ORE MICROSCOPY AND ORE PETROGRAPHY
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1 >...- ORE MICROSCOPY AND ORE PETROGRAPHY Second Edition JAMES R. CRAIG Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia DAVID J. VAUGHAN Department of Geology The University of Manchester Manchester, U.K. A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY &SONS, INC. New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore
2 This text is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright e 1994by John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107or 108of the 1976United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 605 Third Avenue. New York. NY This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. Iflegal. accounting. medical. psychological. or any other expert assistance is required. the services ofa competent professional person should be sought LibraryofCongress Cataloging in Publication DaUl: Craig. James R Ore microscopy and ore petrography / James R 'Craig, David J. Vaughan. - 2nd ed. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN (acid-free) 1. Ores. 2. Thin sections (Geology) I. Vaughan. David J II. Title. QE390.C '.l2-dc Printed in the United States of Americ a I
3 CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xl PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1 THE ORE MICROSCOPE 1.1 Introduction / Components of the Ore Microscope / Accessories / 13 References / 15 2 THE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR ORE MICROSCOPY 2.1 Introduction / Preparation of Polished Sections / Grinding and Polishing Equipment / Preparation of Grain Mounts and Mounts for Specialist Analytical Methods / Preparation of Polished (and Doubly Polished) Thin Sections / Electrolyte Polishing and Etching Techniques / How to Achieve High-Quality Polished Surfaces / 34 References / 37 xiii 1 17 v
4 vi CONTENTS 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION-QUALITATIVE METHODS Introduction / Qualitative Optical Properties / Qualitative Examination of Hardness / Structural and Morphological Properties / Other Aids to Identification (Phase Equilibria, Mineral Assemblages, Characteristic Textures, and Ancillary Techniques) / Concluding Statement / ~3 References / 53 Bibliography / 54 4 REFLECTED LIGHT OPTICS Introduction / Reflection oflinearly (or "Plane") Polarized Light / Reflection Between Crossed Polars / Concluding Remarks / 76 References / 77 5 QUANTITATIVE METHODS-REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT Introduction / Measurement Techniques / Applications to Mineral Identification / Applications to the Compositional Characterization of Minerals / Quantitative Color / The Correlation of Electronic Structure with Reflectance Variation / Concluding Remarks / 103 References / QUANTITATIVE METHODS-MICROINDENTATION HARDNESS Introduction / Vickers Hardness Measurement / Shapes of Hardness Microindentations / Factors Affecting Microindentation Hardness Values of Minerals / Concluding Remarks / 117 References / 119
5 CONTENTS vii 7 ORE MINERAL TEXTURES Introduction / Primary Textures afore Minerals Formed from Melts / Primary Textures of Open-Space Deposition / Secondary Textures Resulting from Replacement (Including Weathering) / Secondary Textures Resulting from Cooling / Secondary Textures Resulting from Deformation / Secondary Textures Resulting from Annealing and Metamorphic Crystal Growth / Textures of Placer Grains / Special Textures / Concluding Statement / 161 References / PARAGENESIS, FORMATION CONDITIONS, AND FLUID INCLUSION GEOTHERMOMETRY OF ORES Introduction / Paragenetic Studies / Examples of Paragenetic Studies / Ore Formation Conditions and the Application of Phase Equilibria Data / Fluid Inclusion Studies / 193 References / ORE MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES OCCURRING IN IGNEOUS ROCKS AND VEIN DEPOSITS Introduction / Chromium Ores Associated with Mafic and Ultramafic Igneous Rocks / Iron-Nickel-Copper Sulfide Ores Associated with Mafic and Ultramafic Igneous Rocks / Iron-Titanium Oxides Associated with Igneous Rocks / Copper/Molybdenum Sulfides Associated with Porphyritic Intrusive Igneous Rocks ("Porphyry Copper/Molybdenum" Deposits) / Copper-Lead-Zinc-Silver Assemblages in Vein Deposits / The Silver-Bismuth-Cobalt-Nickel-Arsenic (-Uranium) Vein Ores / 235
6 viii CONTENTS 9.8 Tin-Tungsten-Bismuth Assemblages in Vein Deposits / Gold Vein and Related Mineralization / Arsenic-, Antimony-, or Mercury-Bearing Base-Metal Vein Deposits / 247 References / 253 Bibliography / ORE MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES OCCURRING IN SEDIMENTARY, VOLCANIC, METAMORPHIC, AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS Introduction / Iron and Manganese Ores in Sedimentary Environments / Opaque Minerals in Coal / 271 loa Uranium-Vanadium-Copper Ores Associated with Sandstones and Unconformity-Type Uranium Deposits / Modem Placer Deposits / Gold-Uranium Ores in Ancient Conglomerates / Lead-Zinc Deposits in Carbonate Rocks and Other Sediments / Stratiform Base-Metal Sulfide Ores in Sedimentary Rocks / Copper-Iron-Zinc Assemblages in Volcanic Environments / Opaque Minerals in Metamorphosed Massive Sulfides / Skarn Deposits / Extraterrestrial Materials: Meterorites and Lunar Rocks / 313 References / 319 Suggested Readings / APPLICATIONS OF ORE MICROSCOPY IN MINERAL TECHNOLOGY Introduction / Mineral Identification in Mineral Beneficiation / Ore Textures in Mineral Beneficiation / Examples of Applications ofore Microscopy in Min eral Beneficiation / 337
7 CONTENTS Ix 11.5 The Study of Mattes. Slags. Ashes. Sinter. and Other Smelter and Incinerator Products / Concluding Remarks / 348 References / 349 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 TABLE OF DIAGNOSTIC PROPERTIES OF THE COMMON ORE MINERALS 351 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON ORE MINERALS 405 APPENDIX 3 ANCILLARY TECHNIQUES 411 A3.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction / 411 A3.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis / 412 A3.3 Microbeam Methods of Trace Element (and Isotopic) Analysis / 415 References / 417 AUTHOR INDEX 419 SUBJECT INDEX 424
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