Coastal Processes, Patterns and Associated Landforms, and Human Interaction
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- Phyllis McBride
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2 Coastal Processes, Patterns and Associated Landforms, and Human Interaction Coastal processes, patterns and associated landforms Coastal processes and the impact of recreational pressures, coastal defence work, conservation and management measures
3 Waves Responsible for erosion, transportation and deposition of material along coastlines Generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea Fetch is the open area of the sea that a wave travels over The longer the fetch, the stronger the wind speed, the stronger and greater the waves generated
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5 Factors affecting the rate of coastal erosion Where the breaking of a wave occurs 1. Steepness of the wave greater erosion 2. Rock resistance soft rock = greater erosion chalk - limestone 3. hard rock = less erosion - granite
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8 Types of waves 1. Constructive waves 2. Destructive waves Constructive Waves gentle wave action deposition of material features formed Destructive wave action strong storm waves destruction of coastal areas erosional features formed
9 Constructive waves
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11 Destructive waves
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13 Wave refraction Waves slow down as water becomes shallow Waves bend and change their direction as they approach the shore Causes waves to move towards the headland where their erosive force is released
14 Coastal Erosion
15 Processes of coastal erosion Hydraulic action force of the water Air Compression air in waves Abrasion/corrosion pebbles in waves act like sandpaper Attrition pebbles hit off each other and become rounded Solution/corrosion- salt/ minerals in sea water dissolve soft rock
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18 The feature of coastal erosion I have studied is a DIAGRAM wave built terrace OF CLIFF FORMATION wave cut platform An example of this is found at the Cliffs of Moher, Co. Clare
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26 Landforms of coastal erosion 1. Cliffs Cliffs are vertical slopes on a coastline Form as a result of a combination of coastal processes of erosion, such as hydraulic action, compression, abrasion, solution and attrition Destructive waves attack an area of weakness in rocks Crack/joint forms Crack/joints are attacked by hydraulic force of the water and by compression Notch forms
27 Landforms of coastal erosion 1. Cliffs (continued) Notch gets bigger, eventually the rocks above the notch are unsupported and collapse to form a cliff Shattered rock falls into the sea Sea uses this shattered rock to further erode the cliff through abrasion Solution also erodes the cliff face These events continue over time and the cliff face retreats Wave-cut platforms surface of rock that remains in front of the retreating cliff Wave-built terraces deposited pieces of rock that are deposited below low-tide level
28 Landforms of coastal erosion 2. Bays and headlands Differential erosion rocks along coastlines are eroded at differing rates depending on whether they are soft or hard Sections of coastline that are composed of soft rock will erode faster than areas composed of hard, more resistant rock Stretches that are composed of soft rock will form bays Harder more resistant rock will take longer to erode and will remain jutting out into the sea as headlands
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32 A sea stack is a rock which is standing out in isolation in the sea away from the coastline Landforms of coastal erosion 3. Sea caves, sea arches, sea stacks and sea stumps Caves form in an area of weakness on a cliff face or headland Processes of coastal erosion act on this area of weakness and enlarge it to form caves Caves are further eroded by abrasion, resulting in them becoming larger Sea arches form when continued erosion occurs in a sea cave causing it to extend right through the headland A sea arch may also form when two sea caves form back to back on the opposite sides of a headland
33 DIAGRAM OF CAVE, ARCH AND STACK FORMATION
34 Doolin, Co. Clare
35 Causeway coast, Antrim
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39 Sea Arches
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44 Landforms of coastal erosion 3. Sea caves, sea arches, sea stacks and sea stumps Sea stacks form when erosion continues on a sea arch, widening the sea arch and causing the roof of the sea arch to eventually collapse When the roof of the sea arch collapses, it leaves the former section of headland isolated or cut away from the main headland/coast. What remains standing out in the sea in isolation is called a sea stack A sea stump is the eroded remains of a sea stack
45 Coast of Victoria, Australia
46 American coast
47 Old Man of Hoy, Orkney Islands
48 Downpatrick Head Co. Mayo
49 Landforms of coastal erosion 4. Blowholes Blowholes form at areas of weakness, for example, where a hole forms on the surface of a cliff top joins with a roof of a sea cave. They are formed as a result of compression Air may become trapped in a sea cave by waves Results in a build up of pressure which leads to rock shattering the rocks of the cave roof Rock eventually collapses creating a blowhole
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