a vacuum velocity of light in a medium The refractive
More informationSilicate Structures. Silicate Minerals: Pauling s s Rules and. Elemental Abundance in Crust. Elemental Abundance in Crust: Pauling s s Rules
Silicate Minerals: Pauling s s Rules and Silicate Structures February 6, 2007 Elemental Abundance in Crust Fe Ion O 2- Si 4+ Al 3+, 3+ Ca Na + K + Mg mol % 2.6 1.4 mol% x charge 4.8 3.8 2.6 1.4 3.8 Sum
More informationName: NAME PROPERTY 1 PROPERTY 2. Specimen #41: Specimen #42: (ASK!) Specimen #43: Specimen #44: Tuesday Wednesday (circle lab day)
Name: Tuesday Wednesday (circle lab day) CEEES/SC 10110-20110 Planet Earth Laboratory Laboratory #3: Identification of Minerals (99 points total) Readings: Chapters 1 & 2, Laboratory Manual (from the web),
More informationSoil Colloidal Chemistry. Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail, Marthwada Agril. University Parbhani,MS, India
Soil Colloidal Chemistry Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail, Marthwada Agril. University Parbhani,MS, India 1 The Colloidal Fraction Introduction What is a colloid? Why this is important in understanding
More informationINTRODUCTION. From the earliest time, man has found important uses of minerals.
CHAPTER 2: MINERALS INTRODUCTION From the earliest time, man has found important uses of minerals. E.g. clay for bricks and pottery; quartz and jade for weapons, garnet, amethyst and other coloured stones
More informationAverage Composition of the Continental Crust. Table 3.4
Minerlaogi II Average Composition of the Continental Crust Si O Weight Percent O Volume Percent Table 3.4 Ionic Radii of some geologically important ions Fig. 3.8 Silika Tetraederet Silicates are classified
More informationClays and Clay Minerals
Clays and Clay Minerals Fields of interest for clays Various definitions Acients: Earths in the earth-air-fire-water system Definition of clay depends on discipline: Geologist grain size
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationMatter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more).
1 2 Matter and Minerals Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Also crystalline,
More informationSerpentine Mine, Cyprus, 2007
Serpentine Mine, Cyprus, 2007 What is an ophiolite? Simply: Ophiolites are pieces of oceanic crust found on land The international ophiolite conference restricted the term ophiolite to only include the
More informationESS 439 Lab 2 Examine Optical Properties of Minerals
ESS 439 Lab 2 Examine Optical Properties of Minerals The optical properties depend on the manner that visible light is transmitted through the crystal, and thus are dependent on mineral s Crystal Structure
More informationTikrit University. College of Engineering Civil engineering Department SOIL PROPERTES. Soil Mechanics. 3 rd Class Lecture notes Up Copyrights 2016
Tikrit University SOIL PROPERTES College of Engineering Civil engineering Department Soil Mechanics 3 rd Class Lecture notes Up Copyrights 2016 1-Soil Composition -Solids -Water -Air 2-Soil Phases -Dry
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationThe earth is composed of various kinds
UNIT III LANDFORMS This unit deals with Rocks and minerals major types of rocks and their characteristics Landforms and their evolution Geomorphic processes weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition;
More informationProf. Tejas S Patil Dept Of Geology M.J.College.
Prof. Tejas S Patil Dept Of Geology M.J.College. Metamorphic rocks When rocks are baked by heat of molten magma or squeezed by the movements of huge tectonic plates or by the pressure of overlying thick
More informationMinerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2 Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Solid Inorganic Natural Crystalline Structure - Possess an orderly
More informationName Petrology Spring 2006 Igneous rocks lab Part II Hand samples of igneous rocks Due Tuesday 3/7
Igneous rocks lab Part II Hand samples of igneous rocks Due Tuesday 3/7 1. Use the color index and density of the rock to establish whether it is felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic. 2. Determine
More informationAtoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals.
Matter and Minerals Earth Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... Also crystalline, chemically specific. There! I fit it in!
More informationMatter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.
Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter 3 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is: Naturally occurring An inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition
More informationCrystal Structure Species Crystallisation
CHAPTER 1 Crystal Structure Species Crystallisation The guiding line of the first part of this book (Chaps. 1 to 5) is to understand some basic principles that repeatedly take place during geological processes.
More informationMinerals. [Most] rocks are [mostly] made of minerals, so identification and interpretation depends on recognizing
Minerals [Most] rocks are [mostly] made of minerals, so identification and interpretation depends on recognizing Over mineral types have been described, but only about account for the bulk of most rocks.
More informationLAB 5: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
EESC 2100: Mineralogy LAB 5: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS Part 1: Minerals in Granitic Rocks Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify the most common minerals in granitoids Students will
More informationBig Island Field Trip
Big Island Field Trip Space Still Available Group Airline Tickets May be available if enough people sign on If interested send email to Greg Ravizza Planning Meeting Next Week Will
More informationLab 6 - Identification of Metamorphic Rocks
Lab 6 - Identification of Metamorphic Rocks Page - Introduction Metamorphic rocks are the third great rock group. The term meta means to change and morph means form. Metamorphic rocks are rocks who have
More informationLab 6: Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationPhysical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals
Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals I. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is you will improve your mineral identification
More informationMetamorphic Facies. Metamorphic Facies. Metamorphic Facies. ERSC 3P21 Metamorphic Petrology II 03/11/2005. Facies
Metamorhic Facies Facies There is a redictable and common corresondence between the of each rock and its Mineral that define the metamorhic indicate that a state of stable has been over a restricted T
More informationNesosilicate. Staurolite Fe 2 Al 9 O 6 (SiO 4 ) 4 (OH) 2
Nesosilicate Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 series: Forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 - Fayalite Fe 2 SiO 4 NOTE: The use of parenthesis within a chemical formula indicates elements which may be found in variable proportions
More information305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!
More informationESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.
Name: ESS Minerals Pd. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? (A) garnet (B) magnetite (C) olivine (D) quartz
More information305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!
More informationALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK
ALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK This handbook is designed as a resource for all geology majors and minors. The material contained in the handbook includes foundation principles
More information305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!
More informationAccessory minerals. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications and other Al-rich minerals. Thesis: Prof. RNDr. Milan Novák, CSc.
Accessory minerals Prof. RNDr. Milan Novák, CSc. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications and other Al-rich minerals Thesis: 1. Introduction 2. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications 3. Alteration of Al 2 SiO 5 4. Related minerals
More informationamphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES
amphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES CHAIN SILICATES = INOSILICATES inos = chains Basic structural group: Si 2 O 6 (each tetrahedra shared two corners) Simple or double chains linked by cations
More informationVersion 1 Page 1 Barnard/George/Ward
The Great Mineral & Rock Test 1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A,
More informationAnd the study of mineral the branch in geology is termed as mineralogy. (Refer Slide Time: 0:29)
Earth Sciences for Civil Engineering Professor Javed N Malik Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Module 2 Lecture No 6 Rock-Forming Minerals and their Properties (Part-2)
More informationMinerals. Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding. Definition of a Mineral 2-1
Minerals In order to define a what we mean by a mineral we must first make some definitions: 2-1 Most of the Earth s surface is composed of rocky material. An element is a substance which cannot be broken
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationEconomic Ores. - Mostly metals
Economic Ores - Mostly metals Intro points An ore is a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted. Gangue is the commercially valueless material
More information305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!
More informationSorosilicates, Colors in Minerals (cont), and Deep Earth Minerals. ESS212 January 20, 2006
Sorosilicates, Colors in Minerals (cont), and Deep Earth Minerals ESS212 January 20, 2006 Double tetrahedron Sorosilicate is defined by the Si 2 O 7 group. Three groups of minerals, commonly, Epidote Zoisite
More informationGY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 25: Class VIII-Silicates Tektosilicates part 1: Quartz Last Time (before the poster session) Class VIII Minerals (Phyllosilicates)
More information4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools.
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 1. The luster of this mineral could
More informationIntroduction to Geology Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Regional metamorphism
More informationENVI.2030L - Minerals
ENVI.2030L - Minerals Name I. Minerals Minerals are crystalline solids - the particles (atoms) that make-up the solid have a regular arrangement. In glasses, on the other hand, the atoms are not arranged
More informationEPSC 233. Compositional variation in minerals. Recommended reading: PERKINS, p. 286, 41 (Box 2-4).
EPSC 233 Compositional variation in minerals Recommended reading: PERKINS, p. 286, 41 (Box 2-4). Some minerals are nearly pure elements. These are grouped under the category of native elements. This includes
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationOLIVINES, PYROXENES, AND AMPHIBOLES PLEOCHROISM, INTERFERENCE COLORS AND EXTINCTION ANGLES
GLY 4200C Lab Exercise 12 Pleochroism OLIVINES, PYROXENES, AND AMPHIBOLES PLEOCHROISM, INTERFERENCE COLORS AND EXTINCTION ANGLES When minerals are viewed under PP they may show color. Many minerals are
More informationSoil Mechanics Prof. B.V.S. Viswanadham Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture 3
Soil Mechanics Prof. B.V.S. Viswanadham Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture 3 In the previous lecture we have studied about definitions of volumetric ratios and
More informationMinerals: Minerals: Building blocks of rocks. Atomic Structure of Matter. Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition
More informationRocks and Minerals C Key. Science Olympiad North Regional Tournament at the University of Florida
Rocks and Minerals C Key Science Olympiad North Regional Tournament at the University of Florida Station 1 Answer: Azurite 2. What is the chemical formula Answer: Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 3. What element
More information300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!
More informationThis is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates
Why are some minerals harder than others? Their atomic structure and chemical formula. This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates Part #1 - Silicates: Silicon and Oxygen make up 70%
More informationSTABILITIES OF THREE-LAYER PHYLLOSILICATES RELATED TO THEIR IONIC-COVALENT BONDING by
STABILITIES OF THREE-LAYER PHYLLOSILICATES RELATED TO THEIR IONIC-COVALENT BONDING by JOHN W. TLAPEK The California Company, Jackson, Miasissippi and W. D. KELLER University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
More informationChapter I Basic Characteristics of Soils
Chapter I Basic Characteristics of Soils Outline 1. The Nature of Soils (section 1.1 Craig) 2. Soil Texture (section 1.1 Craig) 3. Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution (section 1.2 Craig) 4. Particle
More informationRocks and Minerals Exam KEY. Princeton Science Olympiad Invitational
For Office Use Only: Part 1: / Part 2: / Score: /150 Team Number: 0 Team Name: KEY Participant names: 2016-2017 Rocks and Minerals Exam KEY Princeton Science Olympiad Invitational Instructions (optional):
More informationRocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials
Rocks and Minerals Tillery, Chapter 19 Science 330 Summer 2007 No other planet in the solar system has the unique combination of fluids of Earth. Earth has a surface that is mostly covered with liquid
More informationHyLogging TM. HYPERSPECTRAL mineralogical logging and imaging of drill core and chips. a new set of eyes to rapidly and objectively quantify minerals
HyLogging TM HYPERSPECTRAL mineralogical logging and imaging of drill core and chips a new set of eyes to rapidly and objectively quantify minerals 2 3 Key Benefits Rapid collection of high density spectral
More informationRR#7 - Multiple Choice
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? 1) hematite 2) fluorite 3) galena 4) talc 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? 1) limestone 2) dolostone
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More information"When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka
Metamorphosis "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka Metamorphism The transformation of rock by temperature
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationCHAPTER 4. Crystal Structure
CHAPTER 4 Crystal Structure We can assume minerals to be made of orderly packing of atoms or rather ions or molecules. Many mineral properties like symmetry, density etc are dependent on how the atoms
More informationName Petrology Spring 2006
Igneous rocks lab Part I Due Tuesday 3/7 Igneous rock classification and textures For each of the rocks below, describe the texture, determine whether the rock is plutonic or volcanic, and describe its
More informationThe Nucleus. Protons. Positive electrical charge The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number
Matter Atoms The smallest unit of an element that retain its properties Small nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The Nucleus Protons Positive electrical
More informationChapter 4. Diamonds are forever EARTH MATERIALS: MINERALS AND ROCKS. covalent bonds. ionic bonds of sodium chloride transfer or. exchange of electrons
Chapter 4 EARTH MATERIALS: MINERALS AND ROCKS Diamonds are forever Electron structure of the carbon atom (carbon-12). The electrons, each with a charge of 1, are represented as a negatively charged cloud
More informationA few more details on clays, Soil Colloids and their properties. What expandable clays do to surface area. Smectite. Kaolinite.
A few more details on clays, Soil Colloids and their properties What expandable clays do to surface area Kaolinite Smectite Size 0.5-5 µm External surface 10-30 m 2 /g Internal surface - Size 0.1-1 µm
More informationLAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
GEOLOGY 17.01: Mineralogy LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS Part 2: Minerals in Gabbroic Rocks Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify the most common silicate minerals in gabbroic
More informationLecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks!
Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued and Metamorphic rocks! Metamorphism Process that leads to changes in: Mineralogy Texture Sometimes chemical composition Metamorphic rocks are produced from
More informationMinerals explained II More rock forming silicates
Minerals explained II More rock forming silicates Craig Barrie Minerals Explained editor Overview In part I of the Minerals Explained online release we discussed and described, in detail, the most common
More informationFull file at
Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks 2 Learning Objectives After reading, studying, and discussing the chapter, students should be able to: List the definitive characteristics that qualify certain Earth
More informationUnit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
More informationMineral Properties and Identification
Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/mineral_id/index.html MINERAL INQUIRY I. What are Minerals? How do minerals
More informationPHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY
PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. Engineering Geology Part one 1 2nd semester 2018/2019 Eng. Amany Assouli 1 INTRODUCTION: What is the engineering
More informationRocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions
Rocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D. Gneiss (a metamorphic rock) from Catalina Island, California Alessandro Grippo review Rocks
More informationMINERALS Smith and Pun Chapter 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
MINERALS Smith and Pun Chapter 2 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE (2) (See Smith and Pun, pages 29-35) ELEMENT: Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods
More informationCHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Introduction Metamorphism - the process of changes in texture and mineralogy of pre-existing rock due to changes in temperature and/or pressure. Metamorphic means change
More informationANNEX VIII: APPENDIX E MINERALOGY RESULTS
ANNEX VIII: APPENDIX E MINERALOGY RESULTS Tables Table E-1 Mineralogical Analysis of Waste Rock Samples... 1 Table E-2 Mineralogical Analysis of Kimberlite Coarse Reject Samples... 3 E-i Table E-1 Mineralogical
More informationUNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. College of Science and Engineering School of GeoSciences. Earth Materials UO4824 DEGREE EXAMINATION (MOCK) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH College of Science and Engineering School of GeoSciences Earth Materials UO4824 DEGREE EXAMINATION (MOCK) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Chairman: External Examiners:
More informationShortcuts to mineral formulae
Silicates JD Price Silicate Structure Silicate Structure (SiO2) Shortcuts to mineral formulae W cations with 8- (Ca 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Na + ) to 12-fold coordination (K +, Ba 2+ ) X divalent cations in
More informationTable 7.1 Mineralogy of metamorphic rocks related to protolith and grade
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 7: Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks have been subjected to sufficient heat and/or pressure to melt some of their constituent minerals, but not all of them. As a result of this
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Chapter 7. Important Points: Metamorphism is driven by Earth s s internal heat
Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Introduction Metamorphism - The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic
More information