SET #7 SOLONCHAKS SOLONETZ GYPSISOLS DURISOLS CALCISOLS
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1 SET #7 Soils in arid and semi-arid regions. Redistribution of calcium carbonate and gypsum is an important mechanism of horizon differentiation in soils in the dry zone. Soluble salts may accumulate at some depth or, in areas with shallow ground-water, near the soil surface. SOLONCHAKS with a high content of soluble salts, SOLONETZ with a high percentage of adsorbed sodium ions, GYPSISOLS with a horizon of secondary gypsum enrichment, DURISOLS with a layer or nodules of soil material that is cemented by silica, and CALCISOLS with secondary carbonate enrichment.
2 Solonchaks (SC)
3 Solonchaks (SC) from R. sol, salt, and R. chak, salty area Soils that have a high concentration of `soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks occur mainly in arid and semi-arid climatic zones and to coastal regions in all climates. Often in seasonally or permanently waterlogged areas with grasses and/or halophytic herbs, and in poorly managed irrigation areas. Common international names: `saline soils' and `salt-affected soils'.
4 Solonchaks
5 SALT AFFECTED SOILS IN HUNGARY BUDAPEST 47 B a l a t o n Compiled in RISSAC GIS Lab in 1996 based on Szabolcs, Várallyay and Mélyvölgyi (1974) Kilometers Hungarian Unified Map Projection System Chloride and/or sulphate solonchak Sodic solonchak Calcareous meadow solonetz Calcareous meadow solonetz turning into steppe formation Calcareous solonetzic meadow soil Meadow solonetz Meadow solonetz turning into steppe formation Solonetzic meadow soil Chernozem and meadow chernozem salty in deeper layers Potential s alt affected soils
6 Definition of Solonchaks Soils 1. having a salic horizon starting within 50 cm from the soil surface; and 2. lacking diagnostic horizons other than a histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, yermic, calcic, cambic, duric, gypsic or vertic horizon.
7 Salic horizon must, throughout its depth: Have an Electrical Conductivity (ECe) of the saturation extract of more than 15 ds m -1 at 25 o C at some time of the year; or an ECe of more than 8 ds m-1 at 25 o C if the ph(h 2 O) of the saturation extract exceeds 8.5 have a product of thickness (in cm) times salt percentage of 60 or more; and have a thickness of 15 cm or more.
8
9 Genesis of Solonchaks The most extensive occurrences of Solonchaks are in inland areas where evapotranspiration is considerably greater than precipitation, at least during a greater part of the year. Salts dissolved in the soil moisture remain behind after evaporation / transpiration of the water and accumulate - at the surface of the soil (`external Solonchaks'), or - at some depth (`internal Solonchaks'). P
10
11 Composition of accumulated salts Having in a 1:1 aqueous solution: a soil-ph > 8.5 and HCO 3 > SO 4 > Cl : Carbonatic SO 4 > HCO 3 > Cl : Sulphatic Cl > SO 4 > HCO 3 : Chloridic
12 Salic horizon ESP > 15 ph > 9 HCO 3 > SO 4 > Cl gleyic SOLONCHAKS Histic Gelic Vertic Gleyic Mollic Gypsic Duric Calcic Petrosalic Hypersalic Stagnic Takyric Yermic Aridic Hyperochric Aceric Chloridic Sulphatic Carbonatic Sodic Haplic
13 Carbonati-gleyic Solonchak (Sodic) SOLONCHAKS Histic Gelic Vertic Gleyic Mollic Gypsic Duric Calcic Petrosalic Hypersalic Stagnic Takyric Yermic Aridic Hyperochric Aceric Chloridic Sulphatic Carbonatic Sodic Haplic
14
15 `Puffed Solonchak Solonchak with fluctuations in the morphology of salts High concentration of Sodium sulphate At night: temperature at the soil surface is low air humidity is high needle-shaped mirabilite crystals (Na 2 SO 4 ).10H 2 O) The push fine soil aggregates apart At day time: dry, hot mirabilite convert to water-free thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) Soft and fluffy surface
16
17 End of Solonchaks
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