Lecture 6. Physical Properties. Solid Phase. Particle Composition

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1 Lecture 6 Physical Properties Solid Phase Particle Composition 1

2 Questions What are tetrahedrons and octahedrons? How do silica tetrahedra bonds affect mineral weathering? Difference between primary and secondary minerals? Examples? What is isomorphous substitution? Differences between 1:1 and 2:1 phyllosilicates? Examples? Sources of charge in clay minerals? Contrast cation exchange capacity between clay minerals. What are short-range order compounds? Examples? How do carbonates and evaporites form? Examples? 2

3 Composition of the earth s crust 3

4 Mineral composition What are minerals? Naturally occurring inorganic solids, composed of elements arranged in a crystalline pattern (long range atomic order), with a defined composition (or range of composition) 4

5 Primary Minerals Primary minerals formed from magma or by metamorphic processes Quartz Feldspar (Orthoclase) Olivine Pyroxene (Augite) Amphibole (Hornblende) Biotite 5

6 Mineral Weathering Silica Tetrahedron Olivine Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Feldspar Easier Harder 6

7 Secondary minerals Secondary minerals are formed at low temperature and pressure through oxidation. They are the weathering product of primary minerals, either through alteration of their structure or through re-precipitation (calcite). Hydrolysis Feldspar KAlSi 3 O 8 Clay (Kaolinite) Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Primary Mineral Weathering Produces Clays 8

8 Clay Minerals Hematite Gibbsite Allophane Ferrihydrite Kaolinite Smectite Note: Clay minerals and products are produced by weathering of primary minerals (including crystalline minerals: hematite, gibbsite, kaolinite, smectite, and short-range order [noncrystalline] compounds: allophane, ferrihydrite)

9 Clay Minerals The third definition of clay Three groups A group of phyllosilicate (platy or layer) minerals Oxides and oxyhydroxides Non-crystalline minerals Often charged, high surface area, and highly reactive 10

10 Building Blocks Silica tetrahedron Alumina octahedron 11

11 Polymerized Tetrahedra Oxygen ion Silicon ions 12

12 Polymerized Octahedra Hydroxyl ions Aluminum ions 13

13 Isomorphous Substitution Si 4+ Al 3+ 14

14 Isomorphous Substitution Fe 2+, Mg 2+ 15

15 Clay Mineral Structure and Composition 16

16 Hydroxyl ions Aluminum ions Oct. Oxygen ion Silicon ions Tet. Interlayer space Hydrogen bonds Kaolinite 1:1 18

17 Electron micrograph of Kaolinite 19

18 Smectites/ Vermiculite 2:1 TET TET Al Mg OCT TET 22

19 Smectites/ Vermiculite 2:1 TET OCT Interlayer exchangeable cations TET TET OCT TET 23

20 SEM image of montmorillonite, a smectite 12,500X 24

21 Chlorite 2:1:1 Common primary mineral in metamorphic rocks Octahedral sheet in interlayer space Tetrahedral Octahedral Tetrahedral 25

22 Aluminosilicate Clay Summary Kandites Smectites and Vermiculites 1:1 layer silicates 2:1 layer silicates Little isomorphous substitution Much isomorphous substitution Interlayer closed to water and cations Interlayer open to water and cations Not very reactive Very reactive Little shink-swell Much shrinking and swelling Example = kaolinite Example = montmorillinite 26

23 Which type of clay? 27

24 TET Shrink-swell 1.0 nm 1.8 nm H 2 O into interlayer Dry, cations not hydrated 28 Wet, cations hydrated, layers expand

25 Which type of of clay? 29

26 Mining Kaolinite 30

27 Non-Crystalline Aluminosilicates Short-range order compounds Imogolite Allophane 31

28 Oxides and Oxyhydroxides Hematite - Fe 2 O 3 Goethite - FeOOH Gibbsite Al(OH) 3 Hematite Gibbsite 32

29 Carbonates and Evaporites calcite and aragonite CaCO3 (polymorphs) 33

30 Questions What are tetrahedrons and octahedrons? How do silica tetrahedra bonds affect mineral weathering? Difference between primary and secondary minerals? Examples? What is isomorphous substitution? Differences between 1:1 and 2:1 phyllosilicates? Examples? Sources of charge in clay minerals? Contrast cation exchange capacity between clay minerals. What are short-range order compounds? Examples? How do carbonates and evaporites form? Examples? 35

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