LAB N - FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPES
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1 LAB N - FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPES Introduction The objective of this lab is to familiarize the student with the work of running water (streams and rivers) and the landforms that they create. Materials Needed: textbook, atlas, topographic map sheets: Folsom, New Mexico; Parker SW, Arizona; Hereford, Arizona; Menan Buttes, Idaho Quadrangles and Aerial Photos - The Loop and Horseshoe Lake (all photos and maps provided by instructor). Part I. Downcutting and Resulting Landforms. Using the Folsom, New Mexico Quadrangle, answer the following questions. A. Determining Local Base Level. 1. What is the elevation of Pinabete Creek at the bottom edge of map sheet? ft. 2. What is the local base level of Pinabete Creek? ft. Hint: Use the contour lines to determine the direction of flow of Pinabete Creek, then follow the creek until it joins another larger stream or river. This is the local base level for Pinabete Creek. 3. Relief of Pinabete Creek? Formula: (highest point base level = relief)) ft. B. What is the percent grade (slope)? Formula: (relief length of stream section) 100 C. Using the graph paper below, construct a contour profile of Pinabete Creek on the Folsom, New Mexico Quadrangle (NW corner to SE corner of Section 1, T29N, R28E). 1. Using a horizontal line, draw in your measured base level for Pinabete Creek on the graph above. N-1
2 2. Does this valley contain a floodplain? 3. What is the shape of the profile? 4. Is the work of this stream primarily downcutting or valley widening? Part II. Lateral Cutting and Floodplains. Using the Hereford and Parker, Arizona Quadrangle map sheets, answer the following questions. A. Using the Hereford Quadrangle map sheet, construct a contour profile on the graph paper provided (below), of the transect across the San Pedro River from BM 4258 (Section 17, T23S, R22E) to the west end of the landing strip near of Rancho del Rio (Section 15, T23S, R22E). 1. Does this valley contain a floodplain? 2. What is the shape of the profile? 3. Is the work of this stream primarily downcutting or valley widening? 4. What is the percent grade (slope) of this stretch of the San Pedro River? N-2
3 5. How wide is the floodplain along this transect? Explain how you determined what area represented the floodplain. B. Using the Parker Quadrangle map sheet, delimit the floodplain (use the non-permanent marker). 1. Approximately how wide is the floodplain at its widest point on the sheet? Hint: The measurement must be made at a 90 angle to the river/stream. 2. Locate and mark the old channel (use the non-permanent marker). What type of feature is Lost Lake? 3. What is the percent grade (slope) for this part of the Colorado River system? C. Using the Menan Buttes, Idaho Quadrangle map sheet, answer the following questions. 1. What is the base level of Henry's Fork? What is the elevation of Henry's Fork where it enters the upper right-hand corner of the map? 2. What is the percent grade (slope) for this part of Henry s Fork? 3. What is the maximum width (in miles) of the floodplain for Henry's Fork? miles. 4. Cite four pieces of evidence to support the conclusion that Henry s Fork represents the lower reach of a river. D. Using the Crystal Productions Landforms Set 1 #12, Menan Buttes, ID, answer the following questions while looking at the central section of the river as it winds its way from the buttes. Using the right photo, the area of interest is 8-10 cm from the left side and 6-9 cm from the top. 1. What are the white patches in the river? 2. What contributes to the location of the white patches? 3. What is the large gray colored area on the left side of the photo? Right side? N-3
4 E. Of the four streams we have just analyzed, label the stages of development for each river using youthful, mature, and old age as your choices. F. Of the four streams we have just analyzed, fill in the percent grade for each of the following streams. G. Of the four streams we have just analyzed, label the streams with one of the following descriptors - at base level, nearing base level, and high above base level. H. Summarize the characteristics of the youthful, mature, and old age river valleys in terms of shape, slope, and height above base level. Youthful: Mature: Old Age: I. Using the Crystal Productions Landforms Set 1 #17 - Horseshoe Lake, answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between an oxbow lake, oxbow swamp and meander scar? 2. How many of each can be identified on the south side of the channel? (Use the right hand photo to confirm after use of the stereo pair). Hint: This is a stereo pair and the top of the photo is north. oxbow lakes, oxbow swamps and meander scars. N-4
5 3. Can you locate a meander scar that is under cultivation? Y/N. If yes, where is it? 4. Which meander scar or oxbow feature was created first - the feature north of the channel (coordinates c.4, 3.1) or the feature south of the channel (coordinates c.9, 2.0)? N-5
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