MONITORING THE NILE BASIN USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

Transcription

1 Highlights Satellite observations show that during July to September the Nile Basin recieved rainfall especially in Blue Nile, Tekeze Atbara, Baro akobo Sobat, White Nile and parts of the Bahr el Ghazal Subbasins. Highest rainfall in the basin was detected in the Blue Nile Subbasin during the month of August. There was little or no rainfall in the Nile quatorial Lakes region because of the dry season. Rainfall excess maps (-) for July to September show high values in the astern Nile Subbasins and also in the White Nile and Bahr el Ghazal subbasins. - gives an indication of available water for runoff. Lake Tana showed an increase in the water level during July to September because the region was experiencing a wet season. MONITORING TH NIL BASIN USING SATLLIT OBSRVATIONS July - September 218

2 MONITORING TH NIL BASIN USING SATLLIT OBSRVATIONS July - September 218 Copyright Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) October 218 The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is an intergovernmental partnership of ten Nile riparian countries that is seeking to manage and develop the coon Nile water resources in a cooperative manner and promote regional peace and security. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed, in any form, for sale or other coercial purposes without prior written permission from the NBI Secretariat (Nile-SC). However, the publication may be reproduced in whole or part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the NBI Secretariat (Nile-SC), provided acknowledgment of the source is made. The NBI would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat (NBI).O. Box 192, ntebbe, Uganda Tel: / Fax: mail: nbisec@nilebasin.org Website: Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Nile riparian countries, or that of the NBI. Trademark names and symbols are used to enhance editorial work with no intention of infringement on trademark or copyright laws. The Nile Basin Initiative regrets any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made in this bulletin The NBI is not an authority on International administrative boundaries. All country boundaries used in this bulletin are based on the Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL). The designations and presentations in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of NBI, concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city, or the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. For Further Information Contact Milly Mbuliro buliro@nilebasin.org GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist Nile Basin Initiative

3 Blue Nile INTRODUCTION Main Nile Main Nile Main Nile Tekeze Atbara Legend Name Bahr el Ghazal Bahr el Jebel Baro Akobbo Sobat Blue Nile Lake Albert Lake Victoria Main Nile Tekeze Atbara Victoria Nile White Nile The River Nile Basin covers about 3,176,541 square kilometers, which represents about ten percent of Africa s land mass area. The river presents an array of opportunities for a sustainable future. This can only be realized if riparian countries can jointly plan, manage and develop the shared resources in a coordinated manner. Since time iemorial, the river plays a central role in human settlement and in the development of a rich diversity of cultures and livelihoods. The basin includes world class environmental assets such as River Nile being the longest river in the world, Lake Victoria being the second largest fresh water lake by surface area; and the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan being one of the largest in Africa. Bahr el Arab Lol Bahr el Ghazal Kuru ongo Jur White Nile Bahr el Zeraf Sobat White Nile Dinder Akobo Rahad Baro Tekeze Atbara Blue Nile The Nile basin region is a land of increasing population and rapidly changing landuse patterns; changes that have profound local, regional and global environmental significance. In addition, the region experiences diverse climatic conditions which result in changes in seasonal and annual flows of the river. Monitoring of such processes is a pre-requisite to sound water resources management. Suo Tanj Bahr el Jebel Semiliki Lake Albert Bahr l Jebel Albert Nile Victoria Baro Akobbo Sobat Aswa ibor Victoria Nile It was with this realization that the Nile Basin countries established the all-inclusive Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) on February 22, 1999 with the shared vision objective: To achieve sustainable social economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the coon Nile Basin water resources. Major Sub-Basins of the Nile Basin. Kagera Lake Victoria Moame Simiyu Migori Mara Ruwana Mara Kilometers According to its 1 year Strategy ( ), NBI aims at strengthening evidence-based transboundary water resources planning and management through improved monitoring of the Basin using satellite observations. The NBI in collaboration with its member states has designed a regional HydroMeteorological monitoring system to enhance basin monitoring. In addition, use of satellite data has been identified as one way of supplementing the existing monitoring system. This Basin Monitoring bulletin aims at providing a shared understanding of patterns of some of the water cycle components in our changing environment based on satellite data. stimates of water cycle parameters provide insights on available opportunities for water use, water conservation and thereby enhance water use efficiencies. This issue provides an analysis of Rainfall, Actual vapotranspiration in the 1 major sub-basins, and an analysis of Water levels in some lakes from July to September 218 in addition to the seasonal analysis of the July - August - September (JAS) seasonal anomaly over the Nile basin. 1

4 VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL IN TH NIL BASIN Rainfall in the Sub-basins of the Nile Basin has been estimated using CHIRS v2.. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed recipitation with Station data (CHIRS) is a 3+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset. Spanning 5 S-5 N (and all longitudes), starting in 1981 to near-present, CHIRS incorporates.5 resolution satellite imagery with in-situ station data to create gridded rainfall time series for trend analysis and seasonal drought monitoring. By combining high resolution (.5 ) rainfall mean fields with current satellite-derived rainfall estimates, the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed recipitation with Stations (CHIRS) estimates provide daily, pentadal(5-day), dekadal (1-day), and monthly precipitation fields suitable for crop monitoring and drought monitoring. Overall, monthly rainfall estimates with in the year indicate a wide spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the basin. Minimum rainfall is normally seen in the arid areas in the northern part of the basin and the maximum rainfall estimates are normally observed in the equatorial lakes region in the areas around Lake Victoria and the thiopian Highlands. Monthly distribution of rainfall over the basin is characterized by monomodal rainfall patterns (June-July-August (JJA)) in the thiopian plateau especially in the Blue Nile and Tekeze subbasins and bimodal rainfall pattern (March-April- May (MAM) and September- October- November (SON) in the equatorial lakes region especially in the Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Victoria Nile sub-basins. During 218, from July to September, rainfall was observed in the astern Nile subbasins such as Blue Nile (24), Baro Akobo Sobat (18), Bahr el Ghazal (18), Bahr el Jebel (17), and Tekeze atbara (17). The qualtorial lakes subbasins such as Lake Victoria subbasin, Victoria Nile subbasin and the Lake Albert Subbasin recieved less rainfall during the period as seen in the maps below. A full analysis for each of the sub basins is given in this quarterly bulletin. JULY AUGUST STMBR Legend Rainfall (/m) >4 Monthly Rainfall () July - Sept 218, CHIRS v 2. 2

5 RAINFALL OVR LAK VICTORIA SUBBASIN The Lake Victoria subbasin normally experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern with two rain seasons MAM and SOND. Monthly rainfall estimated by CHIRS v2. from January to September in 218 shows a similar pattern of increasing rainfall during the MAM rainfall season and dry in the following months of June to September. In July and September of 218, the lake Victoria subbasin experienced less rainfall than the long term average by 21% and 23% respectively with a slight increament of 23% in August above the long term average as shown in the chart below. Generally, this subbsbasin was experiencing a dry season during this reporting time. Rainfall in the Lake Victoria Sub basin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average RAINFALL OVR LAK ALBRT SUBBASIN Lake Albert subbasin normally experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern with two rain seasons in MAM and SOND. In 218, CHIRS v2. estimated rainfall shows the same pattern with increasing rainfall during the MAM rainfall season with a dry season during in June and July. Highest recorded rainfall was experienced during August and September of about 12 as shown in the chart below. Compared to the long term average, the Lake Albert Subbasin recieved less rainfall in July 218 by 36% with a slight increment of 8% and 9% in August and September 218 respectively. 25 Rainfall over Lake Albert Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average 3

6 RAINFALL OVR VICTORIA NIL SUBBASIN The Victoria Nile subbasin, like the other Nile Lakes quatorial sub basins, normally experiences bimodal rainfall seasons of MAM and SOND with June t August as the dry months. The Sub basin recieved 74, 14 and 91 in July to September respectively. July and September showed a reduction by 26% compared to the long term average. 3 Rainfall in the Victoria Nile Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average RAINFALL OVR BAHR L GHAZAL SUBBASIN Bahr el Ghazal normally experiences a monomodal rainfall pattern. However, the northern part of the basin which lies in Sudan is dryer than the southern part of the basin in South Sudan. In July to September, the subbasin was experiencing a wet season with rainfall amounts of 183, 196 and 135 respectively slightly higher than the long term average as shown in the chart below. Rainfall over Bahr el Ghazal Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average 4

7 RAINFALL OVR BAHR L JBL SUBBASIN Bahr el Jebel sub-basin normally experiences a monomodal rainfall pattern. Monthly estimated rainfall in the period July to September 218 shows highest amount recorded in August (175) while the month of July in 218 recieved less rainfall by 18% compaared to the long term average as shown in the chart below. Rainfall over the Bahr el Jebel Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average RAINFALL OVR BARO AKOBO SOBAT SUBBASIN The Baro Akobo Sobat subbasin normally experiences a monomodal wet season between May October. Monthly rainfall estimated by CHIRS v2. from July to September 218 shows highest rainfall of 187 in August which is 12% more than the long term average. July and September recieved less rainfall by 26% and 8% respectively compared to the long term average as shown in the chart below. Rainfall over the Baro Akobo Sobat Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average 5

8 RAINFALL T: Rainfall ratio OVR 217 WHIT NIL SUBBASIN The White Nile subbasin normally experieinces a monomodal pattern from May to October. This sub basin covers parts of north-eastern South Sudan, a small part of south western thiopia and the south part of Sudan. In 218, CHIRS V2. shows a similar pattern of monthly rainfall confirming that the subbasin was experieincing a wet season during July to September. Highest rainfall amount was recieved in August of 147 which was slightly higher than the long term average by 8% as shown in the chart below. Rainfall in White Nile Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average RAINFALL OVR BLU NIL SUBBASIN The Blue Nile Subbasin is shared between Sudan and thiopia and experieinces monomodal rainfall from May to October. In 218, CHIRS V2. shows a similar pattern of monthly rainfall from July to September as the subbasin was experiencing the wet season as shown in the chart below. Highest recorded rainfall between July and September was 24 in the month of August. Rainfall in the Blue Nile Subbasin (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average 6

9 RAINFALL OVR TKZ ATBARA SUBBASIN The Tekeze Atbara subbasin is shared by thiopia and Sudan and normally experiences a monomodal rainfall pattern with the wet season normally experienced between May and October. During July to September of 218, the subbasin was experiencing the rain season and highest amount was recieved in August of 172 which was higher compared to the long term average by 9%. July and September also show a higher amount of 2% and 16% respectively compared to the long term average as shown in the chart below. 2 Rainfall over Tekeze Atbara (Jan- Sept 218) Compared to the Long term average Average RAINFALL OVR MAIN NIL SUBBASIN The Main Nile subbasin experiences the driest climate over the entire Nile Basin with very little rainfall amounts recorded mainly in July and August. In 218, July and August recieved 22 and 26 respectively which was higher than the long term average by 59% and 44 %. Rainfall in the Main Nile Subbasin Subbasin (Jan- Sept218) Compared to the Long term average Average 7

10 SASONAL RAINFALL IN TH ASTRN NIL SUBBASINS Seasonality in the Nile basin region is determined by the position of the Inter tropical convergence Zone (ITCZ) with moisture sources from the Indian and Atlantic oceans. The astern Nile Subbasins, unlike the Nile quatorial Lakes region experience the wet season of the year during May to October. In 218, during the July- August -September (JAS) season, highest rainfall amounts where detected during August in the southern parts of the Blue Nile, Tekeze Atbara, northern part of Baro Akobo Sobat, parts of White Nile and also in the western part of Bahr el Ghazal subbasin. Compared to the long term average, parts of the Blue Nile, arts of baro Akobo Sobat recieved slightly less rainfall during the JAS season. Main Nile Main Nile Tekeze Atbara Tekeze Atbara White Nile White Nile Bahr el Ghazal Blue Nile Bahr el Ghazal Blue Nile Rainfall /m Bahr el Jebel Baro Akobbo Sobat Anomaly /m < Bahr el Jebel Baro Akobbo Sobat Lake Albert Victoria Nile Lake Victoria Lake Victoria Lake Albert Victoria Nile Lake Victoria Lake Victoria Average Rainfall, July - September , CHIRS v July - September Season Anomaly, CHIRS v 2. 8

11 ACTUAL VAOTRANSIRATION OVR TH NIL BASIN Actual vapotranspiration is a major component of the water balance of the Nile basin. Monitoring monthly AT is based on data from FWSNT early warning and drought monitoring data portal for July to September 218 as shown in the maps and charts below. JULY AUGUST STMBR Legend AT /m Monthly Actual vapotranspiration over the Nile Basin July to September 218 Comparison of Monthly Actual vapotranspiration to Rainfall for the period January - September 218 A Comparison of T and Rainfall in the Main Nile Subbasin (Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall in White Nile Subbasin (Jan -Sept 218)

12 Comparison of Monthly Actual vapotranspiration to Rainfall for the period January - September A Comparison of T and Rainfall in the Lake Victoria Sub basin ( Jan - Sept 218) 3 25 A Comparison of T and Rainfall in the Victoria Nile Subbasin ( Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall over Lake Albert Subbasin ( Jan- Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall over the Bahr el Jebel Subbasin ( Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall over Bahr el Ghazal Subbasin ( Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall over the Baro Akobo Sobat Subbasin (Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall over the Tekeze Atbara Subbasin ( Jan - Sept 218) A Comparison of T and Rainfall in the Blue Nile Subbasin (Jan - Sept 218) 1

13 Runoff Runoff is estimated as total precipitation less the losses caused by evapotranspiration (loss to the atmosphere from soil surfaces and plant leaves). Rainwater that is not evaporated or stored in the soil eventually runs off the surface and finds its way into rivers, streams, and lakes or recharges ground water. The difference of -T gives an indication of such beneficial or non beneficial losses. This serves to identify, locate or delimit regions that suffer from a deficit of available water, a condition that can severely affect the effective use of the land for such activities as agriculture or stock-farming. In 218, there is rainfall excess observed during the month of July and August especially in the astern Nile Subbasins of Blue Nile, Baro Akobo Sobat and Tekeze subbasins and also in the Bahr el Ghazal, Bahr el Jebel, White Nile Subbasins. A reduction in the rainfall excess was detected during September. JULY AUGUST STMBR Legend - /m < >15 11

14 Soil Moisture Variation July to September 218 Soils and soil moisture greatly influence the water cycle and have impacts on runoff, flooding and agriculture. Soil type and soil particle composition (sand, clay, silt) affect soil moisture and the ability of the soil to retain water. Soil moisture is also affected by levels of evaporation and plant transpiration, potentially leading to near dryness and eventual drought. Measuring and monitoring soil moisture helps to predict or prepare for flash floods and drought. The GLDAS soil moisture data is useful for modeling these scenarios and others, but only at global scales. The GLDAS Soil Moisture layer is a time-enabled image service that shows average monthly soil moisture from 2 to the present, measured as the millimeters of water contained within four different depth levels. It is calculated by NASA using the Noah land surface model, run at.25 degree spatial resolution using satellite and ground-based observational data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS-2.1). The model is run with 3-hourly time steps Soil Moisture (1-4 cm) and aggregated into monthly averages. September 218 During July to September 218, soil moisture is detected to be highest in the astern Nile Subbasin and in the Bahr el Ghazal and White Nile regions as depicted by the Rainfall excess (-) maps. This is an indication of availability of water for runoff. Soil Moisture (1-4 cm) Soil Moisture (1-4 cm) Soil Moisture (1-4 cm) JULY July 218 AUGUST August 218 STMBR September 218 m3/m m3/m3 m3/m m3/m Source: version prelim Map produced by USGS/ROS Soil Moisture 1-4 cm July - September 218, Data Source, GLDAS, FWSNT, USGS/ROS

15 WATR LVLS T: Rainfall ratio 217 Water levels in major lakes in the River Nile Basin region basing on Satellite Altimetry The River Nile and Lakes with in the Nile Basin region are sensitive to changes in rainfall with variations impacting lake levels and river discharges. The major lakes in the Nile basin system are Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, Lake Tana, Lake dward, and Lake Nasser. Numerous tributary rivers flow into the upper lakes and it is essential to monitor these differences in water levels. Relative lake height variations have been computed from TOX/OSIDON (T/), Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM altimetry with respect to a 9 year mean level derived from T/ altimeter observations for some of the lakes in the Nile Basin. The height variation time series has been smoothed with a median type filter to eliminate outliers and reduce high frequency noise. Data source is USDA/NASA/SGT/UMD Lake Victoria Water Levels TJOJ.2.3 : Data rocessing Version ID 314 Victoria_1 : Lake database id number and name : Latitude and longitude (degrees ast) of lake mid-point : Latitude range of pass traversing lake at which data is accepted Height Variation (m) Comparison of Lake Victoria Height variation in 218 to the long term average ( ) Jan 1-Feb 29-Feb 31-Mar 3-Apr 31-May 3-Jun 31-Jul 31-Aug 3-Sep 218 Average 913

16 Lake Tana Water Levels TJOJ.2.3 : Data rocessing Version ID 42 Tana : Lake database id number and name : Latitude and longitude (degrees ast) of lake mid-point : Latitude range of pass traversing lake at which data is accepted The level of Lake Tana in thiopia, fluctuates annually and seasonally following the patterns of changes in precipitation. With a mean depth of 8 only meters, the alternating dry and rainy seasons result in an average difference of 1.5 to 2 meters between the lowest (May-June) and highest (October-November) lake levels. During July to Spetember, the water levels are seen to increase mainly due to the wet season. Height Variation (m) Lake Kyoga water levels Comparison of Lake Tana Height variation in 218 to the long term average ( ) Jan 1-Feb 29-Feb 31- Mar 3-Apr 31- May 218 Average 3-Jun 31-Jul 31- Aug 3-Sep TJOJ Kyoga : Data rocessing Version ID : Lake database id number and name : Latitude and longitude (degrees ast) of lake mid-point : Latitude range of pass traversing lake at which data is accepted Lake Kyoga is a large shallow lake located in central Uganda north of Lake Victoria. The lake has fingerlike extensions with a surface of 1,72 sq. km at an elevation of about 133m above sea level. Its average depth reaches 3 m, its maximum depth is 5.7 m. During July to September, the lake levels are seen to drop less than the long term average towards September. Height Variation (m) Comparison of Lake Kyoga Height variation in 218 to the long term average ( ) Jan 1-Feb 29-Feb 31- Mar 3-Apr 31- May 218 Average 3-Jun 31-Jul 31- Aug 3-Sep 14

17 IMLICATION T: Rainfall ratio 217 FOR WATR RSOURCS MANAGMNT River basin management is a complex task. It involves several inter-dependent courses and processes. Sound transboundary water resources planning requires reliable data and information on the system features, characteristics and status. While the expertise of the professional water resources planners is essential, solid understanding of the system and governing phenomena plays an equally important role. This underscores the high importance of existing comprehensive data and information within the context of river basin management. The process entails water resources availability assessment, water demands estimates, and a suite of planning options and alternatives for the entire river basin. Hydro-meteorological monitoring systems are the most accurate source of real-time data and information. However, due to the fact that parts of the Nile Basin are not sufficiently covered by hydromet networks, earth observations represent a viable source of information that well inform basin water resources planning and development. Monitoring the Nile Basin using satellite observation provides key information on water availability and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall over the Nile basin can be therefore determined. Seasonality in the Nile basin region, long-term variation for each sub-basin, and actual evapotranspiration could thus be estimated. Water levels in major lakes wetlands extent, and soil moisture as well as some water quality parameters can be defined. The detected rainfall excess ( - ) in most parts of the basin during July to September 218 especially in the astern Nile Subbasins and also in the White Nile, Bahr el Ghazal and Bahr el Jebel subbasins, presents an opportunity for water harvesting and water storage. The Nile Basin Initiative continues to collect, analyse and share remotely sensed data and information on Nile Basin hydrology to identify such opportunities for regional integration and cooperation. 15

18 Facts Factsabout aboutthe thenile NileBasin Basin Basin BasinArea Area 3,176 3,176XX1 13 3Km Km2 2 Location Location -4-4 S Stoto31 31 NNand and24 24 toto4 4 Main MainTributaries Tributaries Victoria VictoriaNile/Albert Nile/AlbertNile, Nile,Bahr BahrllJabel, Jabel,White WhiteNile, Nile,Baro Baroibor-Sobat, ibor-sobat, Blue BlueNile, Nile,Atbara, Atbara,Bahr BahrllGhazal Ghazal River RiverLength Length 6,695 6,695Km Km(one (oneofofthe theworld s world slongest longestriver) River) Length stimated stimatednavigable NavigableLength 4,149 4,149Km Km Countries Countries Burundi Burundi DRDRCongo Congo gypt gypt thiopia thiopia Kenya Kenya ritrea ritreatechnical Regional Office Rwanda Rwanda South SouthSudan SudanThe TheSudan Sudan Tanzania Tanzania Uganda Uganda astern Nile Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat DessieLake RoadAlbert.O. Box 192 Lake Major MajorLakes Lakeswithin withinthe thebasin Basin LakeVictoria, Victoria,Lake LakeTana, Tana,Lake LakeKyoga, Kyoga, Lake Albert.O. Box ntebbe Uganda opulation opulation(total (Totalininall allthe thenile NileCountries)* Countries)* Million Million Addis Ababa thiopia Tel: %%opulation opulationwithin withinthe thenile NileBasin* Basin* 54% 54%(238 (238Million) Million) Tel: / anddaily dailymaximum Maximum+251 ininjune June cc Temperature Temperature Night Night Minimum-1-1 c cand Fax: Minimum mail: entro@nilebasin.org Fax: Max recipitation recipitation Max Annual Annual2,98 2,98/yr /yrininthiopia thiopia Min MinAnnual Annual/yr /yriningypt gypt Website: mail: nbisec@nilebasin.org 3 3 ow(discharge) (Discharge)(m (m3/yr) Mean MeanAnnual Annual ow /yr)atatwebsite: Aswan Aswan XX /yr /yr Facebook: /Nile Basin3Initiative 3 33 /Km2 2 Discharge/Unit Discharge/Unitarea area 28 28XX1 1 /Km Main MainConsumptive ConsumptiveWater Wateruse use Agriculture Agriculture Compiled CompiledbybyMilly MillyMbuliro, Mbuliro,GIS/Remote GIS/RemoteSensing SensingSpecialist Specialist(Nile (Nile SC, SC,ntebbe) ntebbe) *Source: *Source:UNUNopulation opulationdivision DivisionWorld Worldopulation opulationrospects rospects What s What son? on? January January--March March /NileVenue Basin Initiative Venue Date Date Activity Activity Jan Jan NCoRe NCoReroject roject ectiveness ectiveness Jan Jan Feb Feb All AllCenters Centers #NileBasin; #OneNile #NileCooperation; NLTAC/NLCOM NLTAC/NLCOMMeeting Meeting Kigali Kigali Regional RegionalMeeting Meetingfor fornational NationalNBI NBIDesk DeskOO cers cers ntebbe ntebbe Feb Feb Nile NileDay Daycelebrations celebrations(regional (Regionaland andnational) National) Bahr BahrDar, Dar,thiopia thiopia(for (forregional regionalcelebrations) celebrations) Nile Basin2222 Initiative Secretariat thth April April Nile-TAC Nile-TACMeeting Meeting ntebbe ntebbe.o Box 192 Compiled CompiledbybyTom TomWaako, Waako,rojects rojectsoo cer, cer,nile-sc Nile-SC-ntebbe -ntebbe ntebbe, Uganda Tel: Quiz Quiz What Whatisisthe themajor majordeterminant determinantofofpopulation populationdistribution distributionin inthe thenile NileBasin? Basin? mail: nbisec@nilebasin.org Send Sendyour youranswer answerto: to:editor@nilebasin.org editor@nilebasin.org Website: ndnd tothe theprevious previousquiz quizquestion question Abbay Gorge Answer inanswer thiopia.to The Thesingle singlemost mostimportant importantintra intrabasin basinagricultural agriculturaltrade tradecoodity coodityby byvolume volumeamong amongthe thenile Nile Basin Basinriparian riparianstates statesisismaize. maize. Join us to learn more and show your support Member Memberstates states Burundi Burundi DRDRCongo Congo gypt gypt thiopia thiopia Kenya Kenya Rwanda Rwanda South SouthSudan Sudan The TheSudan Sudan Tanzania Tanzania Uganda Uganda your coents and views ForSend moreusinformation: The Secretariat.O. Box 192 ntebbe Uganda Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat.O. Box 192 ntebbe Uganda Tel The Federal Democratic Republic of thiopia Ministry of Water, Irrigation & lectricity.o. Box 5673, Addis Ababa - thiopia Nile quat rogram C Kigali City T KCT, KN 2 St.O. Box 675 Tel: Fax: mail: nelsa Website: htt