Shortcuts to mineral formulae
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1 Silicates JD Price
2 Silicate Structure
3 Silicate Structure
4 (SiO2)
5 Shortcuts to mineral formulae W cations with 8- (Ca 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Na + ) to 12-fold coordination (K +, Ba 2+ ) X divalent cations in 6-fold coordination (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Mn 2+, Fe 2+ ) Y tri- or quadrivalent in 6-fold coordination (Al 3+, Fe 3+, Ti 4+ ) Z tri- or quadrivalent in 4-fold coordination (Al 3+, Fe 3+, Si 4+, Ti 4+ )
6 Components of the earth Continental crust - felsic minerals (e.g. quartz and feldspar) Oceanic crust - felsic + mafic (e.g. feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende) Mantle - mafic minerals (e.g. olivine and pyroxene)
7 Nesosilicates Olivine Forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 Fayalite Fe 2 SiO 4 Image from mineral.galleries.com
8 Solid solution With continued crystallization, what happens to the composition of the olivine s.s. and the melt? Image from Klein and Hurlbut, 1985
9 Olivine structure Image from Klein and Hurlbut, 1985
10 Garnet X 3 Y 2 (ZO 4 ) 3 Spessartine Mn 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Almandine Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Pyrope Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Grossular Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Uvarolite Ca 3 Cr 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Andradite Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Image from mineral.galleries.com
11 Habits Image from Klein and Hurlbut, 1985
12 Garnet Structure Image from Klein and Hurlbut, 1985
13 Zircon Zr(SiO 4 ) Titanite CaTiSiO 5 Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 (F,OH) 2 Other nesosilicates and subsaturates Aluminosilicate Al 2 SiO 5 {AlAl(SiO 4 )O} Andalusite - Sillimanite - Kyanite Staurolite (Fe, Mg,Zn) 2 Al 9 [(Si,Al) 4 O 16 ]O 6 (OH) 2 Image from mineral.galleries.com
14 Oldest Material Recent evidence shows that the oldest materials on earth, Jack Hills Zircons, are 4.4 biliion years old. These record crystallization temperatures in the ºC range - implying wet magmatic conditions and the possible establishment of the hydrosphere. NASA s Earth Observatory
15 Titanite and fluorite stability Testing titanite stability as a function of fluorine Mount Scott Granite SQ-1 123aconcentration in the melt
16 Titanite and Fluorite CaTiO 5 (Ttn) + F 2! TiO 2 (melt or ilm) + CaF 2 (Fl) + SiO 2 (melt or qtz) +! O 2
17 Titanite and Fluorite The stability of these two phases in a natural granite, ASI near 1 ASI measures the ratio of Na, K, and Ca to Al F may easily complex with Al - could control its involvement in reactions H 2 O m (wt.%) F m (wt.%)
18 Sorosilicates Hemimorphite Zn 4 (Si 2 O 7 )(OH) 2 H 2 O Epidote Ca 2 (Al,Fe) 3 (SiO 4 )(Si 2 O 7 )(O,OH) Image from mineral.galleries.com
19 Image from Klein and Hurlbut, 1985
20 Cyclosilicates Image from mineral.galleries.com Beryl - Be 3 Al 2 (Si 6 O 18 ) Tourmaline - WX 3 Y 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si 6 O 18 )(OH,F) 4
21 Tourmaline Image from Balckburn and Dennen, 1988
22 Pegmatites We ve covered pegmatites before. But it s worth reviewing because of it s import to many ring silicates. A movie that illustrates the timing and processes of pegmatite (from Jill Banfield s website, Cal-Berkeley)
23 Ultramafic (very Mg-Fe rich) rocks Coarse: Dunite, Lherzolite, Harzburgite, Periodotite Fine: Kimberlite Minerals: these are rocks largely comprised of olivine (isolated silicate) and pyroxene (single-chain silicate) Origin: solidification of early Earth Location: the mantle Univ. North Carolina, Atlas of rocks, minerals, and textures website
24 Obduction Henri de la Boisse
25 Classification
26 Kimberlite, lamprophyre Volcanic ultramafic rock. Very rare, and sourced straight from the mantle - eruption rates must be impressive. Some are diamondiferous. Univ. North Carolina, Atlas of rocks, minerals, and textures website
27 Mafic (Mg-Fe rich) Rocks Coarse: Gabbro, Anorthosite Fine: Basalt Minerals: Largely olivine (isolated), pyroxene (singlechain), and feldspar (framework). Origin: Partial melting of the mantle Oceanic crust, oceanic islands, the moon. Anorthosite Univ. North Dakota, Plutonic Images Univ. North Carolina, Atlas of rocks, minerals, and textures website
28 Basalt Gabbro Univ. North Carolina, Atlas of rocks, minerals, and textures website
29 Beryl Image from Balckburn and Dennen, 1988
30 Metamorphism Mineralogical and structural response of a rock to imposed conditions of T & P markedly different from those of its origin.
31 Metamorphism Could happen to any rock Occurs in the solid state Fluids may be present A continuous process
32 Closed system Isochemical The end product is a function of the starting material and the P-T history.
33
34 Quartzite Conditions: low to moderate P & T Minerals: quartz (framework) Origin: sandstone
35 Marble Conditions: low to moderate P & T Minerals: calcite or dolomite (carbonates) Origin: biogenic or chemogenitc (limestone or dolostone) Univ. of North Carolina Web atlas of metamorphic textures
36 Silica Polymorphs
37 More morphs CaCO 3 AlSiO 5
38 Open system Metasomatism The end product is is a function of the starting material, the P-T history, and fluid volume and composition.
39 Some reactions Quartz-bearing Dolostone CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 + 2SiO 2 = CaMgSi 2 O 6 + 2CO 2 Limestone + silica in fluid Ca(CO 3 ) 2 + 2SiO 2 (aq) = CaSiO 3 + 2CO 2
40 Why the transformation? If you have a rock made of CaO, MgO, SiO 2, CO 2, the group of minerals that form at a given P&T is the lowest overall G of all possibilities. Each mineral is a phase. Each group of minerals is an assemblage.
41 Metamorphic Facies P kbar All of these conditions are relevant to metamorphism on Earth. Note that some rocks will melt at lower T than others Spear, 1993 Grade - the degree of advancing metamorphic conditions
42 Heat and pressure
43 Going down? Geothermal Gradient Burial Path
44 Path back Prograde - the pathway to peak conditions. Retrograde - the path from peak conditions.
45 Grid This can be mapped out using the thermodynamic boundaries for reactions. The presence or absence of minerals in rocks can illuminate the P-T pathway. Spear, 1993
46 Spear, 1993 Reaction 8 Pg + Qtz = As + Ab+ H 2 O Pg = NaAl 2 (Si 3 )O 10 (OH) 2 Paragonite Amphibole Reaction 11 Ms = Crn + Kfs + H 2 O Ms = KAl 2 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 2
47 Diagram from E.B Watson
48 Slate Conditions: relatively low P & T Minerals: very fine grained feldspar (framework) and mica (sheet silicates) Origin: fine grained clastic (shale) Univ. of North Carolina Web atlas of metamorphic textures
49 Schist Conditions: moderate P & T Minerals: fine grained micas (sheet), some feldspar or quartz (framework) may include garnet, staurolite (isolated) Origin: fine grained clastic (shale)
50 Gneiss Conditions: high P & T Minerals: feldspar and quartz (framework), mica (sheet) Origin: clastic (shale and sandstone), felsic (rhyolite, granite) Univ. of North Carolina Web atlas of metamorphic textures
51 Fabric Gneiss Granite
52 Making granites? Metamorphic materials that exceed the solidus for the system start to melt Migmatite Photo by Mike Brown (UMD)
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