OUTLINE. Resources and Reserves Critical Minerals. Plate tectonics: California gold. What makes a mineral critical? The rare earth minerals
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1 MARTIAN SAND DUNES
2 NATURAL RESOURCES
3 OUTLINE Resources and Reserves Critical Minerals What makes a mineral critical? The rare earth minerals Plate tectonics: California gold
4 WHAT MAKES AN AUTOMOBILE? Iron 2134 lbs Aluminum 240 lbs Carbon 50 lbs Copper 42 lbs Silicon 41 lbs Lead 24 lbs Zinc 22 lbs Manganese 17 lbs Platinum 0.1 oz
5 WHAT MAKES A CELL PHONE SYSTEM? Barium Titanium Rare earths Indium Tin Tantalum
6
7 MINERAL RESOURCE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A concentration of naturally occurring material in or on the Earths crust such that economic extraction of a useful commodity is currently or potentially feasible
8 Identified resources Demonstrated Inferred Reserve base USGS DEFINITIONS Economic reserves Marginal reserves Some currently sub-economic reserves Undiscovered resources Hypothetical resources Speculative resources Restricted resources/reserves
9 PETROLEUM PROVED RESERVES US ENERGY INFORMATION AGENCY Proved reserves = Reserve Base United States Proved Reserves BB BB North American Proved Reserves BB BB World Proved Reserves ,180-1,240 BB ,340 BB
10 RESOURCES: READ THE FINE PRINT! Example: Arctic undiscovered oil* USGS 2009 Arctic continental shelves Hypothetical resources: estimate BB Fifty percent probability > 83 BB Bloomberg 2012 (USGS) >2000 BB untouched crude is still locked in the ground PEAK OIL SCARE FADES AS SHALE, DEEPWATER WELLS GUSH CRUDE Has production reached its peak? *Science 324 pp
11
12 CRITICAL MINERALS British Geological Survey United States Department of Energy National Research Council
13 BGS SUPPLY CRITICALITY Scarcity Production concentration Reserve base distribution Governance British Geological Survey Risk List 2011
14 BGS RANKING Crustal Abundance ppm 1. Antimony Platinum group Mercury Tungsten Rare earths Niobium Strontium Bismuth Thorium Bromine 0.28
15
16 US DOE CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMY Critical technologies: permanent magnets, thin film semiconductors, advanced batteries, phosphors Criticality based on supply risk and importance to critical technologies Near term Critical: Dy*, Nd*, Eu*, Y, In Near critical: La, Ce*, Te Not critical: Pr *, Sm*, Li, Co, Ga * Rare Earth Elements
17 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL* A mineral can be regarded as critical only if it performs an essential function for which few or no satisfactory substitutes exist. Criticality matrix Impact on the economy Supply risk *Minerals, Critical Minerals and the US Economy National Academies Press 2008
18 NRC CRITICAL MINERALS Indium Manganese Niobium Platinum group metals Rare Earths
19
20 THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS Are they really rare?
21 WHAT GOOD ARE THEY? Military: La, Gd, Y*, Sm, Dy, Ho, Lu Medical: Gd, Lu, Dy, Nd, Tb, Tm, Y, Eu Green technology Hybrid cars: La, Nd, Dy, Tb, Sm, Ce, Pr, Sc* Wind turbines: Nd, Dy, Lu, Ho, Sm, Ce, Pr Lighting: Y*, Tb, Ce, Pr Civilian economy: Pr, Er, Nd, Ce, Dy, Nd, Tb, Sm, Y*, Sc* *Chemically similar to rare earths
22 RARE EARTH PRODUCTION & RESERVES metric tons Production(2011) Reserves China 130,000 55,000,000 India 3,000 3,100,000 Brazil ,000 Malaysia 30 30,000 Russia? 19,000,000 United States None 13,000,000 Australia None 1,600,000 Greenland None 6,900,000?
23 MOUNTAIN PASS MINE
24 THE CHINESE ISSUE China: 97% of current production There is oil in the Middle East. There is Rare Earth in China. Deng Xiaoping (1992) Restricted or suspended exports of rare earths
25 THE WORLD RESPONSE Increase supply US Australia Greenland Reduce Demand Recycling Redesign New technology
26
27 CALIFORNIA GOLD California is thrice blessed
28 DISCOVERY 1775 Imperial County 1842 Los Angeles County 1848 Sutters Mill near Sacramento 1850 Grass Valley 1850s Mother Lode
29 WHERE DID CALIFORNIA GOLD COME FROM? From the Nevadaplano From accreted terranes From magma intrusions-plutons
30 ALTIPLANOS High plateaus bounded by mountains Bolivia/Peru 12,300 ft Mexico 6000 ft Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental Nevadaplano ft Sierra Nevadas 7000 ft Rocky Mountains?
31 NEVADAPLANO
32 SIERRA NEVADA FAULT SCARP
33 GOLD PANNING
34 PLACER GOLD
35 PLACER MINING
36 MOTHER LODE COUNTRY
37 ACCRETED TERRANES Ophiolites- sea floor Volcanic islands Sea mounts Submarine plateaus Limestone reefs Accretionary wedges
38 TRIASSIC ~240 Ma
39 JURASSIC ~180 Ma
40 EOCENE ~50 Ma
41 OPHIOLITES
42 HARD ROCK GOLD
43
44 GOLD IN QUARTZ
45
46 PLUTONS
47 METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX
48 MESQUITE MINE
49 DRY PLACER MINING
50 MESQUITE MINE
51 MESQUITE MINE
52 MESQUITE MINE
53 MESQUITE MINE
54 BRIGGS MINE
55 CALIFORNIA GOLD MINES
56 THERE S STILL GOLD IN THEM HILLS!
57
58 WHERE DO DIAMONDS FORM? 1. In the deep mantle of the earth 2. In subduction zones 3. In space 4. At asteroid impact sites
59
60
61
62 GEM DIAMOND PRODUCING COUNTRIES Botswana Russia Angola Canada Congo South Africa Namibia
63
64 WHAT ABOUT THE UNITED STATES?
65 WYOMING DIAMONDS?
66 Kimberlite Lamproite
67
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