The Geology of ORE DEPOSITS. John M. Guilbert. University of Arizona. Charles F. Park, Jr. W. H. Freeman and Company / New York
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1 The Geology of ORE DEPOSITS John M. Guilbert University of Arizona Charles F. Park, Jr. W. H. Freeman and Company / New York
2 Contents Preface xii Introduction 1 Mineral Resource Problems 4 The Role of Economic Geology Tfie Development of Theories of Ore Deposition The Dre-Bearing Fiuids 25 Magma and Magmatic Fluids 26 Hydrothermal Fluids 31 Meteoric Waters 43 Seawater 45 Connate Waters 45 Metamorphic Fluids 46 Thermal Springs 47 Mine Waters Movementof the Ore-Bearing Fluids 55 Migration of Magma 56 The Origins of Porosity and Permeability 58 Migration of Hydrothermal Fluids at Depth 60
3 vi Migration of Hydrothermal Fluids at Shallow Depth 67 Ground Preparation 71 Structural Control 73 Primary, or Intrinsic, Permeability 73 Secondary, or Superimposed, Permeability 75 Hydrothermal Flow Mechanisms 89 Examples of Structural Control 96 Trepga Mine, Yugoslavia 96 Tsumeb Mine, South-West Africa (Namibia) 100 Rambler Mine, British Columbia 105 Sources of Ore-Deposit Components Deposition of the Ores 120 Deposition of Magmatic Segregation Deposits 121 Deposition of Carbonatites 125 Deposition from Hydrothermal Fluids 126 Depositional Textures 133 Replacement 134 Replacement Textures 137 Exsolution 147 Open-Space Filling 148 Open-Space Filling Textures 148 Colloidal-Colloform Textures 153 Examples of Chemical Control 157 A Cobalt, Ontario, Specimen 157 Pioche, Nevada, Lead-Zinc Limestone Replacement Deposits 158 Matsuo, Japan, Sulfur Deposits Waii-Rock Alteration and Gangue 170 Relationship between Alteration, Gangue, and Mineralization 172 Temperature, Pressure, and Composition Gradients 174 Reactions between Wall Rocks and Fluids 177 Alteration Assemblages 180 Presentation of Alteration Data 184 Quantification of Alteration Description 186 Distributions of Alteration Assemblages 188 Alteration Associated with Magmatic Deposits 188 Alteration Associated with Porphyry Base-Metal Deposits 188 Alteration Associated with Skarn Deposits 190 Alteration Associated with Cordilleran Vein Deposits 191 Alteration Associated with Epithermal Deposits 196 Alteration Associated with Pegmatites 198 Alteration Associated with Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits 199 Alteration Associated with Mississippi Valley Deposits 200 Alteration Associated with Western States and Roll Front Deposits 200 Gangue 201 Summary Paragenesis, Paragenetic Sequence, and Zoning 210 Paragenesis 212 Paragenetic Sequence 213 Zoning 217 Regional Zoning 220 District Zoning 221 Orebody Zoning 225 An Example of Regional Zoning the Southern Piedmont, United States, Gold Deposits 228 An Example of District Zoning the Cornwall, England, Tin Deposits 229 An Example of District Zoning the Tonopah, Nevada, Silver District 241 An Example of Orebody Zoning the Red Mountain, Colorado, Silver-Lead Mine Geothermometry, Geobarometry, and Isotope Studies 251 Geothermometry 252 Fluid Inclusion Studies 252 Other Methods 261 Synthesis of Minerals 261 Determination of Melting Points 262 Determination of Inversion Points and Stability Ranges 262 Determination of Exsolution Points 263 Studies of Mineral Textures and Habits 264 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Minerals 264 Thermoluminescence 264 An Example of Applied Geothermometry 265 Geobarometry 268 Isotope Studies 269 Stable Isotope Studies 271 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes 272 Sulfur Isotopes 275 Carbon Isotopes 279 vii
4 An Example of Stable Isotope Studies Salt Dome Sulfur 282 Radioisotope Studies 284 Rubidium-Strontium 286 Uranium-Thorium-Lead The Classification of Ore Deposits Deposits Related to Mafic Igneous Rocks 307 Layered Mafic Intrusions 313 Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa Chromium- Platinum 313 Sudbury Complex, Ontario Copper-Nickel-Platinum 328 Anorthosites Titanium 340 Kimberlites Diamond 346 Carbonatites 352 Palabora Carbonatite, South Africa Copper-Phosphate- Iron 354 Ultramafic Volcanic Rock Associations Copper-Nickel Deposits Related to Oceanic Crust 377 Alpine Peridotite Chromite 383 Moa, Cuba 383 Troodos, Cyprus Deposits Related to Intermediate to Felsic Intrusions 397 Igneous Iron Deposits 399 Kiruna, Sweden 402 Porphyry Base-Metal Deposits 405 Porphyry Copper Deposits 406 San Manuel-Kalamazoo, Arizona 406 Other Areas 411 El Salvador, Chile 416 Chuquicamata, Chile 419 Porphyry Molybdenum, Climax-Type Molybdenum, and Porphyry Tin Deposits 427 Climax, Colorado, Molybdenum 429 Llallagua, Bolivia, Tin 434 Skarn Deposits 436 Central District, New Mexico 443 Hyrothermal Iron Deposits 451 El Romeral Magnetite Deposits, Chile 455 Iron Springs Magnetite Deposits, Utah 460 Cordilleran Vein Type Deposits 465 Magma Mine, Arizona 467 Casapalca, Peru 475 Coeur d'alene, Idaho 479 Pegmatites 487 Homogeneous Pegmatites 489 Heterogeneous Pegmatites 489 Pegmatite Genesis 500 Petaca District, New Mexico 505 Granitic Tin and Uranium Deposits 507 Blue Tier Tinfield, Tasmania 509 Granitic Uranium Deposits Deposits Related to Subaerlal Volcanism 532 Epithermal Silver-Gold Deposits 533 Pachuca-Real Del Monte, Mexico 537 Oatman, Arizona 542 Creede, Colorado 547 Chinese Antimony Deposits 553 Bulk Low-Grade Silver-Gold Deposits 557»». Carlin-Type Gold Deposits 558 * Other Deposits Related to Subaerlal Volcanism 563 Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico, Iron Deposits Basalt-Andesite Copper Deposits 566 Michigan Copper Deposits 566 Andesite Copper Deposits Deposits Related to Submarine Volcanism 572 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits 579 Abitibi Copper-Zinc-Silver Deposits, Canada 579 Kuroko Copper-Zinc Deposits, Japan 589 Read-Rosebery Lead-Zinc-Copper Deposits, Tasmania 595 Cyprus-Type Copper-Zinc Deposits 598 5J Banded Iron Formations 603 Adams-Sherman Algoma-Type BIF Deposits, Ontario, Canada 617 Lake Superior Region Superior-Type BIF Deposits, Minnesota-Wisconsin 619 Exhalite Gold Deposits 630 Homestake Gold District, South Dakota 633 Other Deposits Related to Submarine Volcanism 642 Almaden Mercury Deposits, Spain 642 viii ix
5 An Example of Stable Isotope Studies Salt Dome Sulfur 282 Radioisotope Studies 284 Rubidium-Strontium 286 Uranium-Thorium-Lead The Classification of Ore Deposits Deposits Related to Mafic Igneous Rocks 307 Layered Mafic Intrusions 313 Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa Chromium- Platinum 313 Sudbury Complex, Ontario Copper-Nickel-Platinum 328 Anorthosites Titanium 340 Kimberlites Diamond 346 Carbonatites 352 Palabora Carbonatite, South Africa Copper-Phosphate- Iron 354 Ultramafic Volcanic Rock Associations Copper-Nickel Deposits Related to Oceanic Crust 377 Alpine Peridotite Chromite 383 Moa, Cuba 383 Troodos, Cyprus Deposits Related to Intermediate to Felsic Intrusions 397 Igneous Iron Deposits 399 Kiruna, Sweden 402 Porphyry Base-Metal Deposits 405 Porphyry Copper Deposits 406 San Manuel-Kalamazoo, Arizona 406 Other Areas 411 El Salvador, Chile 416 Chuquicamata, Chile 419 Porphyry Molybdenum, Climax-Type Molybdenum, and Porphyry Tin Deposits 427 Climax, Colorado, Molybdenum 429 Llallagua, Bolivia, Tin 434 Skarn Deposits 436 Central District, New Mexico 443 Hyrothermal Iron Deposits 451 El Romeral Magnetite Deposits, Chile 455 Iron Springs Magnetite Deposits, Utah 460 Cordilleran Vein Type Deposits 465 Magma Mine, Arizona 467 Casapalca, Peru 475 Coeur d'alene, Idaho 479 Pegmatites 487 Homogeneous Pegmatites 489 Heterogeneous Pegmatites 489 Pegmatite Genesis 500 Petaca District, New Mexico 505 Granitic Tin and Uranium Deposits 507 Blue Tier Tinfield, Tasmania 509 Granitic Uranium Deposits Deposits Related to Subaerlal Volcanism 532 Epithermal Silver-Gold Deposits 533 Pachuca-Real Del Monte, Mexico 537 Oatman, Arizona 542 Creede, Colorado 547 Chinese Antimony Deposits 553 Bulk Low-Grade Silver-Gold Deposits 557»». Carlin-Type Gold Deposits 558 * Other Deposits Related to Subaerlal Volcanism 563 Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico, Iron Deposits Basalt-Andesite Copper Deposits 566 Michigan Copper Deposits 566 Andesite Copper Deposits Deposits Related to Submarine Volcanism 572 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits 579 Abitibi Copper-Zinc-Silver Deposits, Canada 579 Kuroko Copper-Zinc Deposits, Japan 589 Read-Rosebery Lead-Zinc-Copper Deposits, Tasmania 595 Cyprus-Type Copper-Zinc Deposits 598 5J Banded Iron Formations 603 Adams-Sherman Algoma-Type BIF Deposits, Ontario, Canada 617 Lake Superior Region Superior-Type BIF Deposits, Minnesota-Wisconsin 619 Exhalite Gold Deposits 630 Homestake Gold District, South Dakota 633 Other Deposits Related to Submarine Volcanism 642 Almaden Mercury Deposits, Spain 642 viii ix
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